Reliability of Magseed® marking before neoadjuvant systemic therapy with subsequent contrast-enhanced mammography in patients with non-palpable breast cancer lesions after treatment: the MAGMA study.

PURPOSE: To assess the reliability of excising residual breast cancer lesions after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST) using a previously localized paramagnetic seed (Magseed®) and the subsequent use of contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) to evaluate response. METHODS: Observational, prospective, multicenter study including adult women (> 18 years) with invasive breast carcinoma undergoing NAST between January 2022 and February 2023 with non-palpable tumor lesions at surgery. Radiologists marked tumors with Magseed® during biopsy before NAST, and surgeons excised tumors guided by the Sentimag® magnetometer. CESMs were performed before and after NAST to evaluate tumor response (Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors [RECIST]). We considered intraoperative, surgical, and CESM-related variables and histological response. RESULTS: We analyzed 109 patients (median [IQR] age of 55.0 [46.0, 65.0] years). Magseed® was retrieved from breast tumors in all surgeries (100%; 95% CI 95.47-100.0%) with no displacement and was identified by radiology in 106 patients (97.24%), a median (IQR) of 176.5 (150.0, 216.3) days after marking. Most surgeries (94.49%) were conservative; they lasted a median (IQR) of 22.5 (14.75, 40.0) min (95% CI 23.59-30.11 min). Most dissected tumor margins (93.57%) were negative, and few patients (5.51%) needed reintervention. Magseed® was identified using CESM in all patients (100%); RECIST responses correlated with histopathological evaluations of dissected tumors using the Miller-Payne response grade (p < 0.0001) and residual lesion diameter (p < 0.0001). Also 69 patients (63.3%) answered a patient's satisfaction survey and 98.8% of them felt very satisfied with the entire procedure. CONCLUSION: Long-term marking of breast cancer lesions with Magseed® is a reliable and feasible method in patients undergoing NAST and may be used with subsequent CESM.

Portable colorimetric enzymatic disposable biosensor for histamine and simultaneous histamine/tyramine determination using a smartphone.

Tyramine oxidase (TAO), peroxidase (HRP), and Amplex Red (AR) have been immobilized on cellulose to obtain disposable biosensors for the determination of histamine. During the enzymatic reaction, AR is oxidized and a pink spot is obtained. Using a smartphone and measuring the G (green) color coordinate, histamine can be determined in the presence of other biogenic amines (putrescine and cadaverine) in concentrations ranging from 2·10-5 M to 5·10-4 M with a 7.5·10-6 M limit of detection (LoD). Despite tyramine interference, experimental conditions are provided which allow rapid and simple histamine and simultaneous histamine/tyramine (semi)quantitative determination in mixtures. Finally, tyramine and histamine were determined in a tuna extract with good results (compared to the reference HPLC-MS method). The methodology can also be applied in solution allowing histamine (and simultaneous histamine/tyramine) determination with a lower LoD (1.8·10-7 M) and a similar selectivity.

Complete Genome Sequence of the Plant-Pathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum lupini.

Colletotrichum is a fungal genus (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Glomerellaceae) that includes many economically important plant pathogens that cause devastating diseases of a wide range of plants. In this work, using a combination of long- and short-read sequencing technologies, we sequenced the genome of Colletotrichum lupini RB221, isolated from white lupin (Lupinus albus) in France during a survey in 2014. The genome was assembled into 11 nuclear chromosomes and a mitochondrial genome with a total assembly size of 63.41 Mb and 36.55 kb, respectively. In total, 18,324 protein-encoding genes have been predicted, of which only 39 are specific to C. lupini. This resource will provide insight into pathogenicity factors and will help provide a better understanding of the evolution and genome structure of this important plant pathogen.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Straw Competition and Wheat Root Endophytism of Trichoderma gamsii T6085 as Useful Traits in the Biological Control of Fusarium Head Blight.

