RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chicken eggshell powder rich in calcium and the inorganic form of calcium carbonate on osteoporotic bone structure using an animal model of ovariectomized rats. Animals were divided into four groups: sham-operated rats (SHAM group); ovariectomized rats untreated (OVX group); OVX rats treated with eggshell powder (Biomin H® OVX + ECa group; total Ca content 1.5%); and OVX rats receiving inorganic calcium carbonate (calcium carbonate precipitated, total Ca content 1.5%; OVX + ICa group) during 8 weeks. Ovariectomy increased total body weight, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, cortical bone thickness, periosteal bone apposition, and considerably worsened the trabecular bone microarchitecture. Calcium supplementation in both OVX + ECa and OVX + ICa groups elevated blood supply in the cortical bone when compared to OVX rats. Treatment with eggshell powder, unlike the OVX + ICa group, significantly lowered bone resorption, increased plasma calcium level, relative volume of trabecular bone, and secondary osteon population density, which together contributes to the enhanced bone strength. In addition, sizes of Haversian canals and secondary osteons in OVX + ECa group reached the values of SHAM group. Our results suggest that chicken eggshell powder more effectively ameliorates bone loss in ovariectomized rats than precipitated calcium carbonate.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Casca de Ovo , Animais , Densidade Óssea , Carbonato de Cálcio/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Pós/farmacologia , RatosRESUMO
We studied 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (SBP, DBP), actual glycemic control assessed from seven blood glucose measurements, 16-h daytime and 8-h nighttime urinary excretion of albumin (UAE) and retinol-binding protein (URBP) in 20 normoalbuminuric (group A, nighttime UAE < 20 micrograms/min) and 20 microalbuminuric and low-proteinuric type I diabetic patients (group B, nighttime UAE 20-500 micrograms/min) matched for age and diabetes duration. Glycemic control was similar in the two groups. Daytime and nighttime SBP and DBP were higher in group B compared to group A (p < 0.01). Nighttime decrease in SBP and DBP correlated with nighttime decrease in UAE in group B (p < 0.05, p < 0.001), but not in group A. There was no correlation between BP and actual glycemic control in either group. We found higher daytime and nighttime URBP in group B compared to group A (p < 0.05). We conclude that, in microalbuminuric and low-proteinuric patients, daytime and nighttime BP was elevated but still in the normal or borderline range, and nighttime decrease in BP correlated with nighttime decrease in UAE but not with actual glycemic control. Increased URBP in these patients suggests slightly impaired proximal tubular function in early stages of diabetic nephropathy.
Assuntos
Albuminúria , Pressão Sanguínea , Ritmo Circadiano , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/fisiopatologia , Proteinúria , Proteínas de Ligação ao Retinol/urina , Adulto , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/urina , Diástole , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , SístoleRESUMO
An addition of 5% citrus pectin and 0.5% ascorbic acid to high-fat diet of guinea pigs prevented total cholesterol accumulation in blood serum and the liver. Two groups of persons were given a preparation containing a daily dose of 15 g pectin and 450 mg ascorbic acid for 6 weeks. In 21 healthy persons with mild hypercholesterolemia total serum cholesterol dropped significantly by 24 mg/100 ml (8.6%), while the concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained unchanged. In 11 hyperlipemic outpatients (type IIa, IIb and IV) total serum cholesterol dropped by 68 mg/100 ml (18.7%). The changes in triglyceridemia proved inconsistent.
Assuntos
Anticolesterolemiantes , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Colesterol/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Hiperlipidemias/sangue , Pectinas/farmacologia , Animais , Colesterol/metabolismo , Jejum , Cobaias , Humanos , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangue , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
The influence of metabolic control on catecholamine secretion and blood pressure during upright posture, mental stress and physical exercise was studied in 34 normotensive normoalbuminuric type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy. A poor metabolic control did not induce different changes in blood pressure and plasma catecholamines as compared to a good metabolic control, except for an exaggerated rise in plasma adrenaline in patients with asymptomatic hypoglycemia. The lack of correlation between plasma catecholamines and blood pressure suggest that some other factors are also involved in the hemodynamic reaction to mental stress and physical exercise in diabetic patients. (Fig. 2, Tab. 3, Ref. 25.).
