Sarcomere Stiffness during Stretching and Shortening of Rigor Skeletal Myofibrils.

In this study, we measured the stiffness of skeletal muscle myofibrils in rigor. Using a custom-built atomic force microscope, myofibrils were first placed in a rigor state then stretched and shortened at different displacements (0.1-0.3 µm per sarcomere) and nominal speeds (0.4 and 0.8 µm/s). During stretching, the myofibril stiffness was independent of both displacement and speed (average of 987 nN/µm). During shortening, the myofibril stiffness was independent of displacement, but dependent on speed (1234 nN/µm at 0.4 µm/s; 1106 nN/µm at 0.8 µm/s). Furthermore, the myofibril stiffness during shortening was greater than that during stretching and the difference depended on speed (31% at 0.4 µm/s; 8% at 0.8 µm/s). The results suggest that the myofibrils exhibit nonlinear viscoelastic properties that may be derived from myofibril filaments, similar to what has been observed in muscle fibers.

Residual force enhancement is regulated by titin in skeletal and cardiac myofibrils.

KEY POINTS: When a skeletal muscle is stretched while it contracts, the muscle produces a relatively higher force than the force from an isometric contraction at the same length: a phenomenon referred to as residual force enhancement. Residual force enhancement is puzzling because it cannot be directly explained by the classical force-length relationship and the sliding filament theory of contraction, the main paradigms in the muscle field. We used custom-built instruments to measure residual force enhancement in skeletal myofibrils, and, for the first time, in cardiac myofibrils. Our data report that residual force enhancement is present in skeletal muscles, but not cardiac muscles, and is regulated by the different isoforms of the titin protein filaments. ABSTRACT: When a skeletal muscle contracts isometrically, the muscle produces a force that is relative to the final isometric sarcomere length (SL). However, when the same final SL is reached by stretching the muscle while it contracts, the muscle produces a relatively higher force: a phenomenon commonly referred to as residual force enhancement. In this study, we investigated residual force enhancement in rabbit skeletal psoas myofibrils and, for the first time, cardiac papillary myofibrils. A custom-built atomic force microscope was used in experiments that stretched myofibrils before and after inhibiting myosin and actin interactions to determine whether the different cardiac and skeletal titin isoforms regulate residual force enhancement. At SLs ranging from 2.24 to 3.13 µm, the skeletal myofibrils enhanced the force by an average of 9.0%, and by 29.5% after hindering myosin and actin interactions. At SLs ranging from 1.80 to 2.29 µm, the cardiac myofibrils did not enhance the force before or after hindering myosin and actin interactions. We conclude that residual force enhancement is present only in skeletal muscles and is dependent on the titin isoforms.

Ingestible gastrointestinal sampling devices: state-of-the-art and future directions.

Despite the significant contribution of gastrointestinal diseases to the global disease burden and the increasing recognition of the role played by the intestinal microbiota in human health and disease states, conventional methods of exploring and collecting samples from the gastrointestinal tract remain invasive, resource intensive, and often unable to capture all the information contained in these heterogeneous samples. A new class of gastrointestinal sampling capsules is emerging in the literature, which contains the components required for an autonomous intra-luminal device and preserves the spatial and temporal information of the gastrointestinal samples. In this paper, we identify the primary design requirements for gastrointestinal sampling capsules, and we review the state-of-the-art for different components and functionalities. We also suggest two design concepts, and we highlight future directions for this class of biomedical devices.

Design, implementation, and application of a microresonator platform for measuring energy dissipation by internal friction in nanowires.

Accurate measurements of internal friction in nanowires are required for the rational design of high-Q resonators used in nanoelectromechanical systems and for fundamental studies of nanomechanical behavior. However, measuring internal friction is challenging because of the difficulties associated with identifying the contributions of material dissipation to structural damping. Here, we present an approach for overcoming these difficulties by using a composite microresonator platform that is calibrated against the ultimate limits of thermoelastic damping. The platform consists of an array of nanowires patterned at the root of a low-loss single-crystal silicon microcantilever. The structure is processed using a lift-off technique, implemented using electron-beam lithography, to achieve excellent control over the size, alignment, dispersion and location of the nanowire array. As the first application of this platform, we measured internal friction at room temperature in aluminum nanowires that ranged from 50 to 100 nm in thickness and 100 to 400 nm in width. Internal friction is ~0.03 at frequencies of 6.5-21 kHz. Transmission electron microscopy of the nanocrystalline grain structure, and comparison with previously measured values of internal friction in continuous thin films of aluminum, suggest that grain-boundary sliding is a major source of internal friction in these nanowires.

