Egg White Hydrolysate Mitigates Cadmium-induced Neurological Disorders and Oxidative Damage.

We aimed to investigate whether the consumption of Egg White Hydrolysate (EWH) acts on nervous system disorders induced by exposure to Cadmium (Cd) in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into (a) Control (Ct): H2O by gavage for 28 days + H2O (i.p. - 15th - 28th day); (b) Cadmium (Cd): H2O by gavage + CdCl2 - 1 mg/kg/day (i.p. - 15th - 28th day); (c) EWH 14d: EWH 1 g/kg/day by gavage for 14 days + H2O (i.p.- 15th - 28th day); (d) Cd + EWH cotreatment (Cd + EWHco): CdCl2 + EWH for 14 days; (e) EWH 28d: EWH for 28 days; (f) EWHpre + Cd: EWH (1st - 28th day) + CdCl2 (15th - 28th day). At the beginning and the end of treatment, neuromotor performance (Neurological Deficit Scale); motor function (Rota-Rod test); ability to move and explore (Open Field test); thermal sensitivity (Hot Plate test); and state of anxiety (Elevated Maze test) were tested. The antioxidant status in the cerebral cortex and the striatum were biochemically analyzed. Cd induces anxiety, and neuromotor, and thermal sensitivity deficits. EWH consumption prevented anxiety, neuromotor deficits, and alterations in thermal sensitivity, avoiding neuromotor deficits both when the administration was performed before or during Cd exposure. Both modes of administration reduced the levels of reactive species, and the lipid peroxidation increased by Cd and improved the striatum's antioxidant capacity. Pretreatment proved to be beneficial in preventing the reduction of SOD activity in the cortex. EWH could be used as a functional food with antioxidant properties capable of preventing neurological damage induced by Cd.

Egg white hydrolysate protects white adipose tissue against metabolic insult in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an egg white hydrolysate (EWH) to protect white adipose tissue damage from cardiometabolic changes induced by severe hypertension. Male Wistar rats were uninephrectomised and divided: SHAM (weekly subcutaneous vehicle (mineral oil + propylene glycol, 1:1)), SHAM + EWH (subcutaneous vehicle plus EWH via gavage, 1 g/kg per day), DOCA (deoxycorticosterone acetate diluted in vehicle subcutaneously weekly in subsequent doses of 20 mg/kg -1st week, 12 mg/kg - 2­3th week, and 6 mg/kg -4­8th week, respectively, plus 1 % NaCl and 0·2 % KCl in drinking water), and DOCA + EWH. Body weight gain, food and water intake, glucose and lipid metabolism were evaluated. Oxidative stress was assessed by biochemical assay and immunofluorescence for NOX-1, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and caspase-3 in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rtWAT). Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and 1ß), CD163+ macrophage infiltration, and immunohistochemistry for TNFα and uncoupling protein-1 were evaluated, as well as histological analysis on rtWAT. Glutathione peroxidase and reductase were also determined in plasma. EWH showed hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties in the arterial hypertension DOCA-salt model. The results demonstrated the presence of functional changes in adipose tissue function by a decrease in macrophage infiltration and in the fluorescence intensity of NFκB, NOX-1, and caspase-3. A reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and restoration of antioxidant enzymatic activity and mitochondrial oxidative damage by reducing uncoupling protein-1 fluorescence intensity were also observed. EWH could be used as a potential alternative therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cardiometabolic complications associated with malignant secondary arterial hypertension.

Lead and mercury 28 day exposure at small concentrations reduces smooth muscle relaxation by decreasing cGMP.