Trichoderma gamsii T6085 has been investigated for many years as a beneficial isolate for use in the biocontrol of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum. Previous work focused on application of T6085 to wheat spikes at anthesis, whereas application to soil before or at sowing has received limited attention. In the present study, the competitive ability of T6085 on plant residues against F. graminearum was investigated. Results showed a significant reduction of wheat straw colonization by the pathogen and of the development of perithecia, not only when T6085 was applied alone but also in the presence of a F. oxysporum isolate (7121), well known as a natural competitor on wheat plant residues. T6085 was able to endophytically colonize wheat roots, resulting in internal colonization of the radical cortex area, without reaching the vascular system, as confirmed by confocal microscopy. This intimate interaction with the plant resulted in a significant increase of the expression of the plant defense-related genes PAL1 and PR1. Taken together, competitive ability, endophytic behavior, and host resistance induction represent three important traits that can be of great use in the application of T6085 against FHB not only on spikes at anthesis but potentially also in soil before or at sowing.

Smartphone-interrogated test supports for the enzymatic determination of putrescine and cadaverine in food.

Diamino-oxidase (DAO), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) have been immobilized into cellulose to obtain circular cellulose test supports (CCTSs) for the determination of cadaverine (Cad) and putrescine (Put). During the enzymatic reaction, TMB is oxidized and a blue spot is obtained. This color (RGB coordinates) is measured with a smartphone and a commercial application. The highest sensitivity is provided by the component R and a linear response is observed for low biogenic amine (BA) concentrations, but a second-order polynomial response better fits the experimental results for a wider concentration range. This has been successfully explained with a model developed to explain the RGB values obtained in this type of analytical system. Optimization studies enable CCTSs to be obtained for Put and Cad determination, which could be used (kept at 4 °C) for at least 45 days if a stabilizer (StabilCoat™ or StabilGuard™) is added during its synthesis. In these conditions, the R coordinate follows the model up to at least 4 × 10-4 M Put and/or Cad (both analytes give the same response). The method permits the Put and Cad determination from 5 × 10-5 M up to 4 × 10-4 M (RSD = 3%, n = 3). The CCTSs have been applied to Put + Cad determination in a tuna sample without any interference by other biogenic amines. The concentration found statistically agrees with that obtained using a HPLC-MS-validated method. Graphical abstract.

Enzymatic methods for choline-containing water soluble phospholipids based on fluorescence of choline oxidase: Application to lyso-PAF.

In this paper we present methods to determine water soluble phospholipids containing choline (wCh-PL). The analytes were hydrolyzed by the enzyme phospholipase D and the choline formed was oxidized by the enzyme Choline Oxidase (ChOx); the fluorescence changes of the ChOx are followed during the enzymatic reaction, avoiding the necessity of an indicating step. Both reactions (hydrolysis and oxidation) can be combined in two different ways: 1) a two-step process (TSP) in which the hydrolysis reaction takes place during an incubation time and then the oxidation reaction is carried out, the analytical signal being provided by the intrinsic fluorescence of ChOx due to tryptophan; 2) a one-step process (OSP) in which both enzymatic reactions are carried out simultaneously in the same test; in this case the analytical signal is provided by the ChOx extrinsic fluorescence due to a fluorescent probe (Ru (II) chelate) linked to the enzyme (ChOx-RuC). The analytical capabilities of these methods were studied using 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C8PC), a water soluble short alkyl chain Ch-PL as a substrate, and 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine (lyso-PAF). The analytical features of merit for both analytes using both methods were obtained. The TSP gave a 10-fold sensitivity and lower quantification limit (1.0*10-5 M for lyso-PAF), but OSP reduced the determination time and permitted to use the same enzyme aliquot for several measurements. Both methods gave similar precision (RSD 7%, n = 5). The TSP was applied to the determination of C8PC and lyso-PAF in spiked synthetic serum matrix using the standard addition method. The application of this methodology to PLD activity determination is also discussed.