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea , Catecolaminas/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/fisiopatologia , Teste de Esforço , Processos Mentais , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
A series of 72 type I diabetics was grouped according to the mean value of 24-h albuminuria (AU) determined from three 24-h urine collections: group A (n = 49, normoalbuminuria, AU less than or equal to 26 mg/24 h), group B (n = 16, microalbuminuria, AU less than or equal to 26 mg/24 h), group C (n = 7, clinically significant proteinuria, AU greater than 260 mg/24 h). Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) was examined five times in three-month intervals. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BPs and BPD) were determined from four values taken in the course of one year. Glomerular filtration (GF) was established a single examination of 24-h creatinine clearance. Fluorescent angiography was used to examine the fundus of the eye. The function of the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system was assessed on the basis of three tests: variation of heart rate during deep respiration, response of heart rate to upright position, Valsalva's maneuver. Group C had the longest duration of diabetes, the highest GHb, the lowest GF, and the highest BPS and BPD values. The number of diabetics with different findings on the fundus of the eye (normal finding/simple retinopathy/preproliferative and proliferative retinopathy) was as follows: group A--15/31/3, group B--9/6/1, group C--0/3/4. Group C exhibited the most pronounced derangement of the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system, whose extent depended on the length of diabetes duration and on the quality of metabolic compensation. Between the groups A and B no significant differences were found in any of the parameters studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Albuminúria , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/urina , Nefropatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Neuropatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Retinopatia Diabética/diagnóstico , Adulto , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Lipids represent one of the basic components of each cellular and subcellular membrane of the myometrium and their fluidity has a strong influence upon membrane function. Human myometrium was obtained at cesarean sections. Lipids were separated by one-dimensional thin layer chromatography. The chromatoplates were determined on the densitometer Shimadzu CS 930. Lipid profile of the myometrium was studied before the 37th week of pregnancy, at term without contractile activity, further during at term labor with normal contractile activity and at failure of myometrial contractility. Analysis of the obtained data showed changes in lipid fluidity, namely a decrease before the 37th week of pregnancy and at failure of myometrial contractions during at term labor. The decrease of fluidity was caused by a higher content of total cholesterol and a lower content of total phospholipids in the myometrium.
Assuntos
Trabalho de Parto/fisiologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Miométrio/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Trabalho de Parto/metabolismo , Gravidez , Contração Uterina/metabolismoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The aim of study was to estimate the prevalence of newly detected type 2 diabetic patients and compare it with prevalence of registered type 2 diabetic patients in the Slovak republic. The second aim was to improve the cooperation between general practitioners and diabetologists in the detection of unrecognized diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-six general practitioners were involved in Slovak Diabetologic Detection Program. Randomly taken capillary glucose (glucometer One-Touch, Lifescan) was measured in 18,942 probands over 40 years of age with one or more risk factors for type 2 diabetes in nine regions of Slovakia during a 6-month period. When capillary glucose was over 6 mmol/l the proband was referred to one of the nine diabetologic outpatient clinics for further evaluation. The history, physical examination and fasting capillary glucose or oGTT were performed in these patients. After exclusion of previously registered diabetic patients, noncompliant patients and insufficient examinations the data were evaluated in 15,387 probands. This data were compared with the Slovak National Registry, which is based on yearly collected and evaluated data from all diabetologic outpatient clinics. RESULTS: Newly detected (undiagnosed) type 2 diabetes was found in 444 (2.9%) and impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance in 347 (2.3%) out of 15,387 probands. Data from Slovak National Registry show 9.5% type 2 diabetic patients over 40 years of age. In our detection program the number of undiagnosed type 2 diabetic patients over the age of 40 years was 2.9%. Therefore authors estimated the overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Slovakia over the age of 40 on 12.3% of general population in this age category (population ca 2.2 million people). When is compared prevalence of undiagnosed and registered type 2 diabetic patients it can be claimed that on three registered diabetic patients, there is one undiagnosed and one other with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance. The patients with undiagnosed diabetes and ones with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance had significantly higher body mass index and significantly higher occurrence of arterial hypertension and positive family history of diabetes compared to non-diabetic probands. Authors also achieved the second aim by establishing the collaboration between general practitioners and diabetologists in the selected nine regions of Slovakia. This relationship is essential for detection the undiagnosed diabetic patients by general practitioners and confirmation of diagnosis of diabetes as well as initiation of introductory education by diabetes specialists. Authors conclude that it is essential to actively screen for disturbances of glucose metabolism in population over 40 years old in general practice.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Medicina de Família e Comunidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Eslováquia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The author explains the mechanisms of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion which are the main signs in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Both reasons are the basis of secondary failure of sulphonylurea treatment or the necessity to administer large doses of insulin to achieve a normal blood sugar level in these patients. By combined treatment, i.e. by adding small amounts of insulin to the original treatment with sulphonylurea antidiabetics or by adding sulphonylurea to large insulin doses, it is possible to compensate the patient as effectively as with insulin treatment alone. The author analyzes the procedure of changing over to combined treatment which should be implemented during hospitalization of the patient. Finally the author evaluates the effect of combined treatment from data in the literature as well as his own experience which indicate that to achieve equal metabolic compensation combined treatment with sulphonylurea and insulin requires substantially lower insulin doses, as compared with insulin treatment only.