Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoplastics on Crop Growth, Interference of Phyllosphere Microbes, and Evidence for Foliar Penetration and Translocation.

Despite the increasing prevalence of atmospheric nanoplastics (NPs), there remains limited research on their phytotoxicity, foliar absorption, and translocation in plants. In this study, we aimed to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the physiological effects of tomato leaves exposed to differently charged NPs and foliar absorption and translocation of NPs. We found that positively charged NPs caused more pronounced physiological effects, including growth inhibition, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and altered gene expression and metabolite composition and even significantly changed the structure and composition of the phyllosphere microbial community. Also, differently charged NPs exhibited differential foliar absorption and translocation, with the positively charged NPs penetrating more into the leaves and dispersing uniformly within the mesophyll cells. Additionally, NPs absorbed by the leaves were able to translocate to the roots. These findings provide important insights into the interactions between atmospheric NPs and crop plants and demonstrate that NPs' accumulation in crops could negatively impact agricultural production and food safety.

Metagenomic analysis reveals gene taxonomic and functional diversity response to microplastics and cadmium in an agricultural soil.

Both microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals are common soil pollutants and can interact to generate combined toxicity to soil ecosystems, but their impact on soil microbial communities (e.g., archaea and viruses) remains poorly studied. Here, metagenomic analysis was used to explore the response of soil microbiome in an agricultural soil exposed to MPs [i.e., polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polylactic acid (PLA)] and/or Cd. Results showed that MPs had more profound effects on microbial community composition, diversity, and gene abundances when compared to Cd or their combination. Metagenomic analysis indicated that the gene taxonomic diversity and functional diversity of microbial communities varied with MPs type and dose. MPs affected the relative abundance of major microbial phyla and genera, while their coexistence with Cd influenced dominant fungi and viruses. Nitrogen-transforming and pathogenic genera, which were more sensitive to MPs variations, could serve as the indicative taxa for MPs contamination. High-dose PLA treatments (10%, w/w) not only elevated nitrogen metabolism and pathogenic genes, but also enriched copiotrophic microbes from the Proteobacteria phylum. Overall, MPs and Cd showed minimal interactions on soil microbial communities. This study highlights the microbial shifts due to co-occurring MPs and Cd, providing evidence for understanding their environmental risks.

The fate and impact of Co3O4 nanoparticles in the soil environment: Observing the dose effect of nanoparticles on soybeans.

The widespread presence and distribution of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) in soil is threatening crop growth and food security. However, little is known about the fate of Co3O4 NPs in the soil-soybean system and their phytotoxicity. The study demonstrated the effects of Co3O4 NPs on soybean growth and yield in soil after 60 days and 140 days, and compared them with the phytotoxic effects of Co2+. The results showed that Co3O4 NPs (10-500 mg/kg) had no significant toxic effect on soybeans. Soil available Co content was significantly increased under 500 mg/kg Co3O4 NPs treatment. Compared with Co2+, Co3O4 NPs mainly accumulated in roots and had limited transport to the shoots, which was related to the particle size, surface charge and chemical stability of Co3O4 NPs. The significant accumulation of Co3O4 NPs in roots further led to a significant decrease in root antioxidant enzyme activity and changes in functional gene expression. Co3O4 NPs reduced soybean yield after 140 days, but interestingly, at specific doses, it increased grain nutrients (Fe content increased by 17.38% at 100 mg/kg, soluble protein and vitamin E increased by 14.34% and 16.81% at 10 mg/kg). Target hazard quotient (THQ) assessment results showed that consuming soybean seeds exposed to Co3O4 NPs (≥100 mg/kg) and Co2+ (≥10 mg/kg) would pose potential health risks. Generally, Co3O4 NPs could exist stably in the environment and had lower environmental risks than Co2+. These results help to better understand the environmental behavior and plant effect mechanisms of Co3O4 NPs in soil-plant systems.

Co-occurring tree species drive arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity in tropical forest.

