Violence against women in Primary Health Care: Potentialities and limitations to identification.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential and limitations of Primary Health Care professionals to identify situations of violence against women. LOCATION: A municipality of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. DESIGN: Descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one health professionals of three Family Health Strategy units, as well as one Basic Health Unit. The inclusion criterion consisted of being a health worker in these services. The exclusion criterion was to be absent from work by any kind type license during the period of data production. METHOD: The technique used to produce data was individual, semi-structured, interviews in order to collect sociodemographic data and the monitoring by professionals related to the potentials and limitations to identify violence situations. The data collection was suspended based on the saturation criterion. The data were systematized and analyzed by the content analysis technique, according to the analytical categories of health care network and gender. RESULTS: The potential to identify themes were: professional experience, receptive atmosphere, bonding, and listening to the reports of women, children and/or neighbors and observing their behavior; to identify the lesions; prenatal consultations; and home visits. As to the limitations: silence, denial/non-recognition of violence, lack of complaints by women; fear and guilt; flaws and unpreparedness of the health team; and fear due to the presence of aggressor. CONCLUSIONS: It is urgent to recognize the potential of Primary Care and to promote the qualification of professionals in order to identify the situation among visible and invisible complaints, leading to the confrontation of violence.

Strategies for identification and coping with the violence situation by intimate partners of pregnant women. / Estratégias para identificação e enfrentamento de situação de violência por parceiro íntimo em mulheres gestantes.

Objective To know the strategies used by nurses of Units of Family Health Strategies to identify and cope with the violence situation by intimate partners of pregnant women. Method Descriptive study with a qualitative approach, in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 primary care nurses from September 2015 to April 2016. Thematic content analysis was used. Results The category "It's very complex" has emerged - actions to identify and cope with the violence situation by intimate partners of pregnant women. Physical injuries were the main violence indicative identified at prenatal care. The coping strategies were the referrals to specialized services and joint discussion with healthcare team. Conclusion There's a need to organize a nursing protocol that helps in the identification and classification of risk exposure to violence, permanent education of these professionals and strengthening of intersectoral actions.

Health care for women in situations of violence: discoordination of network professionals.

OBJECTIVE: To learn the conceptions and actions of health professionals on the care network for women in situations of violence. METHOD: A qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study was conducted between April and July 2015 with the participation of 21 health professionals from four primary health care teams in a city of the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were collected by means of individual semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used for data systematization. RESULTS: Health professionals recognized the importance of the health care network for coping with the problem of violence against women. However, their conceptions and actions were limited by the discoordination or absence of integration among professionals and services of the care network. CONCLUSION: The conceptions and actions of health professionals contribute to the discoordination among the services. It is necessary to reflect on the daily practices of care for women in situations of violence. OBJETIVO: Conhecer as concepções e ações de profissionais de saúde sobre a rede de atenção às mulheres em situação de violência. MÉTODO: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado no período de abril a julho de 2015. Participaram 21 profissionais de saúde de quatro equipes da Atenção Primária à Saúde em um município da região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas e individuais. Para sistematização dos dados, empregou-se a análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Os profissionais de saúde reconheciam a importância da rede de atenção à saúde no enfrentamento da problemática da violência contra as mulheres. Contudo, suas concepções e ações eram limitadas pela desarticulação ou ausência de integração entre os profissionais e serviços da rede de atenção. CONCLUSÃO: As concepções e ações dos profissionais de saúde contribuem para a desarticulação entre os serviços. Faz-se necessário refletir acerca das práticas cotidianas de cuidados direcionados às mulheres em situação de violência.

[Care for women victims of violence: empowering nurses in the pursuit of gender equity]. / Cuidar mulheres em situação de violência: empoderamento da enfermagem em busca de equidade de gênero.

OBJECTIVES: To study the care of women victims of violence provided by nurses in emergency services and to analyse the practices that target the empowerment of women and gender equity. METHODS: A qualitative, descriptive study conducted by means of interviews with 10 nurses of an emergency and obstetrics unit of a university hospital and local emergency service of a city in southern Brazil from January to April 2013. We used thematic content analysis and defined gender as the analytical category. RESULTS: Clinical elements refer to nursing procedures and techniques. Non-clinical elements refer to conversation, listening and orientation to the women and their families. CONCLUSION: Revealing these actions is important to qualify nursing care in relation to the other health professionals and care services for women victims of violence.