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Resistência à Insulina , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The objective of the investigation was early detection of risk factors of diabetes and/or atherosclerosis and the prevalence of vascular complications of diabetes in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes in the Slovak Republic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the Slovak detection programme of vascular complications participated 40 diabetological out-patient departments. In the course of one year (from the beginning of June 1999 to the end of May 2000) in a total of 3424 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes, aged under 70 years the case-history was recorded, focused on risk factors of diabetes and atherosclerosis, on the patients' lifestyle, on vascular complications of diabetes and their treatment. Moreover a detailed clinical and laboratory examination was made. The authors made in addition to assessment of the blood sugar level also biochemical examinations focused on indicators of the lipid metabolism and microalbuminuria. All patients had an ophthalmological examination, and the electrocardiogram was recorded. RESULTS: As to risk factors of diabetes as many as 3259 patients (95.2%) reported a low physical activity (exercise lasting less than the minimum of 3 x 30 minutes per week) and 3001 (87.6%) had an elevated body weight, whereby 43.9% patients had a BMI of 25 to 30 kg/m2 and 43.8% were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2). Diabetes mellitus in a first grade relative was reported by 1521 patients (44.7%). As to risk factors of atherosclerosis, the most frequent finding was hyprcholesterolaemia (values > 5.2 mmol/l) in 2262 patients (67.3%), and hypertriglyceridaemia (values > 1.7 mmol/l) in 2194 patients (66.5%). Arterial hypertension (values of systolic and/or diastolic pressure > 140/90 Hg) were recorded in 2326 (67.9%) patients. The most frequent microvascular complication of diabetes was microalbuminuria was in 20.5% patients. Ischaemic heart disease was recorded in 22.80 diabetics. Risk factors of atherosclerosis and vascular complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics are closely related to the patients' body weight. CONCLUSION: The authors provided evidence of a high incidence of risk factors of diabetes and atheroscleosis in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and in practically every fifth patient the presence of ischaemic heart disease. Obesity is a significant adverse metabolic and vascular factor.
Assuntos
Arteriosclerose/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Angiopatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Twenty type 1 diabetics participated after previous individual instructions in a 8-week physical training programme. The latter comprised three training units per week. One training unit started by 10-minute warming up exercise, then the patients pedalled on a bicycle ergometer 2 x 10 minutes with a 5-minute break with a load amounting to 80% of the oxygen consumption during the maximum tolerated load. The final part was formed by swimming in a swimming pool, covering a distance of at least 200 m. After the termination of the programme the authors did not observe significant changes in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism nor in physical performance, however, the maximal oxygen consumption increased as a result of training by 17% and the maximum achieved load by 25 W (i.e. one step). Throughout the investigation period the authors did not record any serious complications. The patients enjoyed the physical activity and reported improvement of the quality of life. Therefore the authors recommend physical training in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Terapia por Exercício , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
The effectiveness and tolerance of the new sulphonyl urea antidiabetic gliquidone (commercial name Glurenorm) was tested by three-month administration of this preparation in a group of 39 type 2 diabetics. Gliquidone proved a medium-strength beta-cytotropic antidiabetic preparation. As to side-effects, the authors noted only dyspepsia in one patient (2.5%). Symptomatic hypoglycaemia did not develop in any of the patients. In the subgroup of six patients with diabetic nephropathy the indicators of renal functions did not deteriorate. In a sub-group of 6 patients with concurrent hepatopathy the originally elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity receded. The authors confirmed thus the good tolerance of gliquidone in diabetes associated with nephropathy and diabetes with hepatopathy.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Neuropatias Diabéticas/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Arritmias Cardíacas/etiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/etiologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Manobra de ValsalvaRESUMO
Seventy-two Type I diabetic patients were divided into three groups according to 24 hour urinary albumin excretion (UalbV, mean of three urine collections): normoalbuminuric group 1 (n = 49, UalbV less than or equal to 26 mg/24 h), microalbuminuric group 2 (n = 16, 26 less than UalbV less than or equal to 250 mg/24 h), proteinuric group 3 (n = 7, UalbV greater than 250 mg/24 h). Fluorescein angiography and three cardiovascular autonomic tests were performed. Relative frequencies of ocular findings (no retinopathy/simplex retinopathy/preproliferative and proliferative retinopathy) were determined in each group: group 1 (0.31/0.63/0.06), group 2 (0.56/0.38/0.06), and group 3 (0/0.43/0.57). The most severely affected autonomic function was observed in group 3 (p less than 0.01 vs. group 1). Significant partial correlations were found between UalbV and retinopathy (p less than 0.01), UalbV, and autonomic neuropathy (p less than 0.05), retinopathy and autonomic neuropathy (p less than 0.01), and blood pressure and UalbV and/or autonomic neuropathy (p less than 0.01). No correlation was found between the variables and the previous 15 months' metabolic control. The results suggest that nephropathy, retinopathy, and autonomic neuropathy are signs of a generalized diabetic microangiopathic process whose progression may be influenced by factors other than diabetes duration and metabolic control.