Evolutionary relationship of moso bamboo forms and a multihormone regulatory cascade involving culm shape variation.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) known as Mao Zhu (MZ) in Chinese exhibits various forms with distinct morphological characteristics. However, the evolutionary relationship among MZ forms and the mechanisms of culm shape variation are still lacking. Here, the main differences among MZ forms were identified as culm shape variation, which were confirmed by analysing MZ forms (799 bamboo culms) and MZ (458 bamboo culms) populations. To unravel the genetic basis underlying the morphological variations, 20 MZ forms were subjected to whole-genome resequencing. Further analysis yielded 3 230 107 high-quality SNPs and uncovered low genetic diversity and high genotype heterozygosity associated with MZ forms' formation. By integrating the SNP data of 427 MZ individuals representing 15 geographic regions, the origins of eight MZ forms were successfully traced using the phylogenetic tree and the identified common heterozygous loci. Meanwhile, transcriptomic analysis was performed using shoots from MZ and its two forms with culm shape variation. The results, combined with genomic analyses, demonstrated that hormone signalling related genes played crucial roles in culm variation. Co-expression network analysis uncovered genes associated with multiple plant hormone signal transduction, especially auxin and cytokinin were involved in culm shape variation. Furthermore, the regulatory relationships of a specific transcription factor and their target genes associated with auxin and ethylene signalling were validated by yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dual-luciferase reporter. Overall, this study provides important insights into the culm shape variation formation in bamboo, which facilitates to breed new varieties with novel culms.

A bamboo 'PeSAPK4-PeMYB99-PeTIP4-3' regulatory model involved in water transport.

Water plays crucial roles in expeditious growth and osmotic stress of bamboo. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of water transport remains unclear. In this study, an aquaporin gene, PeTIP4-3, was identified through a joint analysis of root pressure and transcriptomic data in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). PeTIP4-3 was highly expressed in shoots, especially in the vascular bundle sheath cells. Overexpression of PeTIP4-3 could increase drought and salt tolerance in transgenic yeast and rice. A co-expression pattern of PeSAPK4, PeMYB99 and PeTIP4-3 was revealed by WGCNA. PeMYB99 exhibited an ability to independently bind to and activate PeTIP4-3, which augmented tolerance to drought and salt stress. PeSAPK4 could interact with and phosphorylate PeMYB99 in vivo and in vitro, wherein they synergistically accelerated PeTIP4-3 transcription. Overexpression of PeMYB99 and PeSAPK4 also conferred drought and salt tolerance in transgenic rice. Further ABA treatment analysis indicated that PeSAPK4 enhanced water transport in response to stress via ABA signaling. Collectively, an ABA-mediated cascade of PeSAPK4-PeMYB99-PeTIP4-3 is proposed, which governs water transport in moso bamboo.

A bamboo bHLH transcription factor PeRHL4 has dual functions in enhancing drought and phosphorus starvation tolerance.

ROOTHAIRLESS (RHL) is a typical type of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF), which has been reported to participate in various aspects of plant growth and in response to stress. However, the functions of RHL subfamily members in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) remain unknown. In this study, we identified 14 bHLH genes (PeRHL1-PeRHL14) in moso bamboo. Phylogenetic tree and conserved motif analyses showed that PeRHLs were clustered into three clades. The expression analysis suggested that PeRHL4 was co-expressed with PeTIP1-1 and PePHT1-1 in moso bamboo. Moreover, these three genes were all up-regulated in moso bamboo under drought stress and phosphate starvation. Y1H, DLR and EMSA assays demonstrated that PeRHL4 could activate the expression of PeTIP1-1 and PePHT1-1. Furthermore, overexpression of PeRHL4 could increase both drought and phosphate starvation tolerance in transgenic rice, in which the expression of OsTIPs and OsPHT1s was significantly improved, respectively. Overall, our results indicated that drought stress and phosphate starvation could induce the expression of PeRHL4, which in turn activated downstream genes involved in water and phosphate transport. Collectively, our findings reveal that PeRHL4 acting as a positive regulator contributes to enhancing the tolerance of moso bamboo under drought stress and phosphate starvation.

Assessing the impact of Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) pesticide stress on oilseed rape (Brassia campestris L.): Residue dynamics, enzyme activities, and metabolite profiling.

