Dysphagia After Esophageal Replacement and Its Treatment.

Dysphagia occurs temporarily or permanently following esophageal replacement in at least half of the cases. Swallowing disorder, in addition to severe decline in the quality of life, can lead to a deterioration of the general condition, which may lead to death if left untreated. For this reason, their early detection and treatment are a matter of importance. Between 1993 and 2012, 540 esophageal resections were performed due to malignant tumors at the Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the University of Pécs. Stomach was used for replacement in 445 cases, colon in 38 cases, and jejunum in 57 cases. The anastomosis with a stomach replacement was located to the neck in 275 cases and to the thorax in 170 cases. The colon was pulled up to the neck in each case. There were 29 cases of free jejunal replacements located to the neck and 28 cases with a Roux loop reconstruction located to the thorax. Based on the literature data and own experience, the following were found to be the causes of dysphagia in the order of frequency: anastomotic stenosis, conduit obstruction, peptic and ischemic stricture, foreign body, local recurrence, functional causes, new malignant tumor in the esophageal remnant, and malignant tumor in the organ used for replacement. Causes may overlap each other, and their treatment may be conservative or surgical. The causes of many dysphagic complications might be prevented by improving the anastomosis technique, by better preservation the blood supply of the substitute organ, by consistently applying a functional approach, and by regular follow-up.

The development of one-day surgical care in Hungary between 2010 and 2019.

BACKGROUND: The constant increase in the utilization of one-day surgical care could be identified since more than a decade in most of European countries. Initially, according to the international rankings, the exploitation of one-day surgery in Hungary was not really significant. In 2010, the Hungarian policy makers intended to increase one-day surgical care as a priority strategy. The aim of our study was to analyze the evolution of the Hungarian one-day surgical care during the last decade in DRG- based performance financing system in Hungary. METHODS: The dataset of the research was provided by the National Health Insurance Fund Administration of Hungary. The most important indicators related to the one-day surgical care were compared to inpatient care (market share, number of cases, and DRG cost-weights). To discover the impact of one-day surgical care to the utilization of inpatient treatment, the number of hospitalized days was also analyzed. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2019, the market share of one-day surgical cases increased from 42, to 80%. Simultaneously the constant increase of one-day surgical cases, the number of hospitalized days were decreased in inpatient care by 17%. The value of Case Mix Index has also increased, approximately by 140%, which could confirm that more complex interventions are being conducted in one-day surgical care as well. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the comprehensive health policy strategy related to the dissemination of one-day surgical care in Hungary, several important performance indicators were improved between 2010 and 2019. Given that Hungary belongs to the low- and middle-income countries, the results of the study could be considerable even in an international comparison.

Early occurrence of pseudocysts in acute pancreatitis - A multicenter international cohort analysis of 2275 cases.

BACKGROUND: Pseudocysts being the most frequent local complications of acute pancreatitis (AP) have substantial effect on the disease course, hospitalization and quality of life of the patient. Our study aimed to understand the effects of pre-existing (OLD-P) and newly developed (NEW-P) pseudocysts on AP. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Acute Pancreatitis Registry organized by the Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group (HPSG). 2275 of 2461 patients had uploaded information concerning pancreatic morphology assessed by imaging technique. Patients were divided into "no pseudocyst" (NO-P) group, "old pseudocyst" (OLD-P) group, or "newly developed pseudocyst" (NEW-P) groups. RESULTS: The median time of new pseudocyst development was nine days from hospital admission and eleven days from the beginning of the abdominal pain. More NEW-P cases were severe (15.9% vs 4.7% in the NO-P group p < 0.001), with longer length of hospitalization (LoH) (median: 14 days versus 8 days, p < 0.001), and were associated with several changed laboratory parameters. OLD-P was associated with male gender (72.2% vs. 56.1%, p = 0.0014), alcoholic etiology (35.2% vs. 19.8% in the NO-P group), longer hospitalization (median: 10 days, p < 0.001), a previous episode of AP (p < 0.001), pre-existing diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) (p < 0.001), current smoking (p < 0.001), and increased alcohol consumption (unit/week) (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Most of the new pseudocysts develop within two weeks. Newly developing pseudocysts are associated with a more severe disease course and increased length of hospitalization. Pre-existing pseudocysts are associated with higher alcohol consumption and smoking. Because CP is more frequently associated with a pre-existing pseudocyst, these patients need closer attention after AP.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Might Induce Certain-Supposedly Adaptive-Changes in the Esophagus: A Hypothesis.