Cardiovascular diseases are among the main causes of mortality in the world. There is evidence of cardiovascular harm after exposure to low lead or mercury concentrations, but the effects of chronic exposure to the association of low doses of these toxic metals are still unknown. This work evaluated after 4 weeks, the association effects of low concentrations of lead and mercury on blood pressure and vascular resistance reactivity. Wistar rats were exposed for 28 days to lead acetate (1st dose of 4 µg/100 g and subsequent doses of 0.05 µg /100 g/day to cover daily losses) and mercury chloride (1st dose of 2.17 µg/kg and subsequent doses of 0.03 µg/kg/ day to cover daily losses) and the control group received saline, i.m. Results showed that treatment increased blood pressure and induced left ventricular hypertrophy. The mesenteric vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and the endothelium-dependent vasodilator response assessed by acetylcholine did not change. Additionally, reduced involvement of vasoconstrictor prostanoids derived from cyclooxygenase was observed in the PbHg group. By other regulatory routes, such as potassium channels, the vessel showed a greater participation of BKCa channels, and a reduction in the participation of Kv channels and SKCa channels. The endothelium-independent smooth muscle relaxation was significantly impaired by reducing cGMP, possibly through the hyperstimulation of Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5). Our results suggested that exposure to low doses of lead and mercury triggers this compensatory mechanism, in response to the augment of arterial pressure.

Mercury induces nuclear estrogen receptors to act as vasoconstrictors promoting endothelial denudation via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are more frequent among postmenopausal women due to the decline of estrogen concentration in plasma. However, the role of the vascular modulator effect of estrogen is controversial, since it occurs both in physiological and pathological conditions, increasing or reducing vascular reactivity. As mercury is widely associated with the development of CVD, we investigated putative hazardous effects on the mechanisms that modulate vascular reactivity in aortic rings of female Wistar rats promoted by acute mercury exposure. Mercury increased vascular reactivity and oxidative stress possibly due to NADPH oxidase participation, increased production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) formation. The metal also induced endothelial denudation in the aorta by reducing the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and enhancing the activity of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Mercury exposure also induced nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα, ERß) to act as vasoconstrictors. Our findings suggest that mercury might increase the chances of developing cardiovascular diseases in females and should be considered an important environmental risk factor.

Mercury at environmental relevant levels affects spermatozoa function and fertility capacity in bovine sperm.

Over the last several years human sperm quality was found to be significantly reduced and the role environmental contaminants play in this phenomenon remain to be determined. Mercury (Hg) is one of the most widespread contaminants; however the correlation between metal exposure and adverse consequences on human and animals fertility are not completely established. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of direct exposure to inorganic Hg on male gametes using spermatozoa (bovine sperm) which characteristically resemble human sperm. Sperm were divided and incubated for 0.5, 1 or 2 h at low levels of Hg: i) Control: without exposure; ii) Hg8 nM: mercury chloride (HgCl2) at 8 nM and iii) Hg8 µM: HgCl2 at 8 µM. Sperm kinetics, morphology, sperm membrane integrity, and in vitro fertilization were assessed. In addition the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity were measured. Hg exposure for 2 h impaired sperm morphology and membrane integrity as well as kinetic parameters including curvilinear velocity and straight-line velocity, which are needed for fertilization as evidenced by the reduced fertilization rate in 8 µM Hg-treated gametes. Hg enhanced oxidative stress in male sperm as reflected by elevated levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant capacity. Data demonstrated that low levels of Hg when incubated with spermatozoa are sufficient to increase oxidative stress, adversely affect sperm quality parameters, subsequently impairing sperm fertility capacity.

Acute copper overload induces vascular dysfunction in aortic rings due to endothelial oxidative stress and increased nitric oxide production.

The mechanisms involved in vascular reactivity alterations promoted by copper (Cu) overload were investigated. Thoracic aorta obtained from male Wistar rats were cut into rings and exposed for 1 h to 10 µg/ml Cu. Exposure to Cu decreased the contractile responses of aortic rings to phenylephrine (PHE). Removal of endothelium and subsequent administration of N-nitro-L arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), tetrahydrobiopterin, aminoguanidine, diethyldithiocarbamic acid, catalase, or tetraethylammonium increased contractile responses. Incubation with apocinyn and tiron enhanced the sensitivity to PHE. Data demonstrated that high concentrations of Cu reduced PHE-mediated vascular reactivity which was associated with elevated production of nitric oxide (NO), which was attributed to activation of inducible NO synthase, and elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide probably related to a rise in superoxide dismutase activity and reactive oxygen species generation.

The cessation of the long-term exposure to low doses of mercury ameliorates the increase in systolic blood pressure and vascular damage in rats.