It is still uncertain whether environment or host plant species is more important in determining AMF diversity; although, plant roots are usually associated with abundant AMF species in different environments. This study explored the effect of plant species and environmental factors on AMF diversity based on three co-occurring tree species (Glochidion coccineum, Schefflera octophylla, and Schima superba) on six elevations of Mt. Jianfengling. A total of 185 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) of AMF were found in the three co-occurring dominant tree species. Of which 109 unique OTUs were identified in the three co-occurring plant species, which accounted for the total number of 58.92%. Forty-five OTUs were shared by the three co-occurring tree species, accounting for a total number of 24.32%. The plant species of Schefflera octophylla was identified as having the highest AMF diversity with the largest number of OTUs of 143. The fungi in the genus of Glomus were the dominant AMF species in the three co-occurring tree species. AMF communities and diversity are quite different, either within different plant species at the same elevation or within the same plant species at different elevations. However, the altitude had no significant effect on the ACE index. Therefore, the results suggest that plant species have a more important effect on AMF diversity and community composition.

Effects of micro(nano)plastics on soil nutrient cycling: State of the knowledge.

The ecological impacts of micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) have attracted attention worldwide because of their global occurrence, persistence, and environmental risks. Increasing evidence shows that MNPs can affect soil nutrient cycling, but the latest advances on this topic have not systematically reviewed. Here, we aim to present the state of knowledge about the effects of MNPs on soil nutrient cycling, particularly of C, N, and P. Using the latest data, the present review mainly focuses on three aspects, including (1) the effects and underlying mechanisms of MNPs on soil nutrient cycling, particularly of C, N and P, (2) the factors influencing the effects of MNPs on soil nutrient cycling, and (3) the knowledge gaps and future directions. We conclude that MNPs can alter soil nutrient cycling via mediating soil nutrient availability, soil enzyme activities, functional microbial communities, and their potential ecological functions. Furthermore, the effects of MNPs vary with MNPs characteristics (i.e., polymeric type, size, dosage, and shape), chemical additives, soil physicochemical conditions, and soil biota. Considering the complexity of MNP-soil interactions, multi-scale experiments using environmental relevant MNPs are required to shed light on the effects of MNPs on soil nutrients. By learning how MNPs influence soil nutrients cycles, this review can guide policy and management decisions to safeguard soil health and ensure sustainable agriculture and land use practices.

Phosphorus fertilization and mycorrhizal colonization change silver nanoparticle impacts on maize.

Environmental risks of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have aroused considerable concern, however, their ecotoxicity in soil-plant systems has yet not been well elaborated, particularly in agroecosystems with various fertility levels and soil biota. The aims of the present study were to determine AgNPs impacts on maize as influenced by mycorrhizal inoculation and P fertilization. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted determine the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices and P fertilization (0, 20, and 50 P mg/kg soil, as Ca(H2PO4)2) on plant growth, Ag accumulation and physiological responses of maize exposed to AgNPs (1 mg/kg), or an equivalent Ag+. Overall, AgNPs and Ag+ did not significantly affect plant biomass and acquisition of mineral nutrients, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), chlorophyll contents and photosystem (PS) II photochemical efficiency. In most cases, AgNPs and Ag+ caused similar Ag accumulation in plant tissues. P fertilization significantly increased Ag bioavailability and plant Ag accumulation, but only promoted the growth and P uptake of nonmycorrhizal plants. AM inoculation produced positive impacts on plant biomass, nutritional and physiological responses, but slightly affected extractable Ag in soil and Ag accumulation in plants. Mycorrhizal responses in plant growth and P uptake were more pronounced in the treatments without P but with Ag. By and large, AgNPs exhibited similar phytoavailability, phytoaccumulation and low phytotoxicity compared to Ag+, but higher fungitoxicity (i.e., lower root colonization). In conclusion, both AM inoculation and P fertilization can improve plant performance in the soil exposed to Ag, but P increases environmental risk of Ag. Our results indicate a beneficial role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi but a dual role of P in soil-plant systems exposed to AgNPs or Ag+.

H2O2 Is Involved in the Metallothionein-Mediated Rice Tolerance to Copper and Cadmium Toxicity.