This study investigates the effects of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) pesticide stress on oilseed rape through comprehensive pot experiments. Assessing CAP residue variations in soil and oilseed rape (Brassia campestris L.), enzyme activities (POD, CPR, GST), and differential metabolites, we unveil significant findings. The average CAP residue levels were 18.38-13.70 mg/kg in unplanted soil, 9.94-6.30 mg/kg in planted soil, and 0-4.18 mg/kg in oilseed rape samples, respectively. Soil microbial influences and systemic pesticide translocation into oilseed rape contribute to CAP residue variations. Under the influence of CAP stress, oilseed rape displays escalated enzyme activities (POD, CPR, GST) and manifests 57 differential metabolites. Among these, 32 demonstrate considerable downregulation, mainly impacting amino acids and phenolic compounds, while 25 exhibit noteworthy overexpression, primarily affecting flavonoid compounds. This impact extends to 24 metabolic pathways, notably influencing amide biosynthesis, as well as arginine and proline metabolism. These findings underscore the discernible effects of CAP pesticide stress on oilseed rape.

Comprehensive analysis of the clinical and biological significances of cholesterol metabolism in lower-grade gliomas.

BACKGROUND: As a component of membrane lipids and the precursor of oxysterols and steroid hormones, reprogrammed cholesterol metabolism contributes to the initiation and progression of multiple cancers. Thus, we aim to further investigate the significances of cholesterol metabolism in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs). METHODS: The present study included 413 LGG samples from TCGA RNA-seq dataset (training cohort) and 172 LGG samples from CGGA RNA-seq dataset (validation cohort). The cholesterol metabolism-related signature was identified by the LASSO regression model. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to explore the functional roles of this signature in LGGs. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were enrolled to estimate prognostic value of the risk signature. RESULTS: Our findings suggested that cholesterol metabolism was tightly associated clinicopathologic features and genomic alterations of LGGs. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that cholesterol metabolism played a key role in immunosuppression of LGGs, mainly by promoting macrophages polarization and T cell exhaustion. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression analysis showed that cholesterol metabolism was an independent prognostic indicator for LGG patients. To improve the clinical application value of the risk signature, we also constructed a nomogram model to predict the 1-, 3- and 5-year survival of LGG patients. CONCLUSION: The cholesterol metabolism was powerful prognostic indicator and could serve as a promising target to enhance personalized treatment of LGGs.

Indoles Oxidative Ring-Opening/Cyclization Cascade with the 1,2-Diaminoarenes: Direct Synthesis of 2-Aryl-3-(2-aminoaryl)quinoxalines.

A mild oxidative sequential tandem reaction was developed to rapidly generate 2-aryl-3-(2-aminoaryl) quinoxalines. This method exploited 2-substituted indoles as substrate to form quinoxalines in a one-pot reaction. The key to this tandem reaction was the formation of 3-iodoindoles, which underwent Kornblum-type oxidation with DMSO to generate active imine 2-substitued 3H-indol-3-ones. The active imines were captured in situ by 1,2-diaminobenzenes to construct diverse quinoxalines. The transformation can be accomplished at room temperature with excellent functional group tolerance.

Integrated analysis of the genomic and transcriptional profile of high-grade gliomas in different age groups.

BACKGROUND: Age is a powerful prognostic factor of high-grade glioma (HGG). However, the underlying genetic mechanisms of the discrepant prognosis among different age groups remain elusive. METHODS: A total of 953 and 559 HGG patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) cohorts were enrolled and assigned as young, intermediate, elderly groups. The data of clinicopathological characteristics, mRNA, mutation, copy number alteration was analyzed. RESULTS: Transcriptomic analysis revealed that diverse biological processes including immune response are altered between the young and elderly groups. Combined with the analysis of infiltrating immune cells and immune checkpoints, our results suggest an immune suppression status in the elderly group. Patients from different age groups exhibit different mutation and copy number alteration profiles. CONCLUSIONS: A multi-omics analysis is conducted to explore the biological basis of HGG patients of different age groups. This study suggests an immune-suppressive environment in elderly patients.

Novel roles of VAT1 expression in the immunosuppressive action of diffuse gliomas.