This study aimed to verify whether a prolonged exposure to low-level mercury promotes haemodynamic disorders and studied the reversibility of this vascular damage. Rats were divided into seven groups: three control groups received saline solution (im) for 30, 60 or 90 days; two groups received HgCl2 (im, first dose, 4.6µg/kg, subsequent doses 0.07µg/kg/day) for 30 or 60 days; two groups received HgCl2 for 30 or 60 days (im, same doses) followed by a 30-day washout period. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured, along with analysis of vascular response to acetylcholine (ACh) and phenylephrine (Phe) in the absence and presence of endothelium, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor and an AT1 receptor blocker. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant power were measured in plasma. HgCl2 exposure for 30 and 60 days: a) reduced the endothelium-dependent relaxation; b) increased the Phe-induced contraction and the contribution of ROS, COX-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids and angiotensin II acting on AT1 receptors to this response while the NO participation was reduced; c) increased the oxidative stress in plasma; d) increased the SBP only after 60 days of exposure. After the cessation of HgCl2 exposure, SBP, endothelium-dependent relaxation, Phe-induced contraction and the oxidative stress were normalised, despite the persistence of the increased COX-derived prostanoids. These results demonstrated that long-term HgCl2 exposure increases SBP as a consequence of vascular dysfunction; however, after HgCl2 removal from the environment the vascular function ameliorates.

Aluminum exposure for one hour decreases vascular reactivity in conductance and resistance arteries in rats.

AIMS: Aluminum (Al) is an important environmental contaminant; however, there are not enough evidences of Al-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. We investigated the effects of acute exposure to aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on blood pressure, vascular reactivity and oxidative stress. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Untreated: vehicle (ultrapure water, ip) and AlCl3: single dose of AlCl3 (100mg/kg,ip). Concentration-response curves to phenylephrine in the absence and presence of endothelium, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME, the potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium, and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin were performed in segments from aortic and mesenteric resistance arteries. NO released was assessed in aorta and reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, non-protein thiol levels, antioxidant capacity and enzymatic antioxidant activities were investigated in plasma, aorta and/or mesenteric arteries. After one hour of AlCl3 exposure serum Al levels attained 147.7±25.0µg/L. Al treatment: 1) did not affect blood pressure, heart rate and vasodilator responses induced by acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside; 2) decreased phenylephrine-induced vasoconstrictor responses; 3) increased endothelial modulation of contractile responses, NO release and vascular ROS production from NADPH oxidase; 4) increased plasmatic, aortic and mesenteric malondialdehyde and ROS production, and 5) decreased antioxidant capacity and affected the antioxidant biomarkers non-protein thiol levels, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymatic activities. CONCLUSION: AlCl3-acute exposure reduces vascular reactivity. This effect is associated with increased NO production, probably acting on K+ channels, which seems to occur as a compensatory mechanism against Al-induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that Al exerts toxic effects to the vascular system.

Tributyltin chloride increases phenylephrine-induced contraction and vascular stiffness in mesenteric resistance arteries from female rats.

Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an organotin compound that reduces estrogen levels in female rats. We aimed to investigate the effects of TBT exposure on vascular tonus and vascular remodelling in the resistance arteries of female rats. Rats were treated daily with TBT (500 ng/kg) for 15 days. TBT did not change arterial blood pressure but did modify some morpho-physiological parameters of third-order mesenteric resistance arteries in the following ways: (1) decreased lumen and external diameters; (2) increased wall/lm ratio and wall thickness; (3) decreased distensibility and increased stiffness; (4) increased collagen deposition; and (5) increased pulse wave velocity. TBT exposure increased the phenylephrine-induced contractile response in mesenteric resistance arteries. However, vasodilatation responses induced by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were not modified by TBT. It is suggested that TBT exposure reduces vascular nitric oxide (NO) production, because:(1) L-NAME incubation did not cause a leftward shift in the concentration-response curve for phenylephrine; (2) both eNOS protein expression; (3) in situ NO production were reduced. Incubation with L-NAME; and (4) SOD shifted the phenylephrine response curve to the left in TBT rats. Tiron, catalase, ML-171 and VAS2870 decreased vascular reactivity to phenylephrine only in TBT rats. Moreover, increased superoxide anion production was observed in the mesenteric resistance arteries of TBT rats accompanied by an increase in gp91phox, catalase, AT1 receptor and total ERK1/2 protein expression. In conclusion, these findings show that TBT induced alterations are most likely due to a reduction of NO production combined with increased O2(-) production derived from NADPH oxidase and ERK1/2 activation. These findings offer further evidence that TBT is an environmental risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Sex differences in the regulation of spatially distinct cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations.

Spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulation may mediate myocardial pathology through permeability transition pore opening (MPTP). The goal of this study was to assess sex differences on the two spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations: subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and intermyofibrillar mitochondria (IFM) based on morphology, membrane potential, mitochondrial function, oxidative phosphorylation, and MPTP. Aged matched Wistar rats were used to study SSM and IFM. Mitochondrial size was larger in SSM than in IFM in both genders. However, SSM internal complexity, yield, and membrane potential were higher in male than in female. The maximal rate of mitochondrial respiration, states 3 and 4, using glutamate + malate as substrate, were higher in IFM and SSM in the male group compared to female. The respiratory control ratio (RCR-state3/state 4), was not different in both SSM and IFM with glutamate + malate. The ADP:O ratio was found higher in IFM and SSM from female compared to males. When pyruvate was used, state 3 was found unchanged in both IFM and SSM, state 4 was also greater in male IFM compared to female. The RCR increased in the SSM while IFM remained the same. State 4 was higher in male SSM while in the IFM remained the same. The IFM presented a higher Ca(2+) retention capacity compared with SSM, however, there was a greater sensitivity to Ca(2+)-induced MPTP in SSM and IFM in the male group compared to female. In conclusion, our data show that spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations have sex-based differences in oxidative phosphorylation, morphology, and calcium retention capacity.

MAPK pathway activation by chronic lead-exposure increases vascular reactivity through oxidative stress/cyclooxygenase-2-dependent pathways.

Chronic exposure to low lead concentration produces hypertension; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We analyzed the role of oxidative stress, cyclooxygenase-2-dependent pathways and MAPK in the vascular alterations induced by chronic lead exposure. Aortas from lead-treated Wistar rats (1st dose: 10 µg/100g; subsequent doses: 0.125µg/100g, intramuscular, 30days) and cultured aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from Sprague Dawley rats stimulated with lead (20µg/dL) were used. Lead blood levels of treated rats attained 21.7±2.38µg/dL. Lead exposure increased systolic blood pressure and aortic ring contractile response to phenylephrine, reduced acetylcholine-induced relaxation and did not affect sodium nitroprusside relaxation. Endothelium removal and L-NAME left-shifted the response to phenylephrine more in untreated than in lead-treated rats. Apocynin and indomethacin decreased more the response to phenylephrine in treated than in untreated rats. Aortic protein expression of gp91(phox), Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and COX-2 increased after lead exposure. In cultured VSMCs lead 1) increased superoxide anion production, NADPH oxidase activity and gene and/or protein levels of NOX-1, NOX-4, Mn-SOD, EC-SOD and COX-2 and 2) activated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Both antioxidants and COX-2 inhibitors normalized superoxide anion production, NADPH oxidase activity and mRNA levels of NOX-1, NOX-4 and COX-2. Blockade of the ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways abolished lead-induced NOX-1, NOX-4 and COX-2 expression. Results show that lead activation of the MAPK signaling pathways activates inflammatory proteins such as NADPH oxidase and COX-2, suggesting a reciprocal interplay and contribution to vascular dysfunction as an underlying mechanisms for lead-induced hypertension.

Reduction of vascular reactivity in rat aortas following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated changes in vascular reactivity in rats following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. METHOD: Male Wistar rats weighing between 250g and 300g were used. Status epilepticus was induced using 385 mg/kg i.p. pilocarpine. After 40 days the thoracic aorta was dissected and divided into 4 mm rings and the vascular smooth muscle reactivity to phenylephrine was evaluated. RESULTS: Epilepsy decreased the contractile responses of the aortic rings to phenylephrine (0.1 nM-300 mM). To investigate if this reduction was induced by increasing NO production with/or hydrogen peroxide L-NAME and Catalase were used. L-NAME (N-nitro-L arginine methyl ester) increased vascular reactivity but the contractile response to phenylephrine increased in the epileptic group. Catalase administration decreased the contractile responses only in the rings of rats with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated for the first time that epilepsy is capable of causing a reduction of vascular reactivity in rat aortas. These results suggest that vascular reactivity reduction is associated with increased production of Nitric Oxide (NO) as an organic attempt to avoid hypertension produced by excessive sympathetic activation.

