Cu1.5SeyTe1-y (y = 0.2-0.7): A Series of Narrow Band Gap Semiconductors with Low Thermal Conductivity at Ambient Temperature.

Coinage metal chalcogenides offer ideal prerequisites for high thermoelectric performance and sensor applications, with their usually low lattice thermal and high electrical conductivity, as well as small band gaps. In the solid solution Cu1.5SeyTe1-y we synthesized phase pure materials with y = 0.2-0.7 and characterized them concerning selected physical properties. X-ray crystal structure determination was performed for two representatives of the solid solution, Cu1.5Se0.3Te0.7 and Cu1.5Se0.5Te0.5. The entire series crystallizes cubically, in space group Pm3̅n. No structural changes are observed between room temperature and the synthesis temperature of 723 K. The conductivity measurements and Seebeck coefficients of Cu1.5Se0.3Te0.7 and Cu1.5Se0.5Te0.5 indicate that the two representatives are narrow band gap semiconductors (Eg 0.06-0.08 eV). Both compounds show positive Seebeck coefficients and reasonably low thermal conductivities at moderate temperatures. Cu1.5Se0.5Te0.5 is characterized by a bulk modulus of 40.9 GPa.

Ion Dynamics and Polymorphism in Cu20Te11Cl3.

Coinage metal polychalcogenide halides are an intriguing class of materials, and many representatives are solid ion conductors and thermoelectric materials. The materials show high ion mobility, polymorphism, and various attractive interactions in the cation and anion substructures. Especially the latter feature leads to complex electronic structures and the occurrence of charge-density waves (CDWs) and, as a result, the first p-n-p switching materials. During our systematic investigations for new p-n-n switching materials in the Cu-Te-Cl phase diagram, we were able to isolate polymorphic Cu20Te11Cl3, which we characterized structurally and with regard to its electronic and thermoelectric properties. Cu20Te11Cl3 is trimorphic, with phase transitions occurring at 288 and 450 K. The crystal structures of two polymorphs, the α phase, stable above 450 K, and the ß polymorph (288-450 K), are reported, and the complex structure chemistry featuring twinning upon a phase change is illustrated. We identified a dynamic cation substructure and a static anion substructure for all polymorphs, characterizing Cu20Te11Cl3 as a solid Cu-ion conductor. Temperature-dependent measurements of the Seebeck coefficient and total conductivity were performed and substantiated a linear response of the Seebeck coefficient, a lack of CDWs, and no p-n-p switching. Reasons for a lack of CDWs in Cu20Te11Cl3 are discussed and illustrated in the context of existing p-n-p switching materials.

Cu9.1Te4Cl3: A Thermoelectric Compound with Low Thermal and High Electrical Conductivity.

Cu9.1Te4Cl3 is a new polymorphic compound in the class of coinage metal polytelluride halides. Copper is highly mobile, which results in multiple order-disorder phase transitions in a limited temperature interval from 240 to 370 K. Mainly as a consequence of thermal transport properties, the compound's thermoelectric figure of merit reaches values up to ZT = 0.15 in the temperature range between room temperature and 523 K. Its structure is closely related to that of Ag10Te4Br3, another coinage metal polytelluride halide, which represents the first p-n-p-switchable semiconductor approachable by a simple temperature change. The title compound outperforms Ag10Te4Br3 in terms of thermoelectric properties by 1 order of magnitude and therefore acts as a link between the class of p-n-p compounds and thermoelectric materials.

