Interrater Variability in Pain Assessment of Long-term Care Residents with Dementia.

PURPOSE: People with dementia are at great risk of their pain being undetected. In long-term care facilities, certified nursing assistants are on the front-line to detect whether a resident with dementia is experiencing pain, but research on certified nursing assistants' abilities to accurately assess pain are scarce. This study aims to examine certified nursing assistants' pain assessment skills using a simulated standardized video context. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted. METHODS: Fifty certified nursing assistants and 40 individuals with no professional experience in the field of care (controls) watched the same video of an older adult woman with dementia experiencing pain. Afterwards, they completed visual analog scales (pain intensity, affective distress), an observational pain assessment scale (Algoplus), and a set of questionnaires. RESULTS: In both groups, pain intensity assessment and empathic reaction scores showed important interrater variability. Moreover, certified nursing assistants and controls did not differ in detecting the presence of pain or assessing its intensity. But certified nursing assistants displayed lower empathic reactions and dispositions. Certified nursing assistants pain assessment scores decreased with experience and expertise. CONCLUSIONS: The practice of pain assessment is challenging for certified nursing assistants in long-term care facilities. Their professional status does not prevent inter-personal inconsistency and tends to lower their empathic dispositions. Personal determinants may interfere with their assessment behaviors and must be considered to enhance pain management for residents with dementia.

Unlocking the benefits of montessori-based reading activities in nursing home: A multiple baseline study on groups of individuals with severe dementia.

OBJECTIVE: Group activities are commonly offered to residents of nursing homes, and increasingly with a person-centred care approach. The aim of this study is to compare the impacts of a Montessori-based reading activity with a more traditional reading activity. METHOD: A multiple baseline design was used, with 3 groups of 5 older adults with moderate to severe dementia. All sessions were videorecorded and analysed by independent judges, blinded to our hypotheses and conditions. Impacts of the type of activity (storytelling or Montessori-based reading) on verbal interactions, engagement level, affect and behavioural aspects were estimated with both visual analyses and statistical analyses using the between-case standardised mean differences method. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in favour of the Montessori-based activities with regard to the number of verbal interactions, constructive and passive engagement and positive affect expressed, with moderate to large effect size (from 0.46 to 1.66). CONCLUSION: The Montessori-based reading group activity really seems to be preferable to a more traditional storytelling activity, with multiple benefits for residents. Depending on the preserved abilities and interests of the participants, it can also be aimed at people with severe dementia.

The influence of Alzheimer's disease stigma on pain assessment in older persons.

INTRODUCTION: Pain of nursing homes residents with Alzheimer's disease remains under detected compared to their cognitively intact counterparts. Communication difficulties may partly explain this poor quality of care but the influence of stigmatization on pain assessment has never been explored. RESEARCH QUESTION: The objective of this research was to analyze whether a diagnosis label of Alzheimer's disease or the stage of the disease may bias pain assessment scores and empathic reactions of health care staff in nursing homes. METHODS: Two studies were conducted based on a similar experimental between-subjects design with a video showing an older adult woman experiencing undefined pain. Different labels and vignettes were manipulated to characterize the subject of the video. In the first study, 84 certified nursing assistants were asked to watch the video and then to assess the pain intensity and their empathic reaction. Participants were randomized in two conditions that varied the disease label (Alzheimer's disease vs no diagnosis). In the second study, 67 certified nursing assistants were enrolled who did not participate in the first study. They watched the same video as in the first study and assessed the pain intensity and their empathic reaction. They were randomized in two conditions that varied the stage of the Alzheimer's disease (mild stage vs severe stage). RESULTS: Alzheimer's disease label had no influence on assessment scores. In contrast, the stage of the disease had a significant effect on the health care staff assessments with severe stage associated with lower pain intensity scores and empathic reactions. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that the Alzheimer's disease stigma is a real phenomenon that tends to be mainly elicited by the symptoms of the acute phase of the disease. These findings are crucial to better understand the stigma related to Alzheimer's disease and to enhance the pain management of this frail population.

[Pain assessment of nursing home's residents by certified nursing assistants: a real-world study]. / Évaluation de la douleur des résidents en Ehpad par des aides-soignantes : une étude en condition écologique.

In French care facilities for dependent aged people (NHDAP), prevalence of pain among residents with dementia is high, and source of behavior disturbances and quality of life impairment. However, in spite of many international expert statements, pain remains under-assessed and under-managed in these patients. Certified nursing assistants (CNA) are on the front-line in NHDAP to detect the presence of pain in residents with communication difficulties, while they received little training for pain management and directives for specific care. Moreover, no studies were presently devoted to the impact of demographic and socio-professional determinants of CNA on pain assessment. In our study, we assessed the presence and intensity of pain in cognitively impaired residents in NHDAP, by CNA performing as a pair for the morning care. 42 pairs were recruited and independently completed a standardized behavioral assessment for pain (Doloplus scale) as well as a numeric rating scale. CNA personal characteristics were investigated to analyse the determinants of potential assessment discrepancies between each of the pairs. Presence of pain was detected in 51.1 to 91.1% of the patients depending on the tool and analysis criteria. In 28.9% important discrepancies were observed in the pain assessment between the CNA pairs, which could be related to professional status and prior use of the observational assessment. These inter-rater discrepancies should be reduced providing clear pain assessment guidelines for CNA in NHDAP, and further studies should be completed to figure out the role of CNA personal determinants in the patients' pain assessment.