Cadmium (Cd) and excess copper (Cu) are toxic to plants, causing a wide range of deleterious effects including the formation of reactive oxygen species. Metallothioneins (MTs) may protect plant cells from heavy metal toxicity by chelating heavy metals via cysteine thiol groups. They may also function as antioxidants. The study investigated the relationship of H2O2 production and ricMT expression in rice radicles and rice suspension cells under Cu or Cd stress. The results showed that H2O2 production in the rice radicles increased before Cu-induced ricMT expression, and after Cd-induced ricMT expression. Rice suspension cells of sense- and antisense-ricMT transgenic lines were obtained by an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Overexpression of ricMT significantly decreased the death rate of rice cells, which was accompanied by blocked H2O2 accumulation in rice suspension cells subject to Cu and Cd stress. Our findings confirm that H2O2 is involved in the MT-mediated tolerance of Cu and Cd toxicity in rice.

Diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi along altitudinal gradients in Mount Taibai of the Qinling Mountains.

Elevational patterns of plant and animal diversity have been studied for centuries; however, the effects of land elevation on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity remains unclear. We examined AM fungal diversity and distribution along 19 elevation belts in Mount Taibai of the Qinling Mountains, with the aim to assess the altitudinal diversity patterns. In total, 63 AM fungal taxa belonging to 12 genera were discovered. Mycorrhizal colonization rates on roots; AM fungal spore density; and fungal species richness, evenness, and diversity had different patterns in terms of the changes of elevation. Root colonization followed a cubical parabolic pattern, with a peak and a foot at an elevation of about 2000 and 3000 m above sea level, respectively. Species richness decreased monotonically from the lowest to the highest elevations. Spore density and α-diversity exhibited a unimodal pattern and peaked at an elevation of 2107 and 1350 m, respectively. Species evenness increased monotonically at an elevation of between 1050 and 2250 m. ß-Diversity also presented a basically incremental pattern along altitudinal gradients. Our findings suggest that elevation changes were the main factor governing the patterns of AM fungal diversity.

Preparation of microbial agent immobilized composites for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater.

Because of its extreme toxicity and health risks, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has been identified as a major environmental contaminant. Bioreduction is considered as one of effective techniques for cleaning up Cr(VI)-contaminated sites, but the remediation efficiency needs to be enhanced. Here, a novel immobilized microbial agent was produced by immobilizing Bacillus cereus ZY-2009 with sodium alginate (SA) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and activated carbon (AC). To evaluate the decrease of Cr(VI) by immobilized bacterial agents, batch tests were conducted with varying immobilization conditions, immobilization carriers, and dosages of medication. The removal of Cr(VI) by the agent prepared by the composite immobilization method was better than that by the adsorption and encapsulation methods. The optimal preparation conditions were the fraction of magnetic PVA was 5.00%, the fraction of SA was 4.00%, the fraction of CaCl2 was 4.00%, and the calcification time was 12 h. The experimental results indicated that PVA/SA/AC agents accelerated the reduction rate of Cr(VI). The removal rate of Cr(VI) by immobilized cells (90.5%) under ideal conditions was substantially higher than that of free cells (11.0%). This novel agent had a large specific surface area and a rich pore structure, accounting for its high reduction rate. The results suggest that the PVA/SA/AC immobilized Bacillus cereus ZY-2009 agent has great potential to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater treatment systems.

Microplastics change soil properties, plant performance, and bacterial communities in salt-affected soils.

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants found globally. However, their effects on soil-plant systems in salt-affected habitats remain unknown. Here, we examined the effects of polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) on soil properties, maize performance, and bacterial communities in soils with different salinity levels. Overall, MPs decreased soil electrical conductivity and increased NH4+-N and NO3--N contents. Adding NaCl alone had promoting and inhibitive effects on plant growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, the addition of 0.2% PLA increased shoot biomass, while 2% PLA decreased it. Salinity increased Na content and decreased K/Na ratio in plant tissues (particularly roots), which were further modified by MPs. NaCl and MPs singly and jointly regulated the expression of functional genes related to salt tolerance in leaves, including ZMSOS1, ZMHKT1, and ZMHAK1. Exposure to NaCl alone had a slight effect on soil bacterial α-diversity, but in most cases, MPs increased ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indexes. Both MPs and NaCl altered bacterial community composition, although the specific effects varied depending on the type and concentration of MPs and the salinity level. Overall, PLA had more pronounced effects on soil-plant systems compared to PE. These findings bridge knowledge gaps in the risks of MPs in salt-affected habitats.