Deletional tolerance prevents AQP4-directed autoimmunity in mice.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by antibodies to the water channel protein AQP4 expressed in astrocytes. The contribution of AQP4-specific T cells to the class switch recombination of pathogenic AQP4-specific antibodies and the inflammation of the blood-brain barrier is incompletely understood, as immunogenic naturally processed T-cell epitopes of AQP4 are unknown. By immunizing Aqp4-/- mice with full-length murine AQP4 protein followed by recall with overlapping peptides, we here identify AQP4(201-220) as the major immunogenic IAb -restricted epitope of AQP4. We show that WT mice do not harbor AQP4(201-220)-specific T-cell clones in their natural repertoire due to deletional tolerance. However, immunization with AQP4(201-220) of Rag1-/- mice reconstituted with the mature T-cell repertoire of Aqp4-/- mice elicits an encephalomyelitic syndrome. Similarly to the T-cell repertoire, the B-cell repertoire of WT mice is "purged" of AQP4-specific B cells, and robust serum responses to AQP4 are only mounted in Aqp4-/- mice. While AQP4(201-220)-specific T cells alone induce encephalomyelitis, NMO-specific lesional patterns in the CNS and the retina only occur in the additional presence of anti-AQP4 antibodies. Thus, failure of deletional T-cell and B-cell tolerance against AQP4 is a prerequisite for clinically manifest NMO.

NFAT1 deficit and NFAT2 deficit attenuate EAE via different mechanisms.

EAE serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis and is initiated by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. Recognition of myelin-associated Ags within the CNS leads to activation of the transcription factor family NFAT. Here, we demonstrate an essential role for NFAT in disease induction, as the combined lack of NFAT1 (NFATc2) and NFAT2 (NFATc1) completely protected mice. Single deficiency of either NFAT1 or NFAT2 ameliorated the course of EAE, and NFAT2 ablation resulted in an obstructed proinflammatory reaction. However, NFAT1 deficit led to an anti-inflammatory response with nonpathogenic Th17 and Th2 cells concurrently secreting IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10. Both IL-4 and IL-10 contributed to disease protection. In Nfat1(-/-) CD4(+) T cells, the expression of anti-inflammatory lymphokines was mediated by NFAT2, thus directly enabling protective IL expression. Consequently, blocking NFAT in toto may be an option for immunosuppressive therapy. More importantly, selective NFAT1 blockade could represent a safe long-term immunomodulatory treatment approach for multiple sclerosis patients, potentially avoiding the adverse effects of global immunosuppression.

Early postoperative C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF) serum levels predict graft loss and proteinuria in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF), cleavage product of agrin, was previously correlated with kidney function in renal transplant patients. This article studies the predictive value of CAF for long-term outcomes in renal transplant recipients. METHODS: In this observational cohort study, serum CAF, creatinine and blood-urea-nitrogen (BUN) concentrations and eGFR (CKD-EPI) were assessed 1-3 months after transplantation in 105 patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Cox regression models were used to analyse the predictive value of all parameters concerning all-cause mortality (ACM), graft loss (GL), doubling of creatinine/proteinuria at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 3.1 years. The mean concentrations were 191.9±152.4 pM for CAF, 176±96.8 µmol/L for creatinine, 12.6±6.2 mmol/L for BUN and 44.9±21.2 mL/min for CKD-EPI formula, respectively. In univariate analysis CAF and BUN concentrations predicted ACM (CAF: HR=1.003, 1.1-fold risk, p=0.043; BUN: HR=1.037, 1.3-fold risk, p=0.006). Concerning GL, CAF (HR=1.006, 3.1-fold risk, p<0.001), creatinine (HR=2.396, 2.6-fold risk, p<0.001), BUN (HR=1.048, 1.7-fold risk, p=0.001) and eGFR (CKD-EPI) (HR=0.941, 0.45-fold risk reduction, p=0.006) showed a statistically significant association. CAF was the only parameter significantly associated with doubling of proteinuria (HR=1.005, 1.7-fold risk, p<0.001). In multiple regression analysis (CAF only) the association remained significant for GL and doubling of proteinuria but not ACM. CONCLUSIONS: Early postoperative serum CAF appears to be a useful tool for the assessment of long-term outcomes in renal transplant recipients. Most importantly it represents a promising predictor for the development of proteinuria.

A Switchable One-Compound Diode.