Intermediate-Term Clinical Outcomes of High-Density Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in Patients with Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Focal Chondral Lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate intermediate-term clinical results in patients with concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and chondral defect treated with high-density autologous chondrocyte implantation (HD-ACI) compared to patients without ACL tear but with a chondral lesion and HD-ACI treatment. DESIGN: Forty-eight patients with focal chondral lesions underwent HD-ACI (24 with ACL reconstruction after an ACL injury and 24 with an intact ACL). Follow-up assessments occurred at 6, 12, and 24 months. Patient-reported knee function and symptoms were assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire, pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and adverse events were monitored. Physical activity was assessed using the Tegner Activity Level Scale, and cartilage healing was evaluated with the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score. RESULTS: No significant adverse events occurred during follow-up. Both groups showed significant improvements at 2 years compared to baseline (VAS: 8.0 ± 1.3 to 1.4 ± 2.0 [normal ACL]; 7.4 ± 2.3 to 2.1 ± 2.3 [ACL reconstruction]; IKDC: 39.2 ± 10.6 to 76.1 ± 22.0 [intact ACL]; 35.6 ± 12.1 to 74.6 ± 20.9 [ACL reconstruction]). Patients in both groups exceeded the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for IKDC scores. The Tegner Activity Level Scale decreased immediately after surgery and increased after 2 years, with 70.6% (normal ACL) and 89.5% (ACL reconstruction) returning to their preinjury activity levels. No significant differences in the MOCART score were observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: ACL reconstruction does not appear to reduce the outcomes (at 2 years) of HD-ACI.

Cartilage Defect Treatment Using High-Density Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (HD-ACI).

Hyaline cartilage's inability to self-repair can lead to osteoarthritis and joint replacement. Various treatments, including cell therapy, have been developed for cartilage damage. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is considered the best option for focal chondral lesions. In this article, we aimed to create a narrative review that highlights the evolution and enhancement of our chondrocyte implantation technique: High-Density-ACI (HD-ACI) Membrane-assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (MACI) improved ACI using a collagen membrane as a carrier. However, low cell density in MACI resulted in softer regenerated tissue. HD-ACI was developed to improve MACI, implanting 5 million chondrocytes per cm2, providing higher cell density. In animal models, HD-ACI formed hyaline-like cartilage, while other treatments led to fibrocartilage. HD-ACI was further evaluated in patients with knee or ankle defects and expanded to treat hip lesions and bilateral defects. HD-ACI offers a potential solution for cartilage defects, improving outcomes in regenerative medicine and cell therapy. HD-ACI, with its higher cell density, shows promise for treating chondral defects and advancing cartilage repair in regenerative medicine and cell therapy.

Reagentless fluorescent biosensors based on proteins for continuous monitoring systems.

There is a lack of commercially available efficient and autonomous systems capable of continuous monitoring of (bio)chemical data for clinical, environmental, food, or industrial samples. The weakest link in the design of these systems is the (bio)chemical receptor (bCR). The bCR should have transducer ability, the recognition event should be a single reaction, and the bCR should be easily regenerated. Transport proteins and enzymes are well placed as bCR for optical continuous monitoring systems (OCMS). In this paper we review quantitative aspects and the main transducer strategies which have been developed for transport proteins, using periplasmic binding proteins (linking an environmentally sensitive fluorophore or FRET between two fluorophores) and concanavalin A (competitive reversible assays) as representative examples. Efficient immobilization systems and implementation in OCMS are also reviewed. Some kinds of enzymes can fulfil the necessary requirements to be appropriate bCR. Strategies using flavoenzymes chemically modified with fluorophores can be successfully implemented in OCMS and they are, in our opinion, the most appropriate option.

Insights on KP4 Killer Toxin-like Proteins of Fusarium Species in Interspecific Interactions.

KP4 killer toxins are secreted proteins that inhibit cell growth and induce cell death in target organisms. In Fusarium graminearum, KP4-like (KP4L) proteins contribute to fungal virulence in wheat seedling rot and are expressed during Fusarium head blight development. However, fungal KP4L proteins are also hypothesized to support fungal antagonism by permeabilizing cell walls of competing fungi to enable penetration of toxic compounds. Here, we report the differential expression patterns of F. graminearum KP4L genes (Fgkp4l-1, -2, -3 and -4) in a competitive interaction, using Trichoderma gamsii as the antagonist. The results from dual cultures indicate that Fgkp4l-3 and Fgkp4l-4 could participate in the recognition at the distance of the antagonist, while all Fgkp4l genes were highly activated in the pathogen during the physical interaction of both fungi. Only Fgkp4l-4 was up-regulated during the interaction with T. gamsii in wheat spikes. This suggests the KP4L proteins could participate in supporting F. graminearum interspecific interactions, even in living plant tissues. The distribution of KP4L orthologous within the genus Fusarium revealed they are more represented in species with broad host-plant range than in host-specific species. Phylogeny inferred provides evidence that KP4L genes evolved through gene duplications, gene loss and sequence diversification in the genus Fusarium.