Practices developed by nurses in primary health care in southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the practices developed by nurses in primary care in southern Brazil. METHOD: Qualitative study, with data collection via online interviews, conducted between October 2020 and May 2021, and recorded. 174 nurses from 24 municipalities in southern Brazil participated. Data analysis used inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: The activity that stood out among nurses was the nurse consultation, for all age groups and health conditions, especially when dealing with chronic disease, prenatal care, attention to women and children, mental health, home visits, and the management of the nursing team and the health unit. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study demonstrated that an excess of responsibilities associated to care and management, added to a lack of balance in the activities common to the team make it difficult for nurses to develop clinical practices.

Vulnerabilities of Venezuelan refugee women: violence and intersectional social relations.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the vulnerabilities of Venezuelan women considering their experiences of violence in refugee situations. METHOD: Qualitative study, developed with ten (10) Venezuelan refugee women in the southern region of Brazil, through individual in-depth interviews. The theoretical framework of analysis was Vulnerability, Human Rights, and Intersectionality. RESULTS: The greater the intensity of the intersection of social markers present, such as sex, racial, nationality, generation, cultural, bodily, territorial and other relations, the greater the range of vulnerable experiences in the social relations of these women, producing exclusions and violation of rights. CONCLUSION: The situations of vulnerabilities of refugee women are enhanced as more or less social markers intersect in their life experiences and established social relationships, causing impacts that allow the transition from 'vulnerable to violated subjects'. Thus, intersectional relationships were formed, either promoting oppression or producing resilience and resistance.

The use of your own voice in labor: a phenomenological study.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the meaning attributed by women to the use of their own voice in labor. METHOD: Descriptive qualitative study based on the theoretical-philosophical-methodological framework of Heidegger. Phenomenological interviews were carried out with 20 women who experienced vaginal delivery without interventions in the second quarter of 2020 in the city of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. RESULTS: The comprehensive analysis revealed that the voice can provoke a reaction from the environment that makes them suffer. The expression of the voice encompasses fear and despair. It is from what they hear that women fear being left in suffering for havingbothered the professionals. CONCLUSION: The meaning of using one's own voice in childbirth was understood as a request for help or an expression of freedom. Based on this understanding, the professionals can be opened to sensitive and individualized care, which goes beyond technology.

Prevalence of risk factors for primary postpartum hemorrhage in a university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: to identify the risk factors associated with primary postpartum hemorrhage in a university hospital. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 277 postpartum women who received care during childbirth or cesarean section between June and August 2020. Data were collected using a pre-structured questionnaire administered 24 hours after delivery. Poisson Regression was employed to analyze the factors associated with postpartum hemorrhage. RESULTS: postpartum hemorrhage was observed in 30% of the study sample. Shock Index and uterine distension were found to be statistically associated with postpartum hemorrhage. Postpartum women with a Shock Index ≥ 0.9 had a 61% higher prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage (PR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.07 - 2.43), while those with uterine distension had a 134% higher prevalence (PR=2.34, 95% CI: 1.63 - 3.36). CONCLUSIONS: recognizing these factors contributes to improvements in clinical practice, as they enable the prediction of their occurrence and call for appropriate management, thereby preventing unfavorable outcomes.

The experience of reproductive planning of female military firefighters.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the experience of reproductive planning of female military firefighter health professionals. METHOD: Phenomenological research under the theoretical-philosophical and methodological framework of Martin Heidegger. Developed in Fire Department units in Rio de Janeiro in the first half of 2016, with 21 female military health professionals. RESULTS: Women expressed that it is necessary to work and manage roles. Therefore, they have to plan to have a child, due to the difficulty of managing all the tasks and reconciling motherhood with work. They think of a more comfortable situation to dedicate themselves to their children, since they are the main responsiblefor them. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive health actions for military women need to be included in public policies, as it is a group that has been increasingly participating in an environment previously restricted to men and with their characteristics.

Women, prisons, and freedom: experiences of former female inmates from the prison system in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. / Mulheres, prisões e liberdade: experiências de egressas do sistema prisional no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

This article analyzes vulnerabilities and prospects of restructuring the lives of women who experienced maternity in prison. This qualitative study was performed with a thematic analysis of the reports of women released from the prison system who experienced pregnancy and delivery in a female penitentiary in a Southern Brazilian capital. Three thematic categories were identified: "Between rupture and freedom", a category focused on the description of moments before the borderline date for the child's stay with the mother in prison, which produces great expectations due to the possibility of women managing to get out of prison along with their child; "Freedom is right there", which narrates leaving prison and the first social contacts outside this environment; and "Inmate in daily life", which addresses the difficulties resulting from social exclusion that women were already facing before imprisonment, that is, having the minimum conditions to keep away from the crime dynamics. Leaving the prison system does not necessarily mean freedom. The "identity crossroads" keep following women and their children even after leaving prison. Therefore, vulnerability manifests itself in the same way or more cruelly than before.