Cardiovascular Harmful Effects of Recommended Daily Doses (13 µg/kg/day), Tolerable Upper Intake Doses (0.14 mg/kg/day) and Twice the Tolerable Doses (0.28 mg/kg/day) of Copper.

Copper is essential for homeostasis and regulation of body functions, but in excess, it is a cardiovascular risk factor since it increases oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to the recommended daily dose (13 µg/kg/day), upper tolerable dose (0.14 mg/kg/day) and twice the upper tolerable dose (0.28 mg/kg/day) via i.p. over 4 weeks on the vascular reactivity of aortic rings and the contraction of LV papillary muscles of male Wistar rats. It was also determined whether the antioxidant peptide from egg white hydrolysate (EWH) prevents these effects. Copper exposure at the doses evaluated did not change weight gain of male Wistar rats, the reactivity of the aortic rings or the cardiac mass. The dose of 0.13 µg/kg/day did not reduce the force of contraction, but it impaired the time derivatives of force. Doses of 0.14 and 0.28 mg/kg/day reduced the force of contraction, the inotropic response to calcium and isoproterenol, the postrest contraction and the peak and plateau of tetanized contractions. EWH treatment antagonized these effects. These results suggest that copper, even at the dose described as upper tolerable, can impair cardiac contraction without altering vascular reactivity. Antioxidative stress therapy with EWH reversed these harmful effects, suggesting a possible strategy for the amelioration of these effects.

Chronic exposure to mercury increases arrhythmia and mortality post-acute myocardial infarction in rats.

Introduction: Mercury (Hg) is a heavy metal that causes a variety of toxic effects in eukaryotic cells. Previous studies have reported detrimental effects of mercury toxicity in the cardiovascular system. Given the importance of understanding the relationship between Hg and cardiovascular disease, we sought to investigate if the Hg could worsen the myocardial repercussions following ischemic injury. We demonstrated that once mercury toxicity is established, it can influence the outcome of myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Male Wistar rats received intramuscular injections of either saline (NaCl 0.9%) or mercuric chloride (HgCl2, first dose of 4.6 µg/kg, and subsequent doses of 0.07 µg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Three weeks post-exposure, we induced transmural infarction in the left ventricle free wall through coronary artery occlusion surgery. Results: ECG recordings obtained from MI groups demonstrated alterations in the rhythm of the heartbeat/heart electrical activity, as expected, including ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular tachycardia. However, the MI group exposed to Hg (MI-Hg) exhibited augmented ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular tachycardia compared to the MI group. Also, Basckó coefficient revealed that the arrhythmic events-after MI-were aggravated by Hg exposure. Discussion: Our results indicate that the significantly increased mortality in MI-Hg groups when compared to MI (21%, MI vs 32%, MI-Hg) is correlated with greater occurrence of arrhythmias. In conclusion, this study further supports the idea that exposure to mercury (Hg) should be recognized as a significant risk factor that exacerbates the impact of cardiac ischemic injury, potentially leading to an increased mortality rate among patients experiencing acute MI.

Myocardial contractile dysfunction induced by ovariectomy requires AT1 receptor activation in female rats.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Estrogen deficiency induces myocardial contractile dysfunction and increases cardiovascular disease risk. However, the mechanism underlying this response is unclear. Our aim was to investigate whether AT(1)receptor blockade would prevent ovariectomy-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction. METHODS: Female rats (8 weeks old, 280 g) that underwent bilateral ovariectomy were randomly assigned to receive daily treatment with losartan (OVX + LOS, 15 mg/kg, s.c., in 0.9 % NaCl), placebo (OVX), estrogen replacement (OVX + E2, 1 mg/ kg, once a week, i.m.) and SHAM for 58 days. RESULTS: Losartan and estrogen treatment 1) prevented ovariectomy-induced weight gain and slight hypertrophy, 2) restored the positive inotropic responses to Ca(2+) and isoproterenol in the isolated papillary muscle in the OVX group, 3) prevented the reduction in SERCA2a levels and the increase in phospholamban (PLB) expression in the OVX group, 4) abolished the increase in superoxide anion that was increased in the OVX group, and 5) normalized the increase in p22(phox) expression after ovariectomy. Estrogen treatment but not losartan restored the increase in serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity in the OVX group. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that myocardial contractile dysfunction induced by ovariectomy and expression of key Ca(2+)-handling proteins were prevented by losartan treatment and that AT(1) receptor activation is involved in this response.