[Effects of Microplastics on the Leaching of Nutrients and Cadmium from Soil].

The environmental effects of microplastics, which are considered a type of emerging contaminants, have attracted increasing concern due to their small size, large specific surface area, strong adsorption capacity, and low degradability. Microplastics can change soil properties and affect the migration ability of nutrients and pollutants in soil, but their effects on the leaching of soil nutrients and heavy metals have not been sufficiently studied. A soil column leaching experiment was conducted to explore the effects of polystyrene (PS) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics at different mass fractions (0%, 0.2%, and 2%) on the leaching of nutrients and cadmium under simulated rainfall scenarios. The results showed that increasing rainfall intensity enhanced the leaching of nutrients and cadmium from soil. During downpour conditions, 2% PS significantly increased the leaching of total nitrogen and the content of available phosphorus in soil and reduced the leaching of inorganic phosphorus and the content of ammonium nitrogen in the soil, whereas it increased the content of available potassium during heavy rain. By comparison, 2% PLA reduced the leaching of nitrate nitrogen during heavy rain and intense rainfall and decreased the content of ammonium nitrogen in soil during intense rainfall and downpour conditions and the content of total nitrogen in soil during downpours. In addition, 0.2% PLA significantly increased cadmium leaching during downpours. To conclude, the effects of microplastics on the leaching of nutrients and cadmium were dependent on the type and concentration of microplastics, as well as the rainfall level. Our findings showed that the microplastics derived from both nondegradable PS and biodegradable PLA could affect the leaching of nutrients and heavy metals from soil.

Remediation of oil-polluted soil using anionic and non-ionic composite biosurfactants.

Petroleum hydrocarbons as pervasive pollutants pose a significant threat to soil ecology and human health. Surfactant washing as an established technique can effectively remediate soils contaminated by hydrocarbons. Biosurfactants, which combine the properties of surfactants and environmental compatibility, have attracted increasing interest. However, due to the high production cost of biosurfactants, their practical application is restricted. This study addressed these limitations by selecting two biosurfactants, ß-cyclodextrin (C1) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (C2), and developed a promising cleaning agent formula through compounding and the addition of suitable additives. When the volume ratio of C1 to C2 was 8:2 and an 8 g/L mixture of sodium humate and sodium carbonate electrolyte was added, the surfactant system's surface tension reached a minimum, yielding optimal oil removal. The formation and synergistic behaviour of mixed micelles of surfactants were explained using ideal solution theory and the Rubingh model. By optimising the oil washing process parameters - normal temperature of 25 °C, pH 11, washing time of 2 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1:5, and oscillation frequency of 200 r/min - the oil removal rate achieved 76%. This cleaning agent, characterised by low production cost, straightforward application, environmental compatibility, and rapid, significant cleaning effect, shows potential for field-scale purification of petroleum-contaminated soil.

Biodegradable Microplastic-Driven Change in Soil pH Affects Soybean Rhizosphere Microbial N Transformation Processes.

The potential impacts of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable microplastics (MPs) on rhizosphere microbial nitrogen (N) transformation processes remain ambiguous. Here, we systematically investigated how biodegradable (polybutylene succinate, PBS) MPs and nonbiodegradable (polyethylene, PE) MPs affect microbial N processes by determining rhizosphere soil indicators of typical Glycine max (soybean)-soil (i.e., red and brown soils) systems. Our results show that MPs altered soil pH and dissolved organic carbon in MP/soil type-dependent manners. Notably, soybean growth displayed greater sensitivity to 1% (w/w) PBS MP exposure in red soil than that in brown soil since 1% PBS acidified the red soil and impeded nutrient uptake by plants. In the rhizosphere, 1% PBS negatively impacted microbial community composition and diversity, weakened microbial N processes (mainly denitrification and ammonification), and disrupted rhizosphere metabolism. Overall, it is suggested that biodegradable MPs, compared to nonbiodegradable MPs, can more significantly influence the ecological function of the plant-soil system.

Response and adaptation mechanisms of Apostichopus japonicus to single and combined anthropogenic stresses of polystyrene microplastics or cadmium.