O presente artigo analisa as vulnerabilidades e as perspectivas de reestruturação da vida de mulheres que vivenciaram a maternidade no cárcere. Estudo qualitativo com análise temática dos relatos de mulheres egressas do sistema prisional, que vivenciaram a gestação e o parto em uma penitenciária feminina de uma capital do sul do Brasil. Foram identificadas três categorias temáticas: "Entre a ruptura e a liberdade", categoria com foco na descrição dos momentos antecedentes à data limítrofe para a permanência da criança junto com a mãe no cárcere, fato que produz grande expectativa, pela possibilidade de a mulher conseguir sair da prisão junto com seu filho; "A liberdade é logo ali", categoria que narra o contexto de saída da prisão e os primeiros contatos sociais fora desse ambiente; e "Presas no cotidiano", categoria que aborda as dificuldades decorrentes de exclusão social que as mulheres já estavam enfrentando antes do aprisionamento, ou seja, ter as condições mínimas para manterem-se afastadas da dinâmica do crime. A saída do sistema prisional não significa necessariamente liberdade. As encruzilhadas identitárias seguem acompanhando as mulheres e seus filhos, de tal modo que após a saída do cárcere, a vulnerabilidade manifesta-se do mesmo modo ou mais cruelmente do que antes.

Childbirth and pregnancy in prison: social belonging and vulnerabilities. / Pertencimentos sociais e vulnerabilidades em experiências de parto e gestação na prisão.

Pregnancy and childbirth in prison can intensify power relationships and mechanisms that encourage inequality in care provided to women and children, with adverse consequences for the lives of both. This issue gave rise to research to understand women's experiences of pregnancy and childbirth in prison. Method: working from theoretical perspectives that address intersections among race, gender and social class, this qualitative study was conducted by interviewing women who had left a penitentiary in southern Brazil. The participants, mostly young, black women, reported being subjected to situations of violence from the first approach by the police. Once deprived of their freedom, they were subjected to humiliation, deficient access to health, as well as psychological and moral violence. The experience of childbirth was permeated by institutional violence and feelings of loneliness and helplessness. Noncompliance with legal provisions, reproduction of violence in relations with security agents and systematic neglect of social and health needs are additional effects of the gender, race and social class oppressions that affect pregnant women and nursing mothers in prison.

Gestar e parir na prisão pode aprofundar relações de poder e mecanismos promotores de desigualdades na assistência prestada a mulheres e crianças, com consequências negativas na vida de ambos. O tema suscitou uma pesquisa que objetivou compreender as experiências de gestação e parto de mulheres em situação prisional. Método: estudo qualitativo, sob perspectivas teóricas que abordam interseccionalidades entre raça, gênero e classe social. O estudo foi realizado a partir de entrevistas com mulheres egressas de uma penitenciária no sul do Brasil. As participantes, em sua maioria mulheres negras e periféricas, relatam terem sido submetidas a situações de violência desde a primeira abordagem policial. Quando já privadas de liberdade, foram submetidas a deficitário acesso à saúde, além de violência psicológica e moral. A experiência do parto foi permeada por violência institucional e por sentimentos de solidão e desamparo. O descumprimento de previsões legais, a reprodução da violência nas relações com os agentes de segurança e a sistemática negligência às necessidades sociais e de saúde são efeitos adicionais de opressões de gênero, raça e classe social que afetam as mulheres gestantes e parturientes em situação prisional.