A diode requires the combination of p- and n-type semiconductors or at least the defined formation of such areas within a given compound. This is a prerequisite for any IT application, energy conversion technology, and electronic semiconductor devices. Since the discovery of the pnp-switchable compound Ag10 Te4 Br3 in 2009, it is in principle possible to fabricate a diode from a single material without adjusting the semiconduction type by a defined doping level. Often a structural phase transition accompanied by a dynamic change of charge carriers or a charge density wave within certain substructures are responsible for this effect. Unfortunately, the high pnp-switching temperature between 364 and 580 K hinders the application of this phenomenon in convenient devices. This effect is far removed from a suitable operation temperature at ambient conditions. Ag18 Cu3 Te11 Cl3  is a room temperature pnp-switching material and the first single-material position-independent diode. It shows the highest ever reported Seebeck coefficient drop that takes place within a few Kelvin. Combined with its low thermal conductivity, it offers great application potential within an accessible and applicable temperature window. Ag18 Cu3 Te11 Cl3 and pnp-switching materials have the potential for applications and processes where diodes, transistors, or any defined charge separation with junction formation are utilized.

Predictors of Prolonged Grief Disorder in a German Representative Population Sample: Unexpectedness of Bereavement Contributes to Grief Severity and Prolonged Grief Disorder.

Most people adapt to bereavement over time. For a minority, the grief persists and may lead to a prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Identifying grievers at risk of PGD may enable specific prevention measures. The present study examined the extent to which the subjective unexpectedness of the death predicted grief outcomes above and beyond known sociodemographic and objective loss-related variables in a sample drawn from a population-representative investigation. In our sample (n = 2,531), 811 participants (M age 55.1 ± 17.8 years, 59.2% women) had experienced the loss of a significant person six or more months ago. Participants provided demographic and loss-related information, perceptions of the unexpectedness of the death and completed the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 + 9 (PG-13 + 9). The PG-13 + 9 was used to determine PGD caseness. A binary logistic regression investigated predictors of PGD caseness, and a linear regression predictors of grief severity. ANCOVAs compared PGD symptoms between the groups who had experienced an "expected" vs. "unexpected" loss, while controlling for the relationship to the deceased and time since loss. The loss of a child (OR = 23.66; 95%CI, 6.03-68.28), or a partner (OR = 5.32; 95%CI, 1.79-15.83), the time since loss (OR = 0.99; 95%CI, 0.99-1.00) and the unexpectedness of the death (OR = 3.58; 95%CI, 1.70-7.69) were significant predictors of PGD caseness (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.25) and grief severity. Participants who had experienced the loss as unexpected (vs. expected) reported higher scores on all PGD symptoms. Unexpectedness of the death emerged as significant risk factor for PGD, even after controlling for demographic and other loss-related variables. While our findings replicate previous research on the importance of the relationship to the deceased as a risk factor for PGD, they also highlight the importance of assessing the subjective unexpectedness of a death and may help to identify risk groups who can profit from preventive interventions.

Prolonged grief in refugees living in Germany confronted with ambiguous or confirmed loss.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: People often disappear in the context of displacement or armed conflicts. Although such an ambiguous loss is accompanied by persistent uncertainty about the whereabouts, the psychological consequences are not well understood. This study investigated the effects of ambiguous compared to a confirmed loss on prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and its correlates in refugees to Germany. METHODS AND DESIGN: We investigated data on mental health outcomes of refugees from Syria, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan who had applied for/were granted asylum in Germany. In a secondary analysis, we compared 87 refugees with disappeared (n = 33) and deceased relatives (n = 54) who had completed questionnaire-based interviews. RESULTS: Participants with ambiguous loss displayed more severe symptoms of PGD than those with confirmed loss. However, we found no group differences in terms of probable disorder rates and the number of traumatic experiences. Even after controlling for several correlates of PGD, higher PGD symptom severity was associated with ambiguous loss, more PTSD symptoms and low perceived social support. CONCLUSIONS: These results show a higher prolonged grief symptom severity after the loss of a significant other due to disappearance, indicating that this type of loss could be a specific risk factor for PGD severity.

Same name, same content? Evaluation of DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 prolonged grief criteria.