Activation of K+ channels and Na+/K+ ATPase prevents aortic endothelial dysfunction in 7-day lead-treated rats.

Seven day exposure to a low concentration of lead acetate increases nitric oxide bioavailability suggesting a putative role of K+ channels affecting vascular reactivity. This could be an adaptive mechanism at the initial stages of toxicity from lead exposure due to oxidative stress. We evaluated whether lead alters the participation of K+ channels and Na+/K+)-ATPase (NKA) on vascular function. Wistar rats were treated with lead (1st dose 4 µg/100 g, subsequent doses 0.05 µg/100g, im, 7 days) or vehicle. Lead treatment reduced the contractile response of aortic rings to phenylephrine (PHE) without changing the vasodilator response to acetylcholine (ACh) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Furthermore, this treatment increased basal O2⁻ production, and apocynin (0.3 µM), superoxide dismutase (150 U/mL) and catalase (1000 U/mL) reduced the response to PHE only in the treated group. Lead also increased aortic functional NKA activity evaluated by K+-induced relaxation curves. Ouabain (100 µM) plus L-NAME (100 µM), aminoguanidine (50 µM) or tetraethylammonium (TEA, 2 mM) reduced the K+-induced relaxation only in lead-treated rats. When aortic rings were precontracted with KCl (60 mM/L) or preincubated with TEA (2 mM), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 5 mM), iberiotoxin (IbTX, 30 nM), apamin (0.5 µM) or charybdotoxin (0.1 µM), the ACh-induced relaxation was more reduced in the lead-treated rats. Additionally, 4-AP and IbTX reduced the relaxation elicited by SNP more in the lead-treated rats. Results suggest that lead treatment promoted NKA and K+ channels activation and these effects might contribute to the preservation of aortic endothelial function against oxidative stress.

Copper exposure for 30 days at a daily dose twice the recommended increases blood pressure and cardiac contractility.

Copper is an essential factor for the body's homeostasis. However, excess copper compromises organic functions. AIMS: We investigated the effects of copper exposure for 30 days on blood pressure (BP) and cardiac contractility and the putative involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species. MAIN METHODS: Wistar rats (12 weeks old, 280 g) were randomized to the treated group that was exposed for 30 days to copper (2000 µg/kg/day CuCl2) and the control (Ct) group that received intraperitoneal saline (0.9%). KEY FINDINGS: The blood concentration of copper was ~1.26 µg/mL in the copper-exposed group and ~0.024 µg/mL in the Ct group. The main metal accumulations occurred in the liver and kidneys. Copper exposure increased systolic BP (Cu: 141 ± 3 mmHg; Ct: 133 ± 3 mmHg) (tail cuff method), left ventricular systolic pressure and papillary muscle force. Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum was reduced. The contractile response to Ca2+ was increased by copper, and the effect was not altered by L-NAME. Copper increased contractions dependent on sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx, and this effect was not altered by L-NAME. The percentage response to isoproterenol decreased in the copper-exposed group, but L-NAME did not alter this reduction. Papillary force development at the peak and plateau of tetanic contractions also increased after copper exposure, but this effect was not altered by L-NAME. In situ detection of OH local production increased. SIGNIFICANCE: Copper increased BP and cardiac force, increased Ca2+ inflow, reduced Ca2+ reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and increased OH local production. Copper exposure at doses considered tolerable affects cardiac contractility.

Potential benefits of egg white hydrolysate in the prevention of Hg-induced dysfunction in adipose tissue.