Microplastics (MPs) have become pervasive in marine ecosystems, exerting detrimental effects on marine life. The concurrent presence and interaction of MPs and heavy metals in aquatic environments could engender more insidious toxicological impacts. This study aimed to elucidate the potential impacts and underlying mechanisms of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), cadmium (Cd), and their combined stress (MPs-Cd) on sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus). It focused on the growth, Cd bioaccumulation, oxidative stress responses, immunoenzymatic activities, and metabolic profiles, specifically considering PS-MPs sizes preferentially ingested by these organisms. The high-dose MPs (MH) treatment group exhibited an increase in cadmium bioavailability within the sea cucumbers. Exposure to PS-MPs or Cd triggered the activation of antioxidant defenses and immune responses. PS-MPs and Cd exhibited a synergistic effect on lysozyme (LZM) activity. A total of 149, 316, 211, 197, 215, 619, 434, and 602 differentially expressed metabolites were identified, distinguishing the low-dose MPs (ML), high-dose MPs (MH), low-dose Cd (LCd), low-dose MPs and low-dose Cd (MLLCd), high-dose MPs and low-dose Cd (MHLCd), high-dose Cd (HCd), low-dose MPs and high-dose Cd (MLHCd), high-dose MPs and high-dose Cd (MHHCd) groups, respectively. Metabolomic analyses revealed disruptions in lipid metabolism, nervous system function, signal transduction, and transport and catabolism pathways following exposure to PS-MPs, Cd, and MPs-Cd. Correlation analyses among key differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) underscored the interregulation among these metabolic pathways. These results offer new perspectives on the distinct and synergistic toxicological impacts of microplastics and cadmium on aquatic species, highlighting the complex interplay between environmental contaminants and their effects on marine life.

Insight into the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity based on spatial variations in pelagic ciliate communities along the western Arctic Ocean.

The latitudinal dynamics of biodiversity has been the focus of global attention. This study is based on the latitude gradient of biodiversity in the spatial changes of pelagic ciliate communities in the western Arctic Ocean. The gradient pattern of pelagic ciliate communities across four latitudes were investigated from the water surface at 22 sampling station in the northern Bering Sea of the western Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea from August 5 to August 24, 2016. Based on multivariate analyses, the results showed that (1) the spatial patterns of pelagic ciliates represented a significant latitudinal gradient along the western Arctic Ocean; (2) the species number and abundance of pelagic ciliate communities declined from 64°N to 80°N; (3) variations in the horizontal distribution of ciliates were significantly correlated with changes in physicochemical variables, especially water temperature and Chl a; Thus it is suggested that the expected latitudinal decline of biodiversity was evident along the western Arctic Ocean.

Microplastics drive community dynamics of periphytic protozoan fauna in marine environments.

The pollution of microplastics (MPs) to the marine environment has become a widespread focus of attention. To assess MP-induced ecotoxicity on marine ecosystems, periphytic protozoan communities were used as test organisms and exposed to five concentrations of MPs: 0, 1, 5, 25, and 125 mg l-1. Protozoan samples were collected using microscope slides from coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, northern China. A total of 13 protozoan species were identified and represented different tolerance to MP-induced ecotoxicity. Inhibition effects of MPs on the test protozoan communities were clearly shown in terms of both the species richness and individual abundance and followed linear relationships to MP concentrations. The community patterns were driven by MPs and significantly shifted at concentrations over 5 mg l-1. Our findings demonstrated that MPs may induce the community-level ecotoxic response of periphytic protozoan fauna and followed significant community dynamics. Thus, it is suggested that periphytic protozoan fauna may be used as useful community-based test model organisms for evaluating MP-induced ecotoxicity in marine environments.

Global hotspots and trends in interactions of microplastics and heavy metals: a bibliometric analysis and literature review.

Microplastics (MPs) are identified as emerging contaminants; however, their interactions with heavy metals in the environment have not been well elucidated. Here, the research progress, hotspots, and trends in the interactions of MPs and heavy metals were analyzed at a global scale using a bibliometric analysis combined with a literature review. We comprehensively searched the Web of Science Core Collection database from 2008 to July 5, 2022. A total of 552 articles published in 124 journals were selected, which came from 70 countries and 841 institutions. The most contributing journals, countries, institutions, and authors were identified. Visualization methods were used to identify high co-citation references and hot keywords in the 552 articles. Evolutionary and cluster analyses of hot keywords suggested several research hotspots in the co-contamination of MPs and heavy metals, including their toxicity and bioaccumulation, the adsorption and desorption behaviors, the environmental pollution and risk assessment, and their detection and characterization. Based on the current research status, several directions of priority are recommended to understand the interactions between MPs and heavy metals and their potential risks. This article can help recognize the current research status and future directions in this field.