OBJECTIVE: Investigating the concordance of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) criteria that have been recently introduced to the 5th text revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) and the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). METHOD: N = 193 treatment-seeking bereaved adults were assessed with the prolonged grief disorder 13 + 9 interview. Data were examined in terms of (a) diagnostic rates for PGDDSM-5-TR and PGDICD-11, including increases of the PGDICD-11 accessory symptom threshold (PGDICD-11-X+) and time criterion (PGDICD-11-12 months), (b) dimensionality, (c) the frequency with which single PGD symptoms occur, and (d) concurrent validity in terms of psychological symptoms and loss-related characteristics. RESULTS: The diagnostic rate of PGDDSM-5-TR (52%) was significantly lower than that of PGDICD-11 (76%) and agreement between the two criteria sets was moderate, κ = 0.51, 95% CI [0.47-0.55]. Increasing the PGDICD-11 accessory symptom threshold did not improve the diagnostic agreement. In contrast, increasing the ICD-11 time criterion led to almost perfect agreement between PGDICD-11-12 months and PGDDSM-5-TR, κ = 0.91, 95% CI [0.89-0.93]. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated a one-factor model fit best for both PGDDSM-5-TR and PGDICD-11. Emotional pain symptoms (e.g., guilt) were predominantly reported by patients with a PGDICD-11 diagnosis, while attachment disturbance symptoms (e.g., identity disruption) were reported more often by patients with a PGDDSM-5-TR diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Despite methodological limitations of this study, results indicate discordance in PGDDSM-5-TR and PGDICD-11 regarding diagnostic rates and single symptom occurrence, while the factor structure is similar. Changes in the ICD-11 time criterion could reduce these differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Introduction and evaluation of a therapeutic adherence and competence scale for grief-focused cognitive behavioural therapy.

Background: There is no therapeutic competence and adherence scale for grief-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (grief-focused CBT). However, given the growing body of evidence for the efficacy of grief-focused CBT, such a scale is needed both to ensure the internal validity of clinical trials and to facilitate psychotherapy process research. Objective: To develop and undertake a psychometric evaluation of a therapeutic adherence and competence scale for grief-focused CBT. Method: The scale was developed in two steps. (I) Five experts on the treatment of prolonged grief disorder provided feedback on the relevance and appropriateness of the items. The scale was revised to reflect their feedback. The final therapeutic adherence and competence scale for grief (TACs-G) consisted of 15 adherence and 16 competence items. (II) Psychometric evaluation of the TACs-G was based on the rating of 48 randomly selected PG-CBT sessions by two independent raters. The videos were recorded in the context of a randomized controlled trial (RCT; DRKS00012317.) ICC was used to calculate inter-rater reliability and TACs-G stability over time (re-evaluation of 10 sessions after 12 months). Results: The five experts confirmed the relevance and appropriateness of the items. Interrater reliability was found to be high for the total adherence and competence scores (ICC = 0.889 and 0.782, respectively) and moderate to excellent for individual items (ICC = 0.509-1.00). The TACs-G stability over time was found to be strong for both adherence (ICC = 0.970) and competence total scores (ICC = 0.965). Conclusions: The TACs-G for CBT is a reliable instrument that can be used not only to ensure internal validity but is also suited for psychotherapy process studies. Additionally, it provides a valuable database for targeted feedback in training settings. HIGHLIGHTS: This is the first study to report on the development and psychometrical evaluation of a grief-focused adherence and competence scale.Although an increasing number of clinical trials do report the efficacy of grief-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy, none of these studies used a standardized adherence and competence scale to control internal validity.In the present study, we introduced a therapeutic adherence and competence scale for grief (TACs-G) that can be applied efficiently across different research settings (e.g. manipulation check, dissemination), and report results of good to excellent psychometric properties.The scale itself could prove useful beyond the research setting as it could possibly serve as a basis for feedback in training settings.

Comparison of two different antiseptics regarding intracutaneous microbial load after preoperative skin cleansing in total knee and hip arthroplasties.

