Recovery rate of multiple enteric viruses artificially seeded in water and concentrated by adsorption-elution with negatively charged membranes: interaction and interference between different virus species.

Viral concentration method by adsorption-elution with negative membranes has been widely employed for concentrating viruses from environmental samples. In order to provide an adequate assessment of its recovery efficiency, this study was conducted to assess viral recovery rates for viral species commonly found in water (HAdV-5, EV, RV, BAdV and CAV-2), quantifying viral genomes at the end of the five different steps of the process. Recovery rates were analyzed for several viruses combined in a single water sample and for each virus assayed separately. Ultrapure water samples were artificially contaminated and analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). High recovery rates were found after the final stage when assessed individually (89 to 125%) and combined in the same sample (23 to > 164%). HAdV-5 exhibited >100% recovery when assayed with human viruses and other AdVs, whereas BAdV and CAV-2 were not detected. These data suggest that recovery efficiency could be related to viral structural characteristics, their electric charges and other interactions, so that they are retained with greater or lesser efficiency when coupled. This protocol could be applied to environmental samples, since high recovery rates were observed and infectious viruses were detected at the end of the concentration process.

Panorama da dengue na região sul do brasil de 2001 a 2017 / Panorama de la dengue en la región sur de brasil de 2001 a 2017 / An overview of dengue in the southern region of brazil from 2001 to 2017

Objetivo: inventariar casos notificados por dengue clássica e óbitos na região Sul do Brasil entre 2001 e 2017. Método: estudo descritivo-retrospectivo a partir de dados secundários do DATASUS/SINAN e das Secretarias de Saúde, analisados através de estatística descritiva. Resultados: observou-se aumento dos casos nos três estados: Paraná (PR) elevou casos autóctones para 94% nos últimos quatro anos, Santa Catarina (SC) para 95%, e Rio Grande do Sul (RS) para 83%, respectivamente, em 2015 e 2016. Observou-se crescente aumento de óbitos por dengue hemorrágica, principalmente no PR; em 2016, o primeiro óbito em SC; e aumento nos últimos dois anos no RS, mais de 90% em adultos. Conclusão: a região requer atenção dos órgãos de saúde, devido ao aumento de casos e óbitos por dengue, embora apresente a menor incidência da doença do país. Este estudo contribuiu para o conhecimento do cenário atual e da evolução da dengue na região Sul do Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objetivo: inventariar casos notificados por dengue clásica y óbitos en la región Sur de Brasil entre 2001 y 2017. Método: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo con base en datos secundarios del DATASUS/SINAN y de las Secretarías de Salud, analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se observó crecimiento de los casos en los tres estados: Paraná (PR) tuvo elevación de casos autóctonos para 94% en los últimos cuatro años, Santa Catarina (SC) para 95%, y Rio Grande do Sul (RS) para 83%, respectivamente, en 2015 y 2016. Se observó todavía creciente aumento de óbitos por dengue hemorrágico, principalmente en PR; en 2016; el primero óbito en SC; y crecimiento en los últimos dos años en RS, más de 90% en adultos. Conclusión: la región necesita atención de los organismos de salud, a causa del crecimiento de casos y óbitos por dengue, a pesar de presentar la menor incidencia de la enfermedad del país. Este estudio contribuyó para el conocimiento del escenario actual y de la evolución de la dengue en la región Sur de Brasil.

Objective: To record cases reported as classical dengue fever and deaths in the southern region of Brazil between 2001 and 2017. Method: Descriptive-retrospective study using secondary data from DATASUS/ SINAN and State Departments, analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results: An increase in the percentage of cases of the disease in the three states was observed in the three Brazilian southern states: in Paraná (PR) the percentage of autochthonous cases reached 94% in the last four years; in Santa Catarina (SC), the percentage was 95%, and in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), 83%, respectively, in 2015 and 2016. There was an increase in the number of deaths by severe dengue (dengue hemorrhagic fever), mainly in PR; in 2016, the first death caused by dengue was observed in SC; and an increase of more than 90% in the cases of dengue among adults in the last two years in Rio Grande do Sul. Conclusion: Despite the fact the Southern region of Brazil has the lowest incidence of dengue, special attention should be paid by health agencies to the situation in the southern states due to the increase in the number of cases and deaths caused by dengue.

Presence of Torque teno virus (TTV) in tap water in public schools from Southern Brazil.

Torque teno virus (TTV) was surveyed in tap water collected in schools from three municipalities located in the south of Brazil. TTV genomes were found in 11.7 % (4/34) of the samples. TTV DNA was detected in 10.5 % (2/19) of the samples collected at the city of Caxias do Sul and in 25 % (2/8) of the samples from Pelotas. Those cities have a low rate of sewage treatment. All samples from Santa Cruz do Sul, which has nearly 92 % of its sewage treated, were negative. These results suggest that the amount of sewage treated may have an effect on the detection rates of TTV DNA in drinking water in a given urban area, showing a mild negative correlation (r = -0.76), when comparing the percentage of sewage treatment to the detection of TTV genomes. The detection rate of TTV was also compared with Escherichia coli, showing a strong correlation (r = 0.97), indicating that TTV may be a suitable marker of fecal contamination.

Seasonal variation on the presence of adenoviruses in stools from non-diarrheic patients

Human adenoviruses (HAdV), members of the Adenoviridae family, are excreted through the fecal route and may be present in the feces of humans consuming contaminated food or water. The presence of HAdV from different serotypes in the feces of healthy individuals was already reported using conventional polymerase chain reaction; however, real-time PCR (qPCR) may reveal not only the rates of detection as well as demonstrate the viral loads excreted by healthy persons. Aiming to identify and characterize the presence of adenoviruses in stool samples, 147 fecal samples from patients with no records of diarrhea were analyzed (74 from winter season and 73 from summer) by Real-Time PCR (qPCR) assay and conventional PCR. HAdV genome was present in 43.8% (32/73) of stools samples collected during summer season and 21.6% (16/74) during winter. The rate of detection of genomic copies (gc) ranged from 4.04×10² to 6.72×10⁵gc/g of feces among the 147 samples analyzed, of which the ranged of genomic copies of DNA HAdV was major in summer. All samples were negative when tested for rotaviruses (RV) and noroviruses (NoV) by PCR conventional and qPCR respectively. HAdV is excreted constantly by infected individuals in the absence of clinical signs and the occurrence may vary seasonally.

Torque teno vírus (TTV) e poluição fecal / Torque teno virus (TTV) and fecal pollution

A pesquisa de agentes virais em amostras de água coletadas no ambiente teve seu início há aproximadamente sessenta anos. Inicialmente, o enfoque dos trabalhos estava voltado para a detecção dos enterovírus. Posteriormente outros vírus, especialmente entéricos com relevante impacto em saúde pública, tornaram-se alvo de pesquisa quanto à sua presença em amostras de água. Os agentes virais, normalmente associados a gastroenterites e hepatites, têm como principais características excreção em altas quantidades nas fezes de indivíduos infectados, elevada resistência à inativação no ambiente e ausência de replicação fora do hospedeiro. Tais características biológicas os tornam excelentes marcadores de contaminação ambiental oriunda da colonização de novas áreas pelo ser humano e podem atestar falhas nas estratégias de saneamento básico. Mais recentemente, o Torque Teno vírus (TTV) vem sendo considerado um candidato em potencial a agente biológico marcador no estudo de contaminação fecal da água por apresentar as características anteriormente mencionadas para os vírus entéricos e estar amplamente disseminado na população humana.