Aim: To investigate the effects of egg white hydrolysate (EWH) on the lipid and glycemic metabolism disruption in the white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction induced by mercury (Hg). Experimental: Wistar rats were treated for 60 days: control (saline, intramuscular - i.m.); hydrolysate (EWH, gavage, 1 g kg-1 day-1); mercury (HgCl2, i.m., 1st dose 4.6 µg kg-1, subsequent doses 0.07 µg kg-1 day-1) and hydrolysate-mercury (EWH-HgCl2). Hg level and histological analyses were performed in epididymal WAT (eWAT), pancreas and liver. GRP78, CHOP, PPARα, PPARγ, leptin, adiponectin, and CD11 mRNA expressions were analyzed in eWAT. The plasma lipid profile, glucose, and insulin levels were measured. Antioxidant status was also evaluated in the plasma and liver. Results: EWH intake prevented the reduced eWAT weight, adipocyte size, insulin levels, and antioxidant defenses and the increased glucose and triglyceride levels induced by Hg exposure; hepatic glutathione levels were higher in rats co-treated with EWH. The increased mRNA expression of CHOP, PPARα, and leptin induced by Hg was reduced in co-treated rats. EWH did not modify the elevated mRNA expression of GRP78, PPARγ and adiponectin in Hg-treated rats. Increased levels of Hg were found in the liver; the co-treatment did not alter this parameter. EWH prevented the morphological and metabolic disorder induced by Hg, by improving antioxidant defenses, inactivating pro-apoptotic pathways and normalizing the mRNA expression of PPARs and adipokines. Its effects enabled an increase in insulin levels and a normal balance between the fat storage and expenditure mechanisms in WAT. Conclusions: EWH may have potential benefits in the prevention and management of Hg-related metabolic disorders.

Dietary Egg White Hydrolysate Prevents Male Reproductive Dysfunction after Long-Term Exposure to Aluminum in Rats.

Aluminum (Al) is a non-essential metal omnipresent in human life and is considered an environmental toxicant. Al increases reactive oxygen production and triggers immune responses, contributing to chronic systemic inflammation development. Here, we have tested whether an egg white hydrolysate (EWH) with potential bioactive properties can protect against changes in reproductive function in rats exposed to long-term Al dietary levels at high and low doses. Male Wistar rats received orally: low aluminum level group-AlCl3 at 8.3 mg/kg b.w. for 60 days with or without EWH (1 g/kg/day); high aluminum level group-AlCl3 at 100 mg/kg b.w. for 42 days with or without EWH (1 g/kg/day). The co-administration of EWH prevented the increased Al deposition surrounding the germinative cells, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the reproductive organs. Furthermore, the daily supplementation with EWH maintained sperm production and sperm quality similar to those found in control animals, even after Al exposure at a high dietary contamination level. Altogether, our results suggest that EWH could be used as a protective agent against impairment in the reproductive system produced after long-term exposure to Al at low or high human dietary levels.

Oxidative Stress Induced by 30 Days of Mercury Exposure Accelerates Hypertension Development in Prehypertensive Young SHRs.

Mercury is considered a risk factor for the development of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether the effects of mercury exposure on haemodynamic parameters of young Wistar rats and prehypertensive SHRs might alter the time course of hypertension development. Young (4 weeks) male Wistar rats and SHRs were randomly assigned to four groups: untreated Wistar rats (Wistar Ct), Wistar rats exposed to mercury chloride for 30 days (Wistar Hg), untreated SHRs (SHR Ct) and SHRs exposed to mercury chloride (SHR Hg) for 30 days. Non-invasive and invasive arterial pressures were measured to investigate pressure reactivity; nitrite/nitrate levels, ACE activity, and lipid peroxidation were measured in plasma. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the Wistar rat groups did not change but increased in the SHRs from the second week to the last week. Hg exposure accelerated the increase in the SBP of SHRs. L-NAME administration increased SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in all groups, but this increase was smaller in SHRs exposed to Hg. A decrease in plasma nitrite and nitrate levels in the SHR Hg group suggested that mercury reduced NO bioavailability. Tempol-reduced blood pressure suggesting that the superoxide anion played a role in the marked increase in this parameter. These findings provide evidence that Hg exposure might activate mechanisms to accelerate hypertension development, including a reduction in NO bioavailability. Therefore, predisposed individuals under mercury exposure are at greater risk from an enhanced development of hypertension.