Periprosthetic infections (PPIs) are a serious concern in total knee and hip arthroplasty, and they have an increasing incidence. To prevent PPI, preoperative skin disinfection, as a key element of antisepsis, represents an important part of infection prevention. However, no specific antiseptic agent is endorsed by the relevant guidelines. The purpose of this retrospective, not randomized study was to investigate the difference in the residual bacteria load between an approved antiseptic with an alcohol-based solution with additional benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and an alcohol-based solution with additional octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) at two different time periods. In 200 consecutive patients with total knee or hip arthroplasty, skin samples from the surgical sites were collected after skin disinfection with BAC (100 g solution contain: propan-2-ol 63.0 g, benzalkonium chloride 0.025 g) or OCT (100 g solution contain: octenidine dihydrochloride 0.1 g, propan-1-ol, 30.0 g, propan-2-ol 45.0 g) (100 patients per group). Following the separation of cutis and subcutis and its processing, culture was performed on different agar plates in aerobic and anaerobic environments. In the case of bacteria detection, the microbial identification was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and the number of contaminated samples was compared between the groups. Additionally, multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of the type of disinfectant, BMI, age, sex, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, skin disorders, smoking status, and localization of skin samples on positive bacteria detection. A total of 34 samples were positive for bacteria in the BAC group, while only 17 samples were positive in the OCT group (p = 0.005). Disinfectant type was the only significant parameter in the multiple regression analysis (p = 0.006). A significantly higher contamination rate of the subcutis was shown in the BAC group compared to the OCT group (19 vs. 9, p = 0,003). After the change from BAC to OCT in preoperative skin cleansing in the hip and knee areas, the number of positive cultures decreased by 50%, which might have been caused by a higher microbicidal activity of OCT. Therefore, the use of OCT in preoperative cleansing may reduce the risk of PPI in hip and knee surgery. Randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the effect and to evaluate if it reduces the risk of PPI.

Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged grief is a disorder (PGD) characterized by severe and disabling grief reactions for an extended period of time after the loss of a significant person. ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR differ substantially in individual criteria. OBJECTIVE: Estimation of the respective prevalence of PGDICD-11 and PGDDSM-5-TR and the frequency with which single symptoms of prolonged grief occur in the general population. METHODS: Out of a representative sample of the German general population (N=2498), n = 914 reported a significant loss and prolonged grief symptoms based on the extended version of the self-reported Prolonged Grief Disorder-13+9 (PG13+9). Sociodemographic and loss-related characteristics were collected. RESULTS: The probable prevalence of PGDICD-11 was 1.5% and that of PGDDSM-5-TR was 1.2% in the general sample. Among bereaved persons (n=914), the prevalence of developing PGDICD-11 was 4.2% and that of PGDDSM-5-TR was 3.3%. Diagnostic agreement between the two criteria-sets was very high and did not increase after heightening the accessory symptom threshold for PGDICD-11. Difficulties accepting the loss was the most frequent single symptom (14-25%) and grief-related impairment was common (10-16%). Over 60% of participants with a probable PGD diagnosis utilized health care services. LIMITATIONS: Results are based on self-reported data. The PG13+9 was not designed to assess grief symptoms according to ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged grief according to ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR is a notable disorder in the general population. Among bereaved persons, single symptoms of prolonged grief are relatively frequent and cause substantial degrees of impairment.

Response of young patients with probable ICD-11 complex PTSD to treatment with developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy.

Background: ICD-11 features Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) as a new diagnosis. To date, very few studies have investigated CPTSD in young patients, and there is a need for evidence on effective treatment. Objective: The present study evaluates the applicability of developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy (D-CPT) for CPTSD in young patients in a secondary analysis of the treatment condition of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating the efficacy of D-CPT. Methods: The D-CPT treatment group in the original study included 44 patients (14-21 years) with DSM-IV PTSD after childhood abuse. We used the ICD-11 algorithm to divide the sample into a probable CPTSD and a non-CPTSD group. We performed multilevel models for interviewer-rated and self-rated PTSD symptoms with fixed effects of group (CPTSD, non-CPTSD) and time (up to 12 months follow-up) and their interaction. Treatment response rates for both groups were calculated. Results: Nineteen (43.2%) patients fulfilled criteria for probable ICD-11 CPTSD while 25 (56.8%) did not. Both CPTSD and non-CPTSD groups showed symptom reduction over time. The CPTSD group reported higher symptom severity before and after treatment. Linear improvement and treatment response rates were similar for both groups. D-CPT reduced symptoms of disturbances in self-regulation in both groups. Discussion: Both, patients with and without probable ICD-11 CPTSD seemed to benefit from D-CPT and the treatment also reduced disturbances in self-regulation. Conclusion: This study presents initial evidence of the applicability of D-CPT in clinical practice for young patients with CPTSD. It remains debatable whether CPTSD implies different treatment needs as opposed to PTSD.