AMF Inoculation Alleviates Molybdenum Toxicity to Maize by Protecting Leaf Performance.

The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a vital strategy for enhancing the phytoremediation of heavy metals. However, the role of AMF under molybdenum (Mo) stress is elusive. A pot culture experiment was conducted to explore the effects of AMF (Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus intraradices) inoculation on the uptake and transport of Mo and the physiological growth of maize plants under different levels of Mo addition (0, 100, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg). AMF inoculation significantly increased the biomass of maize plants, and the mycorrhizal dependency reached 222% at the Mo addition level of 1000 mg/kg. Additionally, AMF inoculation could induce different growth allocation strategies in response to Mo stress. Inoculation significantly reduced Mo transport, and the active accumulation of Mo in the roots reached 80% after inoculation at the high Mo concentration of 2000 mg/kg. In addition to enhancing the net photosynthetic and pigment content, inoculation also increased the biomass by enhancing the uptake of nutrients, including P, K, Zn, and Cu, to resist Mo stress. In conclusion, C. etunicatum and R. intraradices were tolerant to the Mo stress and could alleviate the Mo-induced phytotoxicity by regulating the allocation of Mo in plants and improving photosynthetic leaf pigment contents and the uptake of nutrition. Compared with C. etunicatum, R. intraradices showed a stronger tolerance to Mo, which was manifested by a stronger inhibition of Mo transport and a higher uptake of nutrient elements. Accordingly, AMF show potential for the bioremediation of Mo-polluted soil.

Hexavalent chromium removal by a resistant strain Bacillus cereus ZY-2009.

Bioreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by reducing microbes has attracted increasing concern. Here, Cr(VI) removal capacity of a Cr(VI)-resistant bacterium isolated from activated sludge was investigated. Based on its physio-biochemical attributes and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Bacillus cereus ZY-2009. It grew normally in the media containing 10-100 mg/L Cr(VI), indicating its high resistance to Cr(VI). Under the optimal conditions of pH 7.0, inoculation amount 10%, and temperature 30°C, Cr(VI) was effectively removed, with a removal rate of ∼80%. Co-existing Fe3+ and Cu2+ greatly increased Cr(VI) removal, but Cd2+ showed significant inhibition. Cr(VI) was removed mainly via enzyme-mediated bioreduction but not biosorption. Cr(VI) was reduced by different cell fractions (i.e. extracellular secretions, cytoplasm, and cell envelope), implying that Cr(VI) can be reduced both extracellularly and intracellularly. This strain can be used in the bioremediation of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater, with Fe3+ and Cu2+ as stimulators.

Effects of microplastics on cadmium accumulation by rice and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in cadmium-contaminated soil.

Both microplastics (MPs) and cadmium (Cd) are common contaminants in soil-rice systems, but their combined effects remain unknown. Thereby, we explored the effects of three MPs, i.e., polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyester (PES), on Cd accumulation in rice and the community diversity and structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil spiked with or without Cd. Results showed that 2% PLA decreased shoot biomass (-28%), but PET had a weaker inhibitive effect. Overall, Cd alone did not significantly change shoot and root biomass and increased root biomass in combination with 0.2% PES. MPs generally increased soil Cd availability but decreased Cd accumulation in rice tissues. Both MPs and Cd improved the bioavailability and uptake of Fe and Mn in rice roots. MPs altered the diversity and community composition of AMF, depending on their type and dose and co-existing Cd. Overall, 2% PLA caused the most distinct changes in soil properties, plant growth and Cd accumulation, and AMF communities, but showed no synergistic interactions with Cd. In conclusion, MPs can mediate rice performance and Cd accumulation via altering soil properties, nutrient uptake, and root mycorrhizal communities, and biodegradable PLA MPs thought environment-friendly can exhibit higher phytotoxicity than conventional MPs.