Factors associated with umbilical cord clamping in term newborns.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with umbilical cord clamping in term newborns and to compare the recording of clamping time in the medical record with what was observed. METHOD: Cross-sectional study, with 300 mothers-infants, in a university hospital. Clamping time and medical records were observed, and a structured questionnaire was applied to postpartum women for sociodemographic variables. Bivariate analysis, multivariate Poisson Regression model, and Kappa concordance test were performed. RESULTS: The percentage of late/optimal clamping observed was 53.7%. The associated factors were skin-to-skin contact in the delivery room (PR = 0.76; 0.61-0.95; p = 0.014), position of the newborn below the vaginal canal (PR = 2.6; CI95%: 1.66-4.07; p < 0.001), position of the newborn at the vaginal level (PR = 2.03; CI95%: 1.5-2.75; p < 0.001), and need for newborn resuscitation in the delivery room (PR = 1.42; CI95%; 1.16-1.73; p = 0.001). Kappa concordance level of the professionals, records compared to the observation was: nurse 0.47, obstetrician 0.59, and pediatrician 0.86. CONCLUSION: the identification of associated factors and the comparison between recording and observing the clamping time can help in the planning and implementation of improvements for adherence to good practices at birth.

Performance of scores in the prediction of clinical outcomes in patients admitted from the emergency service.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the performance of the quickSOFA scores and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome as predictors of clinical outcomes in patients admitted to an emergency service. METHOD: a retrospective cohort study, involving adult clinical patients admitted to the emergency service. Analysis of the ROC curve was performed to assess the prognostic indexes between scores and outcomes of interest. Multivariate analysis used Poisson regression with robust variance, evaluating the relationship between variables with biological plausibility and outcomes. RESULTS: 122 patients were selected, 58.2% developed sepsis. Of these, 44.3% had quickSOFA ≥2 points, 87% developed sepsis, 55.6% septic shock and 38.9% died. In the evaluation of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, 78.5% obtained results >2 points; of these, 66.3% developed sepsis, 40% septic shock and 29.5% died. quickSOFA ≥2 showed greater specificity for diagnosis of sepsis in 86% of the cases, for septic shock 70% and for mortality 64%, whereas the second score showed better results for sensitivity with diagnosis of sepsis in 87.5%, septic shock in 92.7% and death in 90.3%. CONCLUSION: quickSOFA showed by its practicality that it can be used clinically within the emergency services, bringing clinical applicability from the risk classification of patients for the early recognition of unfavorable outcomes.

Predictors associated with absenteeism-disease among Nursing professionals working in an emergency hospital service.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the predictors associated with sick leave from 15 days onwards among Nursing professionals of an emergency hospital service. METHOD: A cross-sectional, retrospective, and descriptive-analytical study. The sample consists of the records of sick leave (n=2,403) due to diseases of the Nursing professionals (n=197) working in an emergency hospital service in southern Brazil, from 2013 to 2018. Descriptive and statistical analysis was used, as well as the multivariate regression model. RESULTS: There was predominance of females (72.6%), white-skinned (86.3%), with a mean age of 45.05 (SD=9.77) years old, and nursing technicians (74.6%). The prevalent cause of sick leave was related to clinical diseases (62.5%). The predictors associated with sick leave from 15 days onwards were the following: Age (OR: 0.97; 95% CI=0.95-0.99) and Musculoskeletal Diseases (OR: 8.95; 95% CI=5.30-15.11). CONCLUSION: Age and musculoskeletal diseases were predictors of sick leave from 15 days onwards of the Nursing team.

Epidemiological Profile of the Victims of Sexual Violence Treated at a Referral Center in Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the sociodemographic profile of women victims of sexual violence treated at a university hospital in southern Brazil. METHOD: The present cross-sectional study included all female victims of sexual violence who attended the sexual violence unit at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA, in the Portuguese acronym) from April 18, 2000 to December 31, 2017. Data were extracted from the electronic record of the patients and stored in a standardized questionnaire database with epidemiological aspects of the victim, the perpetrators and the type of aggression. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-squared test for trend and descriptive statistics with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: During the length of the study, 711 women victims of sexual violence were treated. The mean age of the patients was 24.4 (±10) years old (range from 11 to 69 years old) and most of the victims were white (77.4%), single (75.9%) and sought care at the unit within 72 hours after the occurrence (80.7%). In most cases, violence was exerted by a single perpetrator (87.1%), who was unknown in 67.2% of cases. Victims < 19 years old showed a higher risk of not using contraception (relative risk [RR] = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.9-3.6). CONCLUSION: Most victims of sexual violence were treated within 72 hours of the occurrence. The majority of these victims were white and young, and those < 19 years old had a higher risk of not using contraception and to know the sexual perpetrator.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico de mulheres vítimas de violência sexual atendidas em um hospital universitário da região Sul do Brasil. MéTODOS: Estudo transversal de todas as mulheres atendidas na unidade de vítimas de violência sexual do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) entre 18 de abril de 2000 a 31 de dezembro de 2017. Os dados foram extraídos a partir do registro eletrônico de um questionário padronizado envolvendo aspectos epidemiológicos da vítima, do agressor e do tipo de agressão. O teste qui-quadrado foi empregado para tendência e estatística descritiva com 95% de intervalo de confiança (IC) foram utilizados para análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Foram atendidas 711 mulheres vítimas de violência sexual. A média da idade das pacientes foi de 24,4 (±10) anos, sendo que a maioria das vítimas era branca (77,4%), solteira (75,9%) e buscou atendimento na unidade dentro de 72 horas após a ocorrência (80,7%). Na maioria dos casos, a violência foi exercida por agressor único (87,1%), sendo este desconhecido em 67,2% dos casos. As vítimas < 19 anos mostraram um maior risco de não estarem usando algum método contraceptivo (risco relativo [RR] = 2,7; IC95% = 1,9­3,6). CONCLUSãO: A maioria das vítimas de violência sexual foi atendida dentro de 72 horas da ocorrência. As vítimas sexuais eram, na sua maioria, brancas e jovens, sendo que as < 19 anos apresentavam um maior risco de não estarem utilizando algum método contraceptivo e de conhecerem o seu agressor.