Doublecortin in the Fish Visual System, a Specific Protein of Maturing Neurons.

Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule associated protein, essential for correct central nervous system development and lamination in the mammalian cortex. It has been demonstrated to be expressed in developing-but not in mature-neurons. The teleost visual system is an ideal model to study mechanisms of adult neurogenesis due to its continuous life-long growth. Here, we report immunohistochemical, in silico, and western blot analysis to detect the DCX protein in the visual system of teleost fish. We clearly determined the expression of DCX in newly generated cells in the retina of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, but not in the cyprinid fish Danio rerio. Here, we show that DCX is not associated with migrating cells but could be related to axonal growth. This work brings to light the high conservation of DCX sequences between different evolutionary groups, which make it an ideal marker for maturing neurons in various species. The results from different techniques corroborate the absence of DCX expression in zebrafish. In A. burtoni, DCX is very useful for identifying new neurons in the transition zone of the retina. In addition, this marker can be applied to follow axons from maturing neurons through the neural fiber layer, optic nerve head, and optic nerve.

Solving Color Reproducibility between Digital Devices: A Robust Approach of Smartphones Color Management for Chemical (Bio)Sensors.

In the past twelve years, digital image colorimetry (DIC) on smartphones has acquired great importance as an alternative to the most common analytical techniques. This analysis method is based on fast, low-cost, and easily-accessible technology, which can provide quantitative information about an analyte through the color changes of a digital image. Despite the fact that DIC is very widespread, it is not exempt from a series of problems that are not fully resolved yet, such as variability of the measurements between smartphones, image format in which color information is stored, power distribution of the illuminant used for the measurements, among others. This article proposes a methodology for the standardization and correction of these problems using self-developed software, together with the use of a 3D printed light box. This methodology is applied to three different colorimetric analyses using different types and brands of smartphones, proving that comparable measurements between devices can be achieved. As color can be related to many target analytes, establishing this measurement methodology can lead to new control analysis applicable to diverse sectors such as alimentary, industrial, agrarian, or sanitary.

Consensus Delphi study on guidelines for the assessment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children.

BACKGROUND: Knee examination guidelines in minors are intended to aid decision-making in the management of knee instability. CLINICAL QUESTION: A Delphi study was conducted with a formal consensus process using a validated methodology with sufficient scientific evidence. A group consensus meeting was held to develop recommendations and practical guidelines for use in the assessment of instability injuries in children. KEY FINDINGS: there is a lack of evidence to analyse anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children and their subsequent surgical management if necessary. Diagnostic guidelines and clinical assessment of the patient based on a thorough examination of the knee are performed and a guide to anterior cruciate ligament exploration in children is developed. CLINICAL APPLICATION: In the absence of a strong evidence base, these established guidelines are intended to assist in that decision-making process to help the clinician decide on the most optimal treatment with the aim of benefiting the patient as much as possible. Following this expert consensus, surgical treatment is advised when the patient has a subjective sensation of instability accompanied by a pivot shift test ++, and may include an anterior drawer test + and a Lachman test +. If these conditions are not present, the conservative approach should be chosen, as the anatomical and functional development of children, together with a physiotherapy programme, may improve the evolution of the injury.

Direct minimally invasive enzymatic determination of tyramine in cheese using digital imaging.