Antecedentes: La CIE-11 presenta al Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático Complejo (TEPTC) como un nuevo diagnóstico. Hasta la fecha, muy pocos estudios han investigado el TEPTC en pacientes jóvenes y existe la necesidad de evidencia sobre un tratamiento efectivo.Objetivo: El presente estudio evalúa la aplicabilidad de la Terapia de Procesamiento Cognitivo adaptada según el desarrollo (TPC-D) para el TEPTC en pacientes jóvenes en un análisis secundario de la condición de tratamiento de un ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado (ECA) que investiga la eficacia de la TPC-D.Métodos: El grupo de tratamiento de la TPC-D en el estudio original incluyó 44 pacientes (14-21 años) diagnosticados con TEPT según el DSM-IV después del abuso infantil. Utilizamos el algoritmo de la CIE-11 para dividir la muestra en un grupo de TEPTC probable y otro grupo sin TEPTC. Realizamos modelos multinivel para los síntomas de TEPT, calificados por un entrevistador y por auto-reportes, con efectos fijos de grupo (TEPTC, sin TEPTC), de tiempo (hasta 12 meses de seguimiento) y su interacción. Se calcularon las tasas de respuesta al tratamiento para ambos grupos.Resultados: 19 pacientes (43.2%) cumplieron los criterios de TEPTC probable, según la CIE11, mientras que 25 pacientes (56.8%) no lo hicieron. Tanto el grupo de TEPTC probable como el grupo sin TEPTC mostraron una reducción de síntomas con el tiempo. El grupo de TEPTC reportó una mayor severidad de síntomas antes y después del tratamiento. Las tasas de mejoría lineal y de respuesta al tratamiento fueron similares en ambos grupos. La TPC-D redujo los síntomas de alteraciones en la autorregulación en ambos grupos.Discusión: Tanto los pacientes con y sin TEPTC probable según la CIE-11 parecían beneficiarse de la CPT-D y el tratamiento también redujo las alteraciones en la autorregulación.Conclusión: Este estudio presenta evidencia inicial sobre la aplicabilidad de la TPC-D en la práctica clínica en pacientes jóvenes con TEPTC. Sigue siendo debatible si el TEPTC requiere diferentes necesidades de tratamiento en contraposición al TEPT.

Feasibility of Present-Centered Therapy for Prolonged Grief Disorder: Results of a Pilot Study.

Present-centered therapy (PCT) was originally developed as a strong comparator for the non-specific effects of psychotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. PCT qualifies as a not strictly supportive treatment as it is structured and homework is assigned between sessions. It does not focus on cognitive restructuring or exposure. A growing body of literature supports its beneficial effects. For example, it demonstrated only slightly inferior effect sizes and lower dropout rates compared to that of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in several trials with patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. The current study is the first to evaluate the feasibility and the treatment effects of PCT in adults with prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Meta-analyses on psychotherapy for PGD have yielded moderate effect sizes. N = 20 individuals suffering from PGD were treated with PCT by novice therapists as part of a preparation phase for an upcoming RCT in an outpatient setting. Treatment consisted of 20-24 sessions á 50 min. All outcomes were assessed before treatment, at post-treatment, and at the 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome, PGD symptom severity, was assessed using the Interview for Prolonged Grief-13. Secondary outcomes were self-reported PGD severity, depression, general psychological distress, and somatic symptom severity. Furthermore, therapists evaluated their experiences with their first PCT patient and the treatment manual. In intent-to-treat analyses of all patients we found a significant decrease in interview-based PGD symptom severity at post-treatment (d = 1.26). Decreases were maintained up to the 3-month follow-up assessment (d = 1.25). There were also significant decreases in self-reported PGD symptoms, depression, and general psychological distress. No changes were observed for somatic symptoms. The completion rate was 85%. Therapists deemed PCT to be a learnable treatment program that can be adapted to the patient's individual needs. The preliminary results of PCT as a treatment for PGD demonstrate large effects and indicate good feasibility in outpatient settings. The treatment effects were larger than those reported in meta-analyses. Thus, PCT is a promising treatment for PGD. Possible future research directions are discussed.

