Endoscopic gastrostomy: critical analysis in a regional referral hospital / Gastrostomía endoscópica: análisis crítico en un hospital referencial regional

Introduction: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe and effective endoscopic surgical procedure for enteral access and gastrointestinal decompression, and it is an excellent alternative to surgical gastrostomy. There are various clinical indications and these mainly include the need for prolonged enteral nutritional support due to complications from neurological, geriatric and oncological diseases and decompression of the gastrointestinal tract. Although safe and effective, a number of possible complications relating to the time (early or late complications) and severity (minor or major complications) may occur. Objective: To evaluate the indications and complications relating to PEG among selected patients at the digestive endoscopy service of a regional referral hospital. Materials and methods: A retrospective study on patients who underwent PEG between May 2013 and April 2015 was conducted. The patients were identified through searching the medical records and using a standardized data form. Results: 53 cases were analyzed. The average age was 70.47 years and 60.37% of the patients were women. The main indication identified was the need for enteral nutritional support, and 73.58% of these indications were derived from neurological complications, 15.09% from geriatric complications and 9.43% from oncological complications and 1.88% were due to gastrointestinal decompression. Complications occurred in 24.52% of the cases: 23.07% were major and 76.93% were minor. Regarding the time, there were eight cases of late complications and five of early complications. Conclusion: PEG was shown to be an effective and safe method for enteral access. The indication and complication rates were similar to those reported in the literature.

Introducción: La gastrostomía endoscópica percutânea (GEP) es un procedimento endoscópico-quirúrgico seguro y efectivo para el acceso enteral y para la descompresión gastrointestinal, constituyéndose como una excelente alternativa a la gastrostomía quirúrgica. Las indicaciones clínicas son variadas y comprenden principalmente: necesidad de soporte nutricional enteral prolongado por complicaciones de las enfermedades neurológicas, geriátricas y oncológicas, así como la descompresión del tracto gastrointestinal. Aunque es segura y eficaz, se puede producir una serie de posibles complicaciones relacionadas al momento (precoz temprano o tardío) de la realización del procedimiento y a la gravedad (mayor o menor). Objetivo: Evaluar las indicaciones y complicaciones relacionadas a la realización de la GEP en pacientes seleccionados de un sector de endoscopia digestiva de un hospital regional de referencias. Materiales y métodos: Fue realizado un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes sometidos a la GEP en el periodo de mayo de 2013 a abril de 2015. Los pacientes fueron identificados a partir de la investigación de los registros y formulario estándar de datos. Resultados: Fueron analizados 53 casos. La edad media fue de 70,47 años con un 60,37% del sexo femenino. La indicación principal verificada fue la necesidad de soporte nutricional enteral, siendo 73,58% por complicaciones neurológicas, 15,09% geriátricas, 9,43% oncológicas; y 1,88% de las indicaciones fueron para descomprensión gastrointestinal. Ocurrieron complicaciones en 24,52% de los pacientes: 23,07% mayores y 76,93% menores. En relación al momento, fueron verificados ocho casos de complicaciones tardías y cinco de complicaciones precoces (tempranas). Conclusión: La GEP se mostró como un método eficaz y seguro para el acceso enteral. Los índices de complicación fueron semejantes a los datos evidenciados en la literatura.

Ex vivo and simulator models teaching therapeutic ERCP and EUS: description of SOBEDs first course

Teaching models in endoscopy are important tools to minimize risks derived from endoscopic procedures, taking into account that therapeutic endoscopy, also known as surgical endoscopy, has greatly developed during the last decade. This results from the fact that minimally invasive procedures present relevant contributions and promote more comfort to patients. In this context, ex vivo teaching models and virtual simulators are important tools to the safe acquisition of abilities. In this article, the Brazilian Society of Digestive Endoscopy presents and describes its first course of therapeutic ERCP and EUS in models of laboratory teaching.

Los modelos de enseñanza en endoscopía son herramientas importantes para minimizar los riesgos de los procedimentos endoscópicos. En la última década la endoscopía terapéutica o también llamada endoscopía-quirúrgica, tuvo gran desarollo debido a que los procedimentos minimamente invasivos tienen mejores resultados para la calidad de vida del paciente. En este contexto, los modelos experimentales y animales son herramientas muy importantes para los alumnos. En este artículo de revisión y presentación, los miembros de la Sociedad Brasilera de Endoscopía Digestiva presentan el primer Curso Taller en Ecoendoscopía terapéutica y CPRE en el Congreso Nacional del 2015.

Xantomatose cerebrotendínea: relato de dois casos / Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: a two-case report

Xantomatose cerebrotendínea é rara condição de natureza genética, na qual se observa redução na atividade da enzima hepática 27-hidroxilase, envolvida no metabolismo e excreção do colesterol. Consequentemente, depósitos de material lipídico (colesterol/colestanol) acumulam-se em diferentes regiões do organismo, principalmente tendões, sistema nervoso central e cristalino. Relatamos dois casos da doença em duas irmãs, mostrando os principais achados de imagem.

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a decrease in activity of the hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase involved in the cholesterol metabolism and excretion. Consequently, lipid (cholesterol/cholestanol) deposition is observed in different regions of the body, especially tendons, central nervous system and eye lens. The present report describes the cases of two sisters affected by this disease, highlighting the main imaging findings.

Cistos congênitos do mediastino: aspectos de imagem / Congenital mediastinal cysts: imaging findings

Cistos congênitos mediastinais são lesões benignas incomuns, geralmente causadas por falhas no desenvolvimento embriológico do intestino anterior e/ou da cavidade celômica. São formações expansivas, comumente assintomáticas, mas que podem se manifestar principalmente pela compressão de estruturas adjacentes. Entre as principais entidades deste grupo temos: cistos broncogênico, pericárdico, entérico e tímico, linfangioma e cisto de duplicação esofágica. A morfologia dos cistos congênitos mediastinais é típica, sendo os exames de imagem suficientes, em grande parte dos casos, para a confirmação diagnóstica. O tratamento cirúrgico está indicado apenas nos casos sintomáticos, pois estas lesões não apresentam potencial de degeneração maligna. O objetivo deste trabalho é comentar e ilustrar os aspectos de imagem mais relevantes destas lesões, a partir do estudo retrospectivo de dez casos de arquivo das instituições envolvidas.

Congenital mediastinal cysts are uncommon benign lesions generally caused by an abnormal embryological development of the foregut or coelomic cavity. They are expansive lesions, frequently asymptomatic that may manifest as a result from compression of adjacent structures. Bronchogenic, pericardial, enteric, thymic, esophageal duplication cysts and lymphangiomas are the main entities in this group of lesions. Congenital mediastinal cysts morphology is typical and imaging methods allow a correct diagnosis in a great number of cases. Surgical treatment is indicated only in cases of symptomatic lesions, considering that these lesions present no potential for malignant degeneration. The present study was aimed at commenting and illustrating the most relevant imaging findings of these lesions based on a retrospective review of ten cases collected in the records of the involved institutions.