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of GERD has become a major concern due to its major health and economic impacts. Beyond the typical unpleasant symptoms, reflux can also be the source of severe, potentially life-threatening complications, such as aspiration. AIM: Our aim was to support our hypothesis that the human body may in some cases develop various protective mechanisms to prevent these conditions. METHODS: Based on our experiences and review of the literature, we investigated the potential adaptive nature of seven reflux complications (hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, achalasia, hypertensive upper esophageal sphincter, Zenker's diverticulum, Schatzki's ring, esophageal web, and Barrett's esophagus). RESULTS: Patients with progressive GERD may develop diverse structural and functional esophageal changes that narrow the lumen of the esophagus and therefore reduce the risk of regurgitation and protect the upper aerodigestive tract from aspiration. The functional changes (hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, achalasia, hypertensive upper esophageal sphincter) seem to be adaptive reactions aimed at easing the unpleasant symptoms and reducing acid regurgitation. The structural changes (Schatzki's ring, esophageal web) result in very similar outcomes, but we consider these are rather secondary consequences and not real adaptive mechanisms. Barrett's esophagus is a special form of adaptive protection. In these cases, patients report significant relief of their previous heartburn as Barrett's esophagus develops because of the replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus by acid-resistant metaplastic epithelium. CONCLUSION: We believe that GERD may induce different self-protective reactions in the esophagus that result in reduced acid regurgitation or decreased reflux symptoms.

[Appleby procedure - an option for surgical treatment of pancreatic body tumour infiltrating the celiac axis]. / Appleby-mutét − lehetoség truncus coeliacust infiltráló pancreastest tumor sebészi kezelésére.

CASE PRESENTATION: After neoadjuvant oncological therapy the surgical treatment of distal pancreatic tumour - infiltrating the celiac axis and the stomach - was reported. During the operation resection of the trunc, distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, total gastrectomy, resection of the left adrenal gland and cholecystectomy were carried out. The patient's clinical course was uneventful, only transient alteration of liver functions was detected. Histological work-up revealed R1 resection, so adjuvant oncological therapy was decided. DISCUSSION: Distal pancreatic tumours are frequently inoperable. Infiltration of the celiac axis was similarly considered, however there is a chance for radical operation by the resection of the trunc, when the pancreaticoduodenal arcade will provide the arterial blood supply to the liver. Based on the above case the operative technique and the relevant questions were discussed. In pancreatic tumour and arterial infiltration the preoperative chemotherapy is absolutely recommended, because there is a chance for radical surgery in case of good response.

[Rare bile duct anatomy variant - Right bile duct intraparenchymal junction into the left bile duct]. / Az epeutak ritka anatómiai variánsa − A jobb ductus hepaticus intraparenchymalis csatlakozása a bal oldali ductus hepaticusba.

The authors present a case of a 67-year-old male patient, who previously had been diagnosed with a malignant liver tumor localized in segment II. He underwent bisegmentectomy (II and III) and partial IV segmentectomy. After the primary surgery jaundice developed, the level of bilirubin increased and after several imaging modalities reoperation was indicated. During the surgery a rare bile duct anatomy variant was found. The right hepatic duct joined the left duct in the parenchyma of the left lobe, and was ligated at the resection. As the liver hilum was not explored, the absence of the right duct was not discovered. Reconstruction of the biliary system was accomplished by a Roux-en-Y loop.

[Esophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease: consequences or defensive reactions?] / A gastrooesophagealis refluxbetegség nyelocsoszövodményei: következmények vagy védekezoreakciók?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease affects more than 10% of the adult population. Most patients can be effectively treated with lifestyle changes and adequate acid-reducing therapy. However, about 10% of the patients remain symptomatic despite treatment and severe complications may develop. Interestingly, some of these complications seem to be a sort of defensive mechanism that may either alleviate the patient's symptoms or prevent developing further complications. In Barrett's esophagus, which can be unambigously considered as a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease, reflux symptoms ruining the quality of life may significantly improve, since the metaplastic Barrett epithelium is much more resistent to gastric acid, than the normal epithelial lining of the esophagus. Furthermore, the motility disorders (hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, achalasia, cricopharyngeal achalasia) and structural changes (Schatzki's ring, esophageal stricture, subglottic trachea stenosis), which develop as a complication of reflux may help to prevent aspiration that can cause new complaints and may lead to further complications. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(20): 763-769.