Ultrafast Photoconductivity and Terahertz Vibrational Dynamics in Double-Helix SnIP Nanowires.

Tin iodide phosphide (SnIP), an inorganic double-helix material, is a quasi-1D van der Waals semiconductor that shows promise in photocatalysis and flexible electronics. However, the understanding of the fundamental photophysics and charge transport dynamics of this new material is limited. Here, time-resolved terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is used to probe the transient photoconductivity of SnIP nanowire films and measure the carrier mobility. With insight into the highly anisotropic electronic structure from quantum chemical calculations, an electron mobility as high as 280 cm2 V-1 s-1 along the double-helix axis and a hole mobility of 238 cm2 V-1 s-1 perpendicular to the double-helix axis are detected. Additionally, infrared-active (IR-active) THz vibrational modes are measured, which shows excellent agreement with first-principles calculations, and an ultrafast photoexcitation-induced charge redistribution is observed that reduces the amplitude of a twisting mode of the outer SnI helix on picosecond timescales. Finally, it is shown that the carrier lifetime and mobility are limited by a trap density greater than 1018 cm-3 . The results provide insight into the optical excitation and relaxation pathways of SnIP and demonstrate a remarkably high carrier mobility for such a soft and flexible material, suggesting that it could be ideally suited for flexible electronics applications.

Lost in Transition? Evidence-Based Treatments for Adolescents and Young Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Results of an Uncontrolled Feasibility Trial Evaluating Cognitive Processing Therapy.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not uncommon among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Left untreated, transition to adulthood might be especially challenging and/or prolonged for AYAs. However, it is unclear whether AYAs are adequately represented in current PTSD treatment research and whether they benefit to the same degree as younger or older individuals. In the first part of the paper, we reflect on developmental considerations in the treatment of AYAs and give an overview of current age-specific results in PTSD treatment research. Furthermore, we review individual trauma-focused evidence-based treatments that were examined in AYAs over the last 10 years. In the second part, we present data from an uncontrolled feasibility trial evaluating cognitive processing therapy (CPT) with some age-adapted modifications and an exposure component (written accounts). We treated 17 AYAs (aged 14 to 21) suffering from posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). At posttreatment, participants had improved significantly with respect to clinician-rated PTSS severity (d = 1.32). Treatment gains were maintained throughout the 6-week and 6-month follow-ups. Results indicated that CPT, with only minor adaptations, was feasible and safe in AYAs. The recommendations for future research focus on the inclusion of young adults in trials with adolescents, more refined age reporting in clinical trials, and the encouragement of dismantling studies in youth. To conclude, clinical recommendations for caregiver involvement and the addressing of developmental tasks, motivational issues and emotion regulation problems are discussed.

Challenges in recruiting and retaining adolescents with abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder: lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Research on effective recruitment and retention strategies for adolescents and young adults suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder is scarce. The aim of the current study was to provide data on recruitment sources, barriers, and facilitators for participation in a randomized controlled trial for young individuals with histories of sexual and/or physical abuse. METHODS: Study participants aged 14 to 21 were asked to complete a checklist on individual sources of recruitment, barriers, and facilitators for participation in the trial. Fifty-three out of the 80 study participants who were contacted completed the checklist (66.3%). RESULTS: Most respondents reported multiple recruitment sources, with online and media advertising search strategies indicated most frequently (45.4% of all mentions), followed by practitioner-referred sources (38.7%). Respondents' reported barriers included additional demands of the trial (60.3%), followed by distress caused by having to talk about painful topics (15.5%). The most frequently indicated facilitators were the organizational setting (55.1%) and monetary incentives (22.2%), followed by social support (12.0%) and non-monetary incentives (10.2%). No significant differences were observed between adolescent and young adult respondents with the exception that adolescents reported significantly more frequently that they had learned about the trial from their caregiver. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings permit the formulation of recommendations for planning and conducting trials with this clientele. Future research is needed on how specific barriers can be effectively overcome.