An enzymatic method for the direct (without pretreatment) minimally invasive tyramine determination in cheese is proposed. Colorimetric test strips containing tyramine oxidase (TAO), peroxidase and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (Q-TAO), allow tyramine determination through the RGB chromatic coordinates of the observed blue colour (LOD = 2.6·10-6 M, LOQ = 8.7·10-6 M, RSD% (n = 5; 1.8·10-4 M) = 3.2%). The strips are inserted in the sample for 2 min and then the RGB coordinates are measured using a smartphone. Previously, these Q-TAO strips have been also optimized for tyramine determination in cheese extract. To do that, a spectrophotometric method in solution for tyramine determination in cheese extracts has been developed, which included an in-depth study of the indicating reaction; this study has allowed to gain new information about the spectroscopic properties of different TMB species and, which it is more important, to detect cross-reactions between TAO and TMB species. A mathematical model has also been developed which relate the RGB signals obtained with the tyramine concentrations, the instrumental characteristics of the smartphone and the spectroscopic properties of the absorbing product of the enzymatic reaction.

Selective suppression of {112} anatase facets by fluorination for enhanced TiO2 particle size and phase stability at elevated temperatures.

Generally, anatase is the most desirable TiO2 polymorphic phase for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications due to its higher photoconductivity and lower recombination rates compared to the rutile phase. However, in applications where temperatures above 500 °C are required, growing pure anatase phase nanoparticles is still a challenge, as above this temperature TiO2 crystallite sizes are larger than 35 nm which thermodynamically favors the growth of rutile crystallites. In this work, we show strong evidence, for the first time, that achieving a specific fraction (50%) of the {112} facets on the TiO2 surface is the key limiting step for anatase-to-rutile phase transition, rather than the crystallite size. By using a fluorinated ionic liquid (IL) we have obtained pure anatase phase crystallites at temperatures up to 800 °C, even after the crystallites have grown beyond their thermodynamic size limit of ca. 35 nm. While fluorination by the IL did not affect {001} growth, it stabilized the pure anatase TiO2 by suppressing the formation of {112} facets on anatase particles. By suppressing the {112} facets, using specific concentrations of fluorinated ionic liquid in the TiO2 synthesis, we controlled the anatase-to-rutile phase transition over a wide range of temperatures. This information shall help synthetic researchers to determine the appropriate material conditions for specific applications.

In vivo dosimetry in low-voltage IORT breast treatments with XR-RV3 radiochromic film.

PURPOSE: The objectives of the study were to establish a procedure for in vivo film-based dosimetry for intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), evaluate the typical doses delivered to organs at risk, and verify the dose prescription. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vivo dose measurements were studied using XR-RV3 radiochromic films in 30 patients with breast cancer undergoing IORT using the Axxent® device (Xoft Inc.). The stability of the radiochromic films in the energy ranges used was verified by taking measurements at different depths. The stability of the scanner response was tested, and 5 different calibration curves were constructed for different beam qualities. Six pieces of film were placed in each of the 30 patients. All the pieces were correctly sterilized and checked to ensure that the process did not affect the outcome. All calibration and dose measurements were analyzed using the Radiochromic.com software application. RESULTS: The doses were measured for 30 patients. The doses in contact with the applicator (prescription zone) were 19.8 ± 0.9 Gy. In the skin areas, the doses were as follows: 1-2 cm from the applicator, 1.86 ± 0.77 Gy; 2-5 cm, 0.73 ± 0.14 Gy; and greater than 5 cm, 0.28 ± 0.17 Gy. The dose delivered to the pectoral muscle (tungsten shielding disc) was 0.51 ± 0.27 Gy. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated the viability of XR-RV3 films for in vivo dose measurement in the dose and energy ranges applied in a complex procedure, such as breast IORT. The doses in organs at risk were far below the tolerances for cases such as those studied.

High-Density Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation as Treatment for Ankle Osteochondral Defects.