[Resection of liver and abdominal wall metastasis 11 years after pancreatoduodenectomy. Case report]. / Metasztázis miatt végzett máj- és hasfalreszekció 11 évvel a pancreatoduodenectomia után.

Pancreatic cancer has adverse prognosis. Disease recurrence is typical and it occurs mainly within the first 2 years postoperatively. However late and soliter metastases are rare. This case report shows the history of a male patient, who was radically operated on for pancreatic cancer. 11 years later a solitary liver metastasis has developed and it was completely removed by resection. 1 year postoperatively the patient is doing well. Our case demonstrates that in patients after resection for pancreatic cancer, redo surgery might be justified in case of late and isolated metastasis. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(28): 1109-1111.

Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis. EAES consensus development conference 2015.

Unequivocal international guidelines regarding the diagnosis and management of patients with acute appendicitis are lacking. The aim of the consensus meeting 2015 of the EAES was to generate a European guideline based on best available evidence and expert opinions of a panel of EAES members. After a systematic review of the literature by an international group of surgical research fellows, an expert panel with extensive clinical experience in the management of appendicitis discussed statements and recommendations. Statements and recommendations with more than 70 % agreement by the experts were selected for a web survey and the consensus meeting of the EAES in Bucharest in June 2015. EAES members and attendees at the EAES meeting in Bucharest could vote on these statements and recommendations. In the case of more than 70 % agreement, the statement or recommendation was defined as supported by the scientific community. Results from both the web survey and the consensus meeting in Bucharest are presented as percentages. In total, 46 statements and recommendations were selected for the web survey and consensus meeting. More than 232 members and attendees voted on them. In 41 of 46 statements and recommendations, more than 70 % agreement was reached. All 46 statements and recommendations are presented in this paper. They comprise topics regarding the diagnostic work-up, treatment indications, procedural aspects and post-operative care. The consensus meeting produced 46 statements and recommendations on the diagnostic work-up and management of appendicitis. The majority of the EAES members supported these statements. These consensus proceedings provide additional guidance to surgeons and surgical residents providing care to patients with appendicitis.

Pancreatojejunostomy with modified purse-string suture technique.

PURPOSE: Despite many efforts, pancreatic fistula remains the most troublesome complication following pancreatic resections, especially in case of anastomosis made with soft pancreatic tissue. The purpose of the authors was to show their modification of purse-string pancreatodigestive anastomosis and the results obtained. METHODS: Between January 2013 and June 2015, the technique was applied in 49 patients; one purse-string suture and two U-shaped mattress sutures were used to create the pancreatojejunal anastomosis. In case of soft pancreatic parenchyma, an external stent was temporarily left in the main pancreatic duct. The most frequent pathology was pancreatic cancer, and a pylorus-preserving Whipple procedure was mostly done. RESULTS: Postoperative early morbidity rate was 35 %. There were two fistulas, one grade A fistula from a fibrotic pancreas (4.2 %) and one grade B in case of a soft pancreas (4 %). However, there was no reoperation and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: According to favorable results, the modification of the purse-string suture technique makes this method even safer.

[Complications and reoperations following laparoscopic antireflux surgery]. / Szövodmények és reoperációk laparoszkópos antirefluxmutétek után.

Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is an effective treatment for patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease, when it is refractory to conservative management. In experienced centers the procedure is safe, although complications may develop either during surgery or in the early or late postoperative period, which may necessitate revisional surgery. Between 1998 and 2015 a total of 407 patients underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery at the Department of Surgery, University of Pécs. This interval was divided into two periods. In the first one, between 1998 and 2006, we operated on 241 patients who were all enrolled in a prospective study. All the diagnostic examinations were carried out at our institution. In the second period 166 patients were treated with minimal invasive surgery and the data were analyzed retrospectively. The 407 patients comprised 161 men and 246 women with a median age of 53,1 years. Hiatoplasty was reinforced with teres ligament in 27 cases, a prosthetic mesh was used in 28 cases and fascia lata in a four cases, when hiatal closures were not considered reliable. In 16 cases (4%) the operation was converted to open procedure, and our mortality rate was 0,5%. Revisional surgery was performed laparoscopically in 39 patients, and thoraco-laparotomy was done in six cases (12%). 5 additional reoperations were performed in patients, who had their primary antireflux surgery in another institution. Our 4% conversion, 12% reoperation and 0,5% mortality rates correspond to the figures published in the literature. In conclusion, this study confirms that laparoscopic antireflux surgery is a safe procedure with very good clinical outcomes. Late complications, such as recurrent reflux disease and reherniation, as well as revisional surgery occured almost exclusively after surgical treatment of the large hiatal hernias.