Standard treatment regimen of gliomas has almost reached a bottleneck in terms of survival benefit. Immunotherapy has been explored and applied in glioma treatment. Immunosuppression, as a hallmark of glioma, could be alleviated by inhibiting certain abnormally expressed biomarkers. Here, transcriptome data of 325 whole grade gliomas were collected from the CGGA database. The TCGA RNA sequencing database was used for validation. Western blot was used to verify the expression level of VAT1 on cellular level. The results showed that the expression of VAT1 was positively correlated with the grades of glioma as classified by WHO. A higher expression level of VAT1 was observed in the mesenchymal subtype of gliomas. The area under the curve suggested that the expression level of VAT1 might be a potential prognostic marker of mesenchymal subtype. In survival analysis, we found that patients with high VAT1 expression level tended to have shorter overall survival, which indicated the prognostic value of VAT1 expression. The results of gene ontology analysis showed that most biological processes of VAT1-related genes were involved in immune and inflammatory responses. The results of GSEA analysis showed a negative correlation between VAT1 expression and immune cells. We also identified that the expression of immune checkpoints increased with VAT1 expression. Therefore, the high expression level of VAT1 in patients with glioma was a potential indicator of a lower survival rate for patients with gliomas. Remarkably, VAT1 contributed to glioma-induced immunosuppression and might be a novel target in glioma immunotherapy.

Prognostic value of a nine-gene signature in glioma patients based on tumor-associated macrophages expression profiling.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are regarded as the most abundantly infiltrating immune cells around the tumor microenvironment in gliomas, which plays an important role in tumorgenesis and immunosuppression. A total of 216 patients diagnosed with primary glioma were obtained from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas of which the RNA sequencing data was used as training set. RNA sequencing from the Cancer Genome Atlas was applicated for validation. We found that mesenchymal subtype showed strong positive correlation with macrophage-related genes (MRGs) expression. Survival analysis showed that high expression level of MRG predicted poor prognosis. A TAM-based nine-gene signature was constructed, which divided the samples into high- and low-risk of unfavorable outcome. The result of Cox regression analysis showed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor in gliomas. Hence, the expression of TAMs was correlated with patient survival. The nine-TAM-related gene signature can predict patient survival efficiently.

Evaluation of pyraoxystrobin bioconcentration in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using modified QuEChERS extraction.

Pyraoxystrobin is a novel strobilurin fungicide that is widely used on many crops. The high log Kow of pyraoxystrobin implies that it tends to accumulate in aquatic organisms. This study optimized the sorbents of QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) using 13C-labelled pyraoxystrobin as the internal standard (IS). It has been established a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS IS method to study the bioconcentration and elimination of pyraoxystrobin in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results indicated that the method had satisfactory linearity between 0.234 and 15 µg L-1 (R2 = 0.9996). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for pyraoxystrobin were 0.01 and 0.03 µg L-1, respectively. The LOQs of the method for water and zebrafish were 0.05 µg L-1 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The mean recovery of pyraoxystrobin in zebrafish and water at fortification levels of 0.01-0.3 mg kg-1 and 0.05-1.5 µg L-1 ranged from 98.31 to 105.61% and 101.87 to 108.48%, respectively, with a % RSD (relative standard deviation) of 0.94-3.57%. The bioconcentration has been evaluated. The bioconcentration factors for pyraoxystrobin in zebrafish were 1,792 and 3,505 after exposure to 0.5 µg L-1 for 168 h and 0.05 µg L-1 for 216 h, respectively. The half-life of pyraoxystrobin in zebrafish was 9.0-9.5 d.

Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression and methylation regulation in glioblastoma.

Different gene expression and methylation profiles are identified in glioblastoma (GBM). To screen the differentially expressed genes affected by DNA methylation modification and further investigate their prognostic values for GBMs. We included The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA sequencing (676) and DNA methylation (Illumina Human Methylation 450K; 657) databases to detect the gene expression and methylation profiles. Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) RNA sequencing database and TCGA DNA methylation (Illumina Human Methylation 27K; 283) was included for validation. Gene expression and DNA methylation statues were identified using principal components analysis (PCA). A total of 3365 differentially expressed genes were identified. Among them, 2940 genes showed low methylation and high expression, while 425 genes showed high methylation and low expression in GBMs. An eight-gene (C9orf64, OSMR, MDK, MARVELD1, PTRF, MYD88, BIRC3, RPP25) signature was established to divide GBM patients into two groups based on the cut-off point (27.24). The high risk group had shorter overall survival (OS) than low risk group (median OS 15.77 vs. 10.61 months; P = 0.0002). Moreover, the different clinical and molecular features were shown between two groups. These findings could be validated in additional datasets. The differentially expressed genes affected by DNA methylation modification were detected. Our results showed that the eight-gene signature has independently prognostic value for GBM patients.

Regional specificity of 1p/19q co-deletion combined with radiological features for predicting the survival outcomes of anaplastic oligodendroglial tumor patients.