PURPOSE: Two-year follow-up to assess efficacy and safety of high-density autologous chondrocyte implantation (HD-ACI) in patients with cartilage lesions in the ankle. DESIGN: Twenty-four consecutive patients with International Cartilage repair Society (ICRS) grade 3-4 cartilage lesions of the ankle were included. Five million chondrocytes per cm2 of lesion were implanted using a type I/III collagen membrane as a carrier and treatment effectiveness was assessed by evaluating pain with the visual analogue scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score at baseline, 12-month, and 24-month follow-up, together with dorsal and plantar flexion. Magnetic resonance observation for cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) score was used to evaluate cartilage healing. Histological study was possible in 5 cases. RESULTS: Patients' median age was 31 years (range 18-55 years). Median VAS score was 8 (range 5-10) at baseline, 1.5 (range 0-8) at 12-month follow-up, and 2 (rang e0-5) at 24-month follow-up (P < 0.001). Median AOFAS score was 39.5 (range 29-48) at baseline, 90 (range 38-100) at 12-month follow-up, and 90 (range 40-100) at 24-month follow-up (P < 0.001). Complete dorsal flexion significantly increased at 12 months (16/24, 66.7%) and 24 months (17/24, 70.8%) with regard to baseline (13/24, 54.2%) (P = 0.002). MOCART at 12- and 24-month follow-ups were 73.71 ± 15.99 and 72.33 ± 16.21. Histological study confirmed that neosynthetized tissue was cartilage with hyaline extracellular matrix and numerous viable chondrocytes. CONCLUSION: HD-ACI is a safe and effective technique to treat osteochondral lesions in the talus, providing good clinical and histological results at short- and mid-term follow-ups.

Combined Comparative Genomics and Gene Expression Analyses Provide Insights into the Terpene Synthases Inventory in Trichoderma.

Trichoderma is a fungal genus comprising species used as biocontrol agents in crop plant protection and with high value for industry. The beneficial effects of these species are supported by the secondary metabolites they produce. Terpenoid compounds are key players in the interaction of Trichoderma spp. with the environment and with their fungal and plant hosts; however, most of the terpene synthase (TS) genes involved in their biosynthesis have yet not been characterized. Here, we combined comparative genomics of TSs of 21 strains belonging to 17 Trichoderma spp., and gene expression studies on TSs using T. gamsii T6085 as a model. An overview of the diversity within the TS-gene family and the regulation of TS genes is provided. We identified 15 groups of TSs, and the presence of clade-specific enzymes revealed a variety of terpenoid chemotypes evolved to cover different ecological demands. We propose that functional differentiation of gene family members is the driver for the high number of TS genes found in the genomes of Trichoderma. Expression studies provide a picture in which different TS genes are regulated in many ways, which is a strong indication of different biological functions.

Analytical possibilities of Putrescine and Cadaverine enzymatic colorimetric determination in tuna based on diamine oxidase: A critical study of the use of ABTS.

The joint determination of putrescine (Put) and cadaverine (Cad) in the presence of other biogenic amines is studied using their enzymatic reaction with diamine oxidase (DAO). Three alternative methods are studied based on the intrinsic colorimetric properties of DAO or horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the use of 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) colorimetric reagent, respectively. In this last case an in-depth study is carried out in order to explain and solve some drawbacks usually associated with the use of this reagent (especially interferences, interaction with enzymes and instability), and to propose new analytical methodologies which this reagent allows to achieve (transient signal and the use of the violet species). Finally, the method has been applied to Put + Cad determination in a tuna sample without interference of other biogenic amines. The result has been compared with that obtained using a method based on HPLC-MS, which has allowed the new methodology to be validated.

Reverse Semi-Combustion Driven by Titanium Dioxide-Ionic Liquid Hybrid Photocatalyst.

Unprecedented metal-free photocatalytic CO2 conversion to CO (up to 228±48 µmol g-1 h-1) was displayed by TiO2@IL hybrid photocatalysts prepared by simple impregnation of commercially available P25-titanium dioxide with imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs). The high activity of TiO2@IL hybrid photocatalysts was mainly associated to (i) TiO2@IL red shift compared to the pure TiO2 absorption, and thus a modification of the TiO2 surface electronic structure; (ii) TiO2 with IL bearing imidazolate anions lowered the CO2 activation energy barrier. The reaction mechanism was postulated to occur via CO2 photoreduction to formate species by the imidazole/imidazole radical redox pair, yielding CO and water.