Laparoszkópos hiatushernia-rekonstrukciót követo intraoesophagealis hálómigráció.

CASE PRESENTATION: The authors report the case of a 68-year-old patient who presented with dysphagia 4 months after a mesh-reinforced antireflux surgery. Examinations revealed partial penetration of the mesh into the esophagus. During an expedited surgery, the mesh was removed through thoraco-laparotomy. Distal esophagus and proximal gastric resections were carried out due to longitudinal perforation site and esophageal stricture, and the continuity of the alimentary tract was restored with jejunal interposition. At the 3-month follow-up visit the patient was asymptomatic and a swallow examination showed normal conditions after the surgery. DISCUSSION: Several studies have shown that primary closure of large hiatal hernias is associated with high recurrence rate. In order to reduce this ratio, mesh reinforcement of the crural repair was introduced to prevent reherniation. Therefore, the incidence of recurrence has indeed decreased, however, mesh-related complications have increased. Because of the special anatomical site, the mesh around the gastroesophageal junction is in continuous movement and this can potentially lead to complications such as esophageal erosion, perforation or extensive fibrosis and stenosis. These complications may cause severe, even life-threatening conditions that could only be treated with difficult surgeries. Based on the experience of our case and the review of the literature, we would like to highlight one of the potential, serious complications of mesh-reinforced hiatal repair.

[Outcomes following rectal and recto-sigmoid cancer resections: comparison of the laparoscopic and open techniques]. / Rectum- és rectosigmoidealis tumorresectiók eredményei: a laparoscopos és nyitott technika összehasonlítása.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Surgical technique and experience are considered as significant determinants of the successful treatment of recto-sigmoid malignancies. METHODS: Two hundred patients operated on between 2005 and 2009 were prospectively followed with an average of 39.8 months. Patients with rectosigmoid or rectal cancer were included, either with primary resection or resection after neoadjuvant therapy. The primary aim was to assess the average survival in the two groups; secondary outcomes were stage specific survival and the incidence of loco-regional recurrence and distant metastases. Intra- and postoperative complications, operating time, onco-pathological specimen quality and length of stay were also analysed. RESULTS: During the follow-up comparable rates for 3-year survival and recurrence rates were found without statistical difference. Hospital stay in the laparoscopic group was significantly shorter and the mid-term survival rates were also better in the more advanced stages. Incisional hernia rate was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of laparoscopic rectal and recto-sigmoid resections were not inferior, and - in some aspects - they were even better compared to open procedures. Adding the properties of the minimally invasive technique (shorter recovery, reduced surgical stress reaction) this should be the preferred method of operative approach.

[Our innovations for the reduction of postoperative pancreatic fistula output]. / A posztoperatív pancreasfistula csökkentésére bevezetett innovációink.

Bevezetés: A posztoperatív pancreasfistula mind proximalis, mind distalis pancreatectomia után a legjelentosebb sebészi szövodménynek számít. A szakirodalomban nincs egyértelmuen ajánlott, megbízható módszer ezen probléma kiküszöbölésére, emiatt történnek újítások szerte a világon. Jelen közleményünkben a technikai innovációinkról számolunk be. Anyag és módszerek: 2013. január 1-jétol 2023. november 30-ig terjedo idoszakban 205 Whipple-mutétet végeztünk nyitottan, mely során a pancreatojejunalis anastomosist az általunk módosított dohányzacskó-öltéses módszerrel készítettük el. 2019. január 1. és 2023. november 30. között pedig 30 betegnél történt nyitott distalis pancreatectomia, amikor a pancreascsonkot az általunk kifejlesztett technikával, szabad rectus fascia-peritoneum grafttal fedtük, majd azt cirkuláris öltéssel rögzítettük. Közleményünkben ezen két módszerrel elért eredményeket ismertetjük. Eredmények: a demográfiai adatok megfeleltek a betegségnél szokásosnak. A posztoperatív ápolási ido és a transzfúzió igény terén észlelt különbségek tükrözték a kétféle beavatkozás eltéro invazivitását. A releváns pancreasfistula kialakulási rátája kedvezo képet mutatott, Whipple-mutét után 7,3% volt, míg distalis pancreatectomát követoen nem fejlodött ki. A reoperációs és a halálozási arányok megfeleltek az elvártaknak és korreláltak a mutétek kiterjedtségével. Következtetés: pancreas resectiók utáni komplikációk csökkentésére tett törekvéseink során a módosított dohányzacskó-öltéses pancreatojejunostomia és a pancreascsonk fedésére kidolgozott módszerünk egyaránt kedvezo eredményekkel járt.