When does grief become pathological? Evaluation of the ICD-11 diagnostic proposal for prolonged grief in a treatment-seeking sample.

Background: Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) will be newly included in the ICD-11, while a clinically similar diagnosis, persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD), has already been added to the DSM-5. Only few studies have evaluated these criteria-sets for prolonged grief. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ICD-11 accessory symptom threshold and compare the diagnostic performance of the two criteria-sets in treatment-seeking bereaved persons. Method: 113 grief treatment-seeking bereaved persons completed the Interview for Prolonged Grief-13. We used receiver operator characteristic analysis to determine an optimum ICD-11 accessory symptom threshold. We calculated diagnostic rates for PGD and PCBD and examined associations of PGD and PCBD caseness with concurrently assessed psychopathology and prolonged grief symptoms assessed one month later. Results: An ICD-11 threshold of six accessory symptoms distinguished optimally between interview-diagnosed participants with and without prolonged grief. The prevalence of PGD (69%) was significantly higher than that of PCBD (48%) and of PGD with a 6-symptom threshold (47%). PGD caseness was associated with the relation to the deceased, 6-symptom threshold PGD and PCBD caseness with the time since loss. All criteria-sets were linked to concurrent prolonged grief, depression, and general mental distress. PCBD and 6-symptom threshold PGD but not PGD were associated with prolonged grief severity one month later. Conclusions: The results support the validity of PGD and PCBD but, at the same time, they provide further support for differing prevalence rates. Using an empirically determined ICD-11 accessory symptom threshold could prevent the pathologisation of grief reactions.

Antecedentes: El trastorno de duelo prolongado (PGD) se incluirá nuevamente en el CIE-11, mientras que un diagnóstico clínicamente similar, el trastorno de duelo complejo persistente (PCBD), ya se ha agregado al DSM-5. Solo unos pocos estudios han evaluado este conjunto de criterios para el duelo prolongado.Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el umbral de síntomas accesorios de la CIE-11 y comparar el rendimiento diagnóstico de dos conjuntos de criterios en personas en duelo que buscan tratamiento.Método: 113 personas en procesos de duelo en busca de tratamiento completaron la Entrevista para el Duelo Prolongado-13. Utilizamos el análisis característico del operador receptor para determinar un umbral óptimo de síntomas accesorios CIE-11. Calculamos las tasas de diagnóstico para PGD y PCBD y examinamos las asociaciones de ambas tasas con psicopatología evaluada de manera concurrente y síntomas de duelo prolongado evaluados un mes después.Resultados: Un umbral de CIE-11 de seis síntomas accesorios distinguió de manera óptima entre los participantes diagnosticados con y sin duelo prolongado. La prevalencia de PGD (69%) fue significativamente mayor que la del PCBD (48%) y de PGD con un umbral de 6 síntomas (47%). Los casos de PGD se asociaron con la relación de fallecidos, los 6 síntomas umbrales de PGD y casos de PCBD con el tiempo transcurrido desde la pérdida vivida. Todo el conjunto de criterios se vinculó al duelo prolongado concurrente, la depresión y la angustia mental general. El PCBD y el umbral de 6 síntomas PGD, pero no el PGD total, se asociaron con la severidad del duelo prolongado un mes después.Conclusiones: Los resultados respaldan la validez de PGD y PCBD pero, al mismo tiempo, brindan respaldo para las diferentes tasas de prevalencia encontradas. El uso de un umbral de síntomas accesorio CIE-11 determinado empíricamente podría prevenir la patologización de las reacciones de duelo.