In this study we aimed to identify the anatomic features of 1p/19q co-deletion and investigate the predictive values of tumor location and radiological characteristics for the survival of anaplastic oligodendroglial (AO) glioma patients. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) analysis was applied to define the brain regions associated with occurrence of 1p/19q co-deletion in a cohort of 206 AO tumor patients (discovery set) treated between May 2009 and September 2013. Retrospectively, the acquired clusters and radiological features were subjected to Kaplan-Meier survival analysis using data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (validation set) to evaluate their prognostic role in AO patients. The institutional review board approved this study. The right frontal lobe and right anterior insular lobe were specifically associated with high occurrence of 1p/19q co-deletion. For AO tumors not involving these areas, the absence of contrast enhancement predicted longer progression-free (p = 0.018) and overall survival (p = 0.020); moreover, in patients with contrast enhancement, edema could stratify the survival outcome (p = 0.013 for progression-free survival, p = 0.016 for overall survival). For AO tumors located in the VLSM-identified regions, edema was also able to stratify the survival outcome of patients without contrast enhancement (p = 0.025 for progression-free survival, p = 0.028 for overall survival). The 1p/19q co-deletion showed predilection for specific brain regions. According to the tumor involvement of VLSM-identified regions associated with 1p/19q co-deletion, radiological features were predictive for AO patient survival outcomes.

An immune-related lncRNA signature for patients with anaplastic gliomas.

We investigated immune-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that may be exploited as potential therapeutic targets in anaplastic gliomas. We obtained 572 lncRNAs and 317 immune genes from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas microarray and constructed immune-related lncRNAs co-expression networks to identify immune-related lncRNAs. Two additional datasets (GSE16011, REMBRANDT) were used for validation. Gene set enrichment analysis and principal component analysis were used for functional annotation. Immune-lncRNAs co-expression networks were constructed. Nine immune-related lncRNAs (SNHG8, PGM5-AS1, ST20-AS1, LINC00937, AGAP2-AS1, MIR155HG, TUG1, MAPKAPK5-AS1, and HCG18) signature was identified in patients with anaplastic gliomas. Patients in the low-risk group showed longer overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival than those in the high-risk group (P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001). Additionally, patients in the high-risk group displayed no-deletion of chromosomal arms 1p and/or 19q, isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type, classical and mesenchymal TCGA subtype, G3 CGGA subtype, and lower Karnofsky performance score (KPS). Moreover, the signature was an independent factor and was significantly associated with the OS (P = 0.000, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.434). These findings were further validated in two additional datasets (GSE16011, REMBRANDT). Low-risk and high-risk groups displayed different immune status based on principal components analysis. Our results showed that the nine immune-related lncRNAs signature has prognostic value for anaplastic gliomas.

The pathogenesis shared between abdominal aortic aneurysms and intracranial aneurysms: a microarray analysis.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) and intracranial saccular aneurysms (IAs) are the most common types of aneurysms. This study was to investigate the common pathogenesis shared between these two kinds of aneurysms. We collected 12 IAs samples and 12 control arteries from the Beijing Tiantan Hospital and performed microarray analysis. In addition, we utilized the microarray datasets of IAs and AAAs from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), in combination with our microarray results, to generate messenger RNA expression profiles for both AAAs and IAs in our study. Functional exploration and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were performed. A total of 727 common genes were differentially expressed (404 was upregulated; 323 was downregulated) for both AAAs and IAs. The GO and pathway analyses showed that the common dysregulated genes were mainly enriched in vascular smooth muscle contraction, muscle contraction, immune response, defense response, cell activation, IL-6 signaling and chemokine signaling pathways, etc. The further protein-protein analysis identified 35 hub nodes, including TNF, IL6, MAPK13, and CCL5. These hub node genes were enriched in inflammatory response, positive regulation of IL-6 production, chemokine signaling pathway, and T/B cell receptor signaling pathway. Our study will gain new insight into the molecular mechanisms for the pathogenesis of both types of aneurysms and provide new therapeutic targets for the patients harboring AAAs and IAs.

Identifying the association between contrast enhancement pattern, surgical resection, and prognosis in anaplastic glioma patients.

INTRODUCTION: Contrast enhancement observable on magnetic resonance (MR) images reflects the destructive features of malignant gliomas. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between radiologic patterns of tumor enhancement, extent of resection, and prognosis in patients with anaplastic gliomas (AGs). METHODS: Clinical data from 268 patients with histologically confirmed AGs were retrospectively analyzed. Contrast enhancement patterns were classified based on preoperative T1-contrast MR images. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of MR enhancement patterns on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The pattern of tumor contrast enhancement was associated with the extent of surgical resection in AGs. A gross total resection was more likely to be achieved for AGs with focal enhancement than those with diffuse (p = 0.001) or ring-like (p = 0.024) enhancement. Additionally, patients with focal-enhanced AGs had a significantly longer PFS and OS than those with diffuse (log-rank, p = 0.025 and p = 0.031, respectively) or ring-like (log-rank, p = 0.008 and p = 0.011, respectively) enhanced AGs. Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified the pattern of tumor enhancement as a significant predictor of PFS (p = 0.016, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.485) and OS (p = 0.030, HR = 1.446). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the contrast enhancement pattern on preoperative MR images was associated with the extent of resection and predictive of survival outcomes in AG patients.