Intraoperative pyloric drainage is unnecessary during esophagectomies: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Objective: The topic of this meta-analysis is the comparison of gastric conduit esophageal reconstructions with or without pyloroplasty. Background: Surgical procedures, especially minimal invasive esophagectomy (MIE) can be a curative treatment in the early stages of esophageal cancer. Previously, intraoperative pyloroplasty was routinely performed, but nowadays it became debated again in the light of minimally invasive esophagectomy. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in multiple databases to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the topic. Two independent authors performed the selection based on predefined criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to assess any significant difference, then the bias and quality of the data were estimated. Results: Nine relevant RCTs consisting of 529 patients with esophageal cancer were identified. No significance was found in mortality [odds ratio (OR): 0.85; p = 0.642], anastomosis leakage (OR: 0.57; p = 0.254), respiratory morbidity (OR: 0.51; p = 0.214) and vomiting (OR: 0.74; p = 0.520), however the results about gastric emptying time (GET) were controversial (weighted mean difference (WMD): -67.71; p = 0.009, OR: 2.75; p = 0.072). Significant heterogeneity was not detected except for GET. Trial sequential analyses (TSA) show that a certain conclusion would require more data except in the binary variables of GET. Conclusion: We conclude that the pyloric drainage procedure is not routinely necessary, but further well-designed studies would be needed, especially in Europe.

The Effect of Fascial Closure With Triclosan-Coated Sutures on the Incidence of Abdominal Wall Dehiscence: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Wound closure with triclosan-coated sutures (TCS) appears to reduce the risk of surgical site infection (SSI). Because there is a strong association between postoperative SSI and the development of acute abdominal wall dehiscence (AWD) after laparotomy, we hypothesized that the use of TCS for wound closure after laparotomy may also reduce the risk of AWD. Methods: The MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched from their inception to 01 November 2022. Randomized trials that compared the use of TCS with identical but uncoated sutures for fascial closure were eligible if they could provide individual participant data (IPD) on AWD. From these trials, we only included in the analysis those subjects who underwent open abdominal surgery. The primary outcome was the incidence of AWD within 30 days postoperatively, requiring emergency reoperation. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE methodology (PROSPERO: CRD42019121173. Results: We identified twelve eligible trials. Eight studies shared IPD. The incidence of AWD within 30 days after surgery was 27/1,565 (1.7%) in the TCS group vs. 40/1,430 (2.8%) in the control group (Relative Risk: 0.70 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-1.11, I 2 = 0%, τ2 = 0.00]). The certainty of evidence was moderate after downgrading for imprecision. The incidence of incisional SSI was 163/1,576 (10.3%) vs. 198/1,439 (13.8%), RR 0.80 (95% CI 0.67-0.97). Conclusion: We found no conclusive evidence to support the use of triclosan-coated sutures for the prevention of acute abdominal wall dehiscence after laparotomy. In these selected studies, a significant reduction in incisional SSI was observed.

[Pancreatojejunostomy--with purse-string suture]. / Pancreatojejunostomia - dohányzacskóöltéssel.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic fistula is one of the most relevant complications following pancreatoduodenectomies. Significant effort has been made to decrease it. The aim of the authors was to show a pancreatojejunal anastomosis combined with purse-string suture, and report the first experiences, as well. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The implantation pancreatojejunostomy - which has been applied by the authors since 2003 - was modified, that the remnant of the pancreas was fixed in the jejunum with one purse-string and two mattress sutures. In case of a soft pancreas the Wirsungian duct was stented, then the vein canule was pulled out to the outside throught the afferent jejunal limb. The method was applied in seven patients during pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy performed for neoplasm. RESULTS: In the postoperative period there were two complications in two patients noted (a bleeding ulcer developed in the region of the duodenojejunostomy and a transient confusion). However there was no pancreatic fistula, reoperation or early mortality detected. CONCLUSIONS: While major conclusions can not be drawn due to the relatively small number of cases, this method seems promising and it is worth to carry out further trials.

Changes in Oncological Surgical Principles Driven by Advances in Preoperative Treatments.

From a surgical point of view, the development of preoperative oncological treatment has had a profound effect on the surgical treatment trends of cancer as well as on the outcomes of cancer patients. Consequently, these changes have challenged formerly entrenched oncological surgical principles. In our short report, we aimed to summarize the main shifts regarding the surgical principles of cancer treatment due to the development of preoperative oncological therapy in recent years. As a result of successful preoperative treatment, surgeons may perform less radical surgeries, the required free resection margin has been narrowed down to a few millimeters in dimension and preoperative treatment is justified in both definitely resectable tumors and in oligometastatic tumors as well. For prognosis assessment, the post-preoperative oncological treatment stage is now considered decisive, rather than the pretreatment stage as previously thought. Other changes include the introduction of the watch and wait strategy and the reverse order of treatment of the primary tumor and metastasis. Observing the continuously improving outcomes of cancer patients and the developments in oncological treatment modalities, a further expansion of the indication of preoperative treatments is to be expected.

Endoluminal Suture-technique for the Stomach Closure of an Experimental Model.

BACKGROUND/AIM: In the modern minimally invasive era, diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic interventions are one of the most emerging fields. For the new operational techniques, it is a major aim to develop reliable instruments, such as suturing devices for flexible endoscopes. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a safe and reproducible suturing technique with an endoluminal suturing device. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The evaluation of the technique was performed in twenty explanted special prepared porcine stomachs. Three different techniques were compared, single stitches, figure-of-eight, or Z-pattern and running sutures in terms of suturing time and bursting pressure. After verification of the reliability of the method, a 3 cm long full thickness incision on the stomach was closed with the endoscopic suturing device in four surviving animals. RESULTS: In our ex vivo studies, we have shown that the figure of 8 or Z- technique is the most optimal for stomach closure without considerable time-cost, thus this technique was chosen as the standard method for the in vivo study. The endoscopic stomach wall suturing was successful in all four cases, the postoperative period was uneventful and ended on the tenth postoperative day with autopsy. CONCLUSION: With the applied suturing device, the endoscopic suturing of the stomach is safe and reproducible, thus a human application may also be justified.

[Complications of esophageal reconstruction]. / A nyelocsopótlás szövodményei.

Esophageal cancer is the most common cause of esophageal resections. Esophageal replacement is still a significant challenge for surgeons, because complications can be expected in over 50% and death also occurs between 4-7%. Complications can be divided into early and late categories and into general and specific complications. From a surgical point of view, early and late specific complications are the most important aspects. Between 1993 and 2012, 540 esophageal resections were performed due to malignant tumors at the Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the University of Pécs. Stomach was used for replacement in 445 cases, colon in 38 cases, and jejunum in 57 cases. The anastomosis with stomach replacement was located to the neck in 275 cases and to the thorax in 170 cases. The colon was pulled up to the neck in each case. There were 29 cases of free jejunal replacements located to the neck, and 28 cases with a Roux-loop reconstruction located to the thorax. In the case of gastric replacement, anastomotic insufficiency developed in 55 cases, graft necrosis occurred in 8 cases, and early anastomosis stricture developed in 30 cases. These numbers are 3 conduit necrosis and 2 strictures in cases of colonic replacements. There was one anastomosis failure in the case of a thoracic jejunum replacement. Also one conduit necrosis was observed in the free jejunal neck transplantation group. Among late special complications, dysphagia is the most important, the causes of which were found in the order of frequency: anastomotic stricture, conduit obstruction, peptic and ischemic stricture, foreign body, local recurrence, functional causes, new malignant tumor in the esophageal remnant after resection and malignant tumor emerging in the replaced organ. Causes may overlap each other, and their treatment may be conservative, endoscopic or surgical. Surgical treatment is usually the last option to restore the ability to swallow and can present a significant challenge even to experienced centers. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(7): 243-252.