Social determinants of health and community health agent work.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the social determinants of health from the perspective of the work of community health agents. METHOD: A qualitative study conducted in a Health District Management in the city of Porto Alegre/Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through focus groups and semi-structured interviews with community health agents. The analysis took place through thematic categorization, and the social determinants of health were adopted as the analytical category. RESULTS: Twenty-five (25) community health agent workers participated. Overlapping individual and collective themes emerged, from violence and drug trafficking to lack of sanitation, improperly disposed garbage, illiteracy and the health problems themselves. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a complex relationship between the work of community health agents and the social determinants of health, reinforcing the need for a cohesive health team with intersectoral initiatives to address the different demands of the territories which are worked and lived in.

Patient safety culture in the maternal-child area of a university hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the safety culture of the patient from the perspective of nurses and physicians working in the maternal-child area. METHOD: A cross-sectional study conducted from January to September 2018 with 41 professionals of the Obstetrics Center and obstetric hospitalization of a university hospital in the south of the country. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture was used, with 12 dimensions of the safety culture, measured by means of a general score (0 to 10) and of positive answer percentages to assess strengths and weaknesses. RESULTS: The action of supervisors/bosses can be considered a strength of patient safety, with 78.2% of positive answers; already regarding communication, it was considered a fragility, punctuating 13.24%. The general safety grade of the patient assigned to the work's unit was very good, in a confidence interval of 95%. CONCLUSION: With the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of patient safety, it is possible to plan improvement actions. We emphasize that the non-punitive approach is essential.

[The perceptions of the health professionals at a hospital about the violence against women]. / A percepção de profissionais da saúde de um hospital sobre a violência contra as mulheres.

This qualitative study aimed at finding out the perceptions of health professionals about the assistance to women living in a violent situation. The scenery was a teaching hospital of southern Brazil. The participants were 12 health professionals from the obstetric and emergency units. The data were collected by semi structured interviews started by a short story in April to May of 2008. The information was organized and categorized and subject to thematic analysis. The results showed two categories: the dialogue as a facilitator instrument to identify the violence and their referrals and the complexity of the phenomena and their implications to the assistance. We pointed out the necessity of to create spaces of the responsibility of agencies devoted to training human resources in health and health services. It is in order to form multiprofessional team that discuss and implements the policy care to women living in a violent situation.

Effective communication for patient safety: transfer note and Modified Early Warning Score. / Comunicação efetiva para a segurança do paciente: nota de transferência e Modified Early Warning Score.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the registry of the Transfer Note (NT) and the emission of the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) performed by the nurse in adult patients transferred from the Emergency Service as an effective communication strategy for patient safety. METHOD: A cross-sectional retrospective study developed at a teaching hospital in the South of Brazil that evaluated 8028 electronic medical records in the year 2017. A descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: NT reached the institutional target of 95% in January and February, falling below the target in other months. The MEWS measurement was performed in 85.6% (n = 6,870) of the medical records. Of these patients, 96.8% (n = 6,652) had unchanged MEWS. CONCLUSION: NT and MEWS are inserted in the work of the nurse, however, actions are needed to qualify patient safety, improving effective communication and therefore reducing the possibility of occurrence of adverse events.