Mechanical spectroscopy of nanocrystalline aluminum films: effects of frequency and grain size on internal friction.

Energy dissipation by internal friction is a property of fundamental interest for probing the effects of scale on mechanical behavior in nanocrystalline metallic films and for guiding the use of these materials in the design of high-Q micro/nanomechanical resonators. This paper describes an experimental study to measure the effects of frequency, annealing and grain size on internal friction at room temperature in sputter-deposited nanocrystalline aluminum films with thicknesses ranging from 60 to 120 nm. Internal friction was measured using a single-crystal silicon microcantilever platform that calibrates dissipation against the fundamental limits of thermoelastic damping. Internal friction was a weak function of frequency, reducing only by a factor of two over three decades of frequency (70 Hz to 44 kHz). Annealing led to significant grain growth and the average grain size of 100 nm thick films increased from 90 to 390 nm after annealing for 1 h at 450 (∘)C. This increase in grain size was accompanied by a decrease in internal friction from 0.05 to 0.02. Taken together, these results suggest that grain-boundary sliding, characterized by a spectrum of relaxation times, contributes to internal friction in these films.

Analysis of Nonlinear Thermoelastic Dissipation in Euler-Bernoulli Beam Resonators.

The linear theory of thermoelastic damping (TED) has been extensively developed over the past eight decades, but relatively little is known about the different types of nonlinearities that are associated with this fundamental mechanism of material damping. Here, we initiate the study of a dissipative nonlinearity (also called thermomechanical nonlinearity) whose origins reside at the heart of the thermomechanical coupling that gives rise to TED. The finite difference method is used to solve the nonlinear governing equation and estimate nonlinear TED in Euler-Bernoulli beams. The maximum difference between the nonlinear and linear estimates ranges from 0.06% for quartz and 0.3% for silicon to 7% for aluminum and 28% for zinc.

Nanotechnology and bone healing.

Nanotechnology and its attendant techniques have yet to make a significant impact on the science of bone healing. However, the potential benefits are immediately obvious with the result that hundreds of researchers and firms are performing the basic research needed to mature this nascent, yet soon to be fruitful niche. Together with genomics and proteomics, and combined with tissue engineering, this is the new face of orthopaedic technology. The concepts that orthopaedic surgeons recognize are fabrication processes that have resulted in porous implant substrates as bone defect augmentation and medication-carrier devices. However, there are dozens of applications in orthopaedic traumatology and bone healing for nanometer-sized entities, structures, surfaces, and devices with characteristic lengths ranging from 10s of nanometers to a few micrometers. Examples include scaffolds, delivery mechanisms, controlled modification of surface topography and composition, and biomicroelectromechanical systems. We review the basic science, clinical implications, and early applications of the nanotechnology revolution and emphasize the rich possibilities that exist at the crossover region between micro- and nanotechnology for developing new treatments for bone healing.

Magnesium-sputtered titanium for the formation of bioactive coatings.

Osteoconductive coatings may improve the clinical performance of implanted metallic biomaterials. Several low-temperature coating methods have been reported where a supersaturated solution is used to deposit typically apatitic materials. However, due to the very low solubility of apatite, the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions attainable in a supersaturated solution is relatively low ( approximately 1-2mM), thus coating formation is slow, with several solution changes required to form a uniform and clinically relevant coating. In order to avoid this problem, we present a novel method where substrates were initially sputter coated with pure magnesium metal and then immersed in differing phosphate solutions. In this method, upon immersion the implant itself becomes the source of cations and only the anions to be incorporated into the coating are present in solution. These ions react rapidly, forming a continuous coating and avoiding problems of premature non-localized precipitation. The different coatings resulting from varying the phosphate solutions were then characterized in terms of morphology and composition by microscopy and chemical analyses. Upon immersion of the sputter-coated metals into ammonium phosphate solution, it was found that a uniform struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O) coating was formed. Upon subsequent immersion into a calcium phosphate solution, stable coatings were formed. The coated surfaces also enhanced both osteoblastic cellular adhesion and cell viability compared to bare titanium. The concept of sputter-coating a reactive metal to form an adherent inorganic metal coating appears promising in the field of developing rapid-forming low-temperature bioceramic coatings.