Species Identity Supersedes the Dilution Effect Concerning Hantavirus Prevalence at Sites across Texas and México.

Recent models suggest a relationship exists between community diversity and pathogen prevalence, the proportion of individuals in a population that are infected by a pathogen, with most inferences tied to assemblage structure. Two contrasting outcomes of this relationship have been proposed: the "dilution effect" and the "amplification effect." Small mammal assemblage structure in disturbed habitats often differs from assemblages in sylvan environments, and hantavirus prevalence is often negatively correlated with habitats containing high species diversity via dilution effect dynamics. As species richness increases, prevalence of infection often is decreased. However, anthropogenic changes to sylvan landscapes have been shown to decrease species richness and/or increase phylogenetic similarities within assemblages. Between January 2011 and January 2016, we captured and tested 2406 individual small mammals for hantavirus antibodies at 20 sites across Texas and México and compared differences in hantavirus seroprevalence, species composition, and assemblage structure between sylvan and disturbed habitats. We found 313 small mammals positive for antibodies against hantaviruses, evincing an overall prevalence of 9.7% across all sites. In total, 40 species of small mammals were identified comprising 2 taxonomic orders (Rodentia and Eulipotyphla). By sampling both habitat types concurrently, we were able to make real-world inferences into the efficacy of dilution effect theory in terms of hantavirus ecology. Our hypothesis predicting greater species richness higher in sylvan habitats compared to disturbed areas was not supported, suggesting the characteristics of assemblage structure do not adhere to current conceptions of species richness negatively influencing prevalence via a dilution effect.

La instrumentalidad y expresividad en la percepción hacia la mujer con éxito / Personality Attributes as Determinants of Attitudes towards Successful Women

El propósito del presente estudio es conocer el mejor predictor de la actitud hacia la mujer con éxito en hombres y mujeres a partir de los atributos de personalidad vinculados con la instrumentalidad (conjunto de características ligadas a la competitividad, responsabilidad, orientación al logro), así como a los que se vinculan con la expresividad (características que involucran la expresión de afectos, el cuidado de otros). La muestra estuvo integrada por 908 participantes voluntarios, 454 hombres y 454 mujeres, todos ellos residentes de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados revelan que el impacto de la instrumentalidad positiva como de la expresividad positiva (androginia) es importante para los hombres como para las mujeres para determinar su actitud positiva hacia una mujer con éxito.

This paper has the aim of knowing which of the personality attributes linked to instrumentality (set of characteristics linked to competivity, responsibility, and achievement orientation) and expressivity (set of characteristics linked to the expression of affect, and caring for others) is the best predictor for attitudes towards successful women in both men and women. A sample of 908 voluntaries (454 men, 454 women), all residents of Mexico City, was used for this study. Results show the impact of positive instrumentality and positive expressivity (androgyny) is important for men and women to determine their positive attitude towards a successful woman.

Construcción y validación de un instrumento para evaluar la actitud hacia una mujer con éxito / Construction and Validity of a Measure to assess Attitudes toward Successful Women

Las mujeres están tomando otra posición en la sociedad, ya que han accedido de forma generalizada a la educación, al trabajo remunerado y a la política, lo cual genera cambios que están relacionados con la modificación actual del rol de la mujer. Dado su impacto de estos cambios en las relaciones interpersonales, el propósito del presente estudio fue construir una escala que mida la actitud hacia una mujer con éxito en hombres y mujeres. Se aplicó a una muestra de 618 participantes voluntarios, 304 hombres y 314 mujeres. Después de obtener la consistencia interna y la discriminación de reactivos, se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación ortogonal. Los resultados agruparon 71 reactivos en 4 factores: líder, afectiva-altruista, autosuficiente y competente.

Women are taking another position in the society, because they have accessed education, well-paid job, and politics, which generate changes which are related with the actual women role. Given the impact of these changes in interpersonal relationships, the objective of the present research was to construct a scale which measures the attitude to a successful woman in men and women. A sample was applied to 618 volunteer participants, 304 men and 314 women. After obtaining the internal consistent and the discrimination of reagents, a factorial analysis of the principal components with orthogonal rotation was made. The results grouped 71 reagents in four factors: leader, affective-altruistic, self-sufficient and competent.