Deficiency of very large G-protein-coupled receptor-1 is a risk factor of tumor-related epilepsy: a whole transcriptome sequencing analysis.

The majority of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) experience epileptic seizures as their initial symptom, while the underlying mechanisms of tumor-related seizures are still far from being fully understood. In addition to tumor type and location, genetic changes of LGGs are considered to be influential factors in causing epileptic seizures. Nevertheless, the molecular biomarkers associated with tumor-related epilepsy have rarely been identified. RNA sequence data from 80 patients with histologically confirmed LGG were collected from the Chinese glioma genome atlas database and significant differences in expression levels of 33 genes were found. One of the genes, Very large G-protein-coupled receptor-1 (VLGR1), had been previously associated with seizures. Therefore, we investigated the association between LGG-related epilepsy and VLGR1, which played a role in idiopathic epilepsy. The level of VLGR1 expression was compared between patients with epileptic seizures and those without using the reads per kilobase transcriptome per million method. To evaluate the prognostic role of VLGR1 gene expression, the progression-free survival was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method and a multivariate Cox model. We demonstrated that VLGR1 had a significantly lower expression level in patients with epileptic seizures compared to seizure-free patients (p = 0.003). Furthermore, VLGR1 was highly associated with the presence of seizures in a multivariate statistical model. However, VLGR1 could not serve as an independent prognostic factor to determine progression-free survival of LGG patients. Based on RNA sequence data analysis, our results suggest that low expression of VLGR1 is a significant risk factor of epileptic seizures in patients with LGG.

Gigantic ossified chronic epidural haematoma and contralateral postoperative subdural haematoma: A case report and literature review.

A 21-year-old woman was found to have a dramatic intracranial space-occupying lesion found via CT scan performed to investigate headache. Craniotomy was performed and the mass found to be a chronic extradural haematoma, whose aetiology was likely to have been spontaneous, due to thrombocytopenia in infancy. Although this was removed, her recovery was complicated by the need to treat a contralateral delayed subdural haematoma.

Olfactory schwannoma: a report of two cases and literature review.

Intracranial schwannoma is a kind of benign intracranial tumors, derived from neuron myelin sheath, growing slowly and curable. Olfactory schwannoma is an exceedingly rare kind of schwannoma, whose origin is still uncovered. Although several theories have been put up for pathogenesis of olfactory schwannoma, till now, none of these hypotheses has been widely accepted and acknowledged officially. Up to date, only 46 cases of olfactory schwannoma were reported across numerous institutes worldwide. Here we gathered two cases from Department of Neurosurgery in Beijing Tiantan Hospital across two years collection.

Identification and characterization of FBA genes in moso bamboo reveals PeFBA8 related to photosynthetic carbon metabolism.

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is a pivotal enzyme, which plays a critical role in fixing CO2 through the process of in the Calvin cycle. In this study, a comprehensive exploration of the FBA family genes in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) was conducted by the bioinformatics and biological analyses. A total of nine FBA genes (PeFBA1-PeFBA9) were identified in the moso bamboo genome. The expression patterns of PeFBAs across diverse tissues of moso bamboo suggested that they have multifaceted functionality. Notably, PeFBA8 might play an important role in regulating photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Co-expression and cis-element analyses demonstrated that PeFBA8 was regulated by a photosynthetic regulatory transcription factor (PeGLK1), which was confirmed by yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays. In-planta gene editing analysis revealed that the edited PeFBA8 mutants displayed compromised photosynthetic functionality, characterized by reduced electron transport rate and impaired photosystem I, leading to decreased photosynthesis rate overall, compared to the unedited control. The recombinant protein of PeFBA8 from prokaryotic expression exhibited enzymatic catalytic function. The findings suggest that the expression of PeFBA8 can affect photosynthetic efficiency of moso bamboo leaves, which underlines the potential of leveraging PeFBA8's regulatory mechanism to breed bamboo varieties with enhanced carbon fixation capability.

Unveