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1.
BMC Psychiatry ; 15: 131, 2015 Jun 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26100611

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Interparental violence is both common and harmful and impacts children's lives directly and indirectly. Direct effects refer to affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses to interparental violence and psychosocial adjustment. Indirect effects refer to deteriorated parental availability and parent-child interaction. Standard Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy may be insufficient for children traumatized by exposure to interparental violence, given the pervasive impact of interparental violence on the family system. HORIZON is a trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy based group program with the added component of a preparatory parenting program aimed at improving parental availability; and the added component of parent-child sessions to improve parent-child interaction. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a multicenter, multi-informant and multi-method randomized clinical trial study with a 2 by 2 factorial experimental design. Participants (N = 100) are children (4-12 years), and their parents, who have been exposed to interparental violence. The main aim of the study is to test the effects of two parental components as an addition to a trauma focused cognitive behavioral based group therapy for reducing children's symptoms. Primary outcome measures are posttraumatic stress symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing problems in children. The secondary aim of the study is to test the effect of the two added components on adjustment problems in children and to test whether enhanced effects can be explained by changes in children's responses towards experienced violence, in parental availability, and in quality of parent-child interaction. To address this secondary aim, the main parameters are observational and questionnaire measures of parental availability, parent-child relationship variables, children's adjustment problems and children's responses to interparental violence. Data are collected three times: before and after the program and six months later. Both intention-to-treat and completer analyses will be done. DISCUSSION: The current study will enhance our understanding of the efficacy interparental violence-related parental components added to trauma focused cognitive behavioral group program for children who have been exposed to IPV. It will illuminate mechanisms underlying change by considering multiple dimensions of child responses, parenting variables and identify selection criteria for participation in treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Netherlands Trial Register NTR4015 . Registered 4th of June, 2013.


Assuntos
Protocolos Clínicos , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Violência/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia
2.
Trials ; 23(1): 46, 2022 Jan 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35039059

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Family violence is a common problem with direct adverse effects on children as well as indirect effects through disruption of parenting and parent-child relationships. The complex interrelationships between family violence, parenting, and relationships make recovery from psychological responses difficult. In more than half of the families referred to mental health care after family violence, the violence continues. Also, the effect sizes of "golden standard" treatments are generally lower for complex trauma compared to other forms of trauma. In the treatment of complex trauma, trauma-focused therapies including cognitive restructuring and imaginal exposure are most effective, and intensifying therapy results in faster symptom reduction. Furthermore, there is promising evidence that adding a parental component to individual trauma treatment increases treatment success. In family-based intensive trauma treatment (FITT), these factors are addressed on an individual and family level in a short period of time to establish long-term effects on the reduction of trauma symptoms and recovery of security in the family. This randomized controlled multicentre study tests if FITT is an effective treatment for concurrent reduction of trauma symptoms of children, improvement of parenting functioning, and increasing emotional and physical security in children, through the improvement of parent-child relationships. METHODS: The effectiveness of FITT will be tested by a RCT design. A total of 120 adolescents with a history of family violence and PTS symptoms will be randomized to (a) an intensive trauma treatment with a parent and systemic component (FITT), (b) an intensive trauma treatment without these components (ITT), and (c) treatment as usual (TAU, low-frequency trauma treatment with parent therapy and family sessions). Changes in children's trauma symptoms, child and parent functioning, and emotional and physical security in the family will be monitored before, during, after, and at 3 months follow-up. DISCUSSION: Comparing these interventions with and without a high intensive frequency and parenting and family components can help to understand if and how these interventions work and can contribute to the ambition to recover from the impact of family violence and restore emotional and physical security for children and young people. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Netherlands Trial Register Trial NL8592 . Registered on 4 May 2020.


Assuntos
Violência Doméstica , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Adolescente , Terapia de Reestruturação Cognitiva , Terapia Familiar , Humanos , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Poder Familiar , Psicoterapia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia
3.
J Child Adolesc Trauma ; 15(3): 615-625, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35958703

RESUMO

Parental conflicts consistently predict negative outcomes for children. Research suggests that children from high-conflict divorces (HCD) may also experience post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), yet little is known about the association between parental conflicts in HCD families and child PTSS. We investigated this association, hypothesizing that parental conflicts would predict child PTSS. We also tested the moderating role of interparental contact frequency, hypothesizing that frequent contact would intensify the association between parental conflicts and child PTSS. This study was part of an observational study on the outcomes of No Kids in the Middle (NKM), a multi-family group intervention for HCD families. A total of 107 children from 68 families participated in the study with at least one parent. We used pre- (T1) and post-intervention (T2) data. Research questions were addressed cross-sectionally, using regression analyses to predict PTSS at T1, and longitudinally, using a correlated change (T1 to T2) model. The cross-sectional findings suggested that mother- and child-reported conflicts, but not father-reported conflicts, were related to the severity of child PTSS. Longitudinally, we found that change in father-reported conflicts, but not change in child- or mother-reported conflicts, were related to change in child PTSS. The estimated associations for the different informants were not significantly different from one another. The frequency of contact between ex-partners did not moderate the relationship between parental conflicts and child PTSS. We conclude that there is a positive association between parental conflicts and child PTSS in HCD families independent of who reports on the conflicts. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-021-00410-9.

4.
J Fam Psychol ; 35(4): 566-572, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32881558

RESUMO

Forgiveness is crucial for establishing coparenting relationships following divorce, yet little is known about the predictors of forgiveness after divorce. In 2 studies, we explore dispositional and divorce-specific factors that correlate with ex-partner forgiveness. In Study 1, we used data from a convenience sample of 136 divorced parents. In Study 2, we used a clinical sample of 165 parents involved in a complex (high-conflict) divorce, who were referred to treatment because of the threat their conflicts posed to their children's well-being. Across samples, forgiveness was negatively associated with conflict severity, narcissistic entitlement, hostile attributions, and traumatic impact of the divorce, and positively with trust and acceptance of the divorce. The main predictors of forgiveness in both samples were more acceptance of the divorce and less narcissistic entitlement. Forgiveness was unrelated to dispositional self-control and trait anger in either sample. We found no evidence of cross-partner effects in Study 2, except for women's hostile attributions on men's forgiveness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Divórcio , Perdão , Pais , Adolescente , Adulto , Ira , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Homens , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Personalidade , Percepção Social , Confiança
6.
J Child Fam Stud ; 26(11): 3055-3066, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29081642

RESUMO

The relation between divorce, co-parenting conflicts, and children's adjustment problems has been well established. An unresolved question for research and clinical interventions, however, is how conflicts between parents are maintained and/or escalate. This cross-sectional research tested the hypothesis that co-parenting conflicts in divorced couples are associated with perceived social network disapproval and that this relation is mediated by parents' tendency to forgive each other. In Study 1, a convenience sample of 136 divorced parents recruited via online forums, we showed that perceived social network disapproval was indeed positively related to co-parenting conflicts and that parents' tendency to forgive the other parent-albeit partly-explained this relationship. Strength of our research is that in Study 2, 110 parents referred to children's mental health care because the wellbeing of the children was severely compromised by the severity of the conflicts between parents, we replicated these results. In both studies perceived social network disapproval and co-parenting conflicts were positively related and this link was mediated by forgiveness: perceived social network disapproval was negatively related to forgiveness, which in turn was negatively related to more parental conflicts.

7.
J Child Adolesc Trauma ; 9: 115-125, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27257468

RESUMO

This cross-sectional study examined the hypothesis that parental psychopathology in Interparental Violence (IPV) families crosses over to children, because parental psychopathology spills over to parental functioning. In a high-risk sample of IPV exposed families, we tested whether parental psychopathology spills over to parental availability, which, in turn, shows a crossover effect to children's trauma-related symptoms. The study population consisted of 78 IPV exposed children (4-12 years), and their 65 custodial parents referred to outpatient Children's Trauma Centers in the Netherlands for intervention. Consistent with our hypotheses, parental psychopathology was negatively related to parental availability, suggesting a spillover effect. Although parental psychopathology was not associated with children's trauma-related symptoms directly, we found evidence for the predicted indirect, crossover effects. We found an indirect crossover effect from parental psychopathology to children's trauma-related anxiety, depression, and anger, through the spillover effect of parental availability. Clinical implications for treatment and study limitations are discussed.

8.
Child Abuse Negl ; 46: 27-36, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25998867

RESUMO

Although child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with psychopathology, limited research examined mechanisms through which CSA leads to psychopathology in children. It is generally assumed that CSA is associated with secrecy among children, to our knowledge this assumption has not yet been empirically tested. This gap in our understanding of the aftermath of CSA is surprising in light of abundant evidence linking secrecy to psychopathology among children. The current study examined whether, as compared to children who have not experienced CSA, CSA victims have a greater tendency for secrecy as reported by mothers and children, and whether psychopathology in CSA victims may be explained by their tendency to keep secrets. Sixty-three non-offending mothers and their sexually abused children (68.3% female; M age=10.89) and 48 mothers and their non-abused children (62.5% female; M age=11.17) completed questionnaires on secrecy and psychopathology (i.e., internalizing and externalizing behavior problems). Mothers of abused children perceived higher levels of secrecy and psychopathology in their children as compared to mothers of non-abused children. There were no differences in child-reported secrecy between abused and non-abused children. Mediation analyses revealed that mother-reported secrecy mediated the association between CSA and psychopathology. These findings suggest that secrecy is a potential mechanism underlying psychopathology associated with CSA, which has important implications for treatment of abused children.


Assuntos
Abuso Sexual na Infância/psicologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/etiologia , Revelação da Verdade , Adolescente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mães/psicologia , Autorrelato
9.
Child Abuse Negl ; 36(2): 166-79, 2012 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22280846

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the relationships among Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in a high risk clinical sample of Dutch children whose mothers were abused by an intimate partner, and the severity of behavioral and emotional problems and trauma symptoms. METHODS: The study population comprised 208 children (M=7.81 years, SD=2.39, range 2-12) who were referred to mental health and welfare institutions after reported Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). At intake, caregivers, children, and teachers completed questionnaires on Adverse Childhood Experiences, behavior and emotional problems, and trauma symptoms. RESULTS: The results showed that child witnesses of IPV were also exposed to other adverse experiences, such as abuse, household dysfunction and neglect. The mean number of ACEs was 5.08 (range 2-9). Twenty percent of the children in this sample experienced seven ACEs or more. The number of ACEs children were exposed to was unrelated to the level of emotional and behavioral problems, except for trauma related symptoms reported by parents. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that children who witnessed Intimate Partner Violence were also exposed to other adverse experiences. The results of this study may imply that in this high-risk clinical sample of children exposed to IPV, additional adverse experiences have a limited relationship to psychological outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: A thorough assessment and inclusion of all Adverse Childhood Experiences is necessary for a comprehensive treatment program.


Assuntos
Transtornos Reativos da Criança/psicologia , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Felicidade , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Países Baixos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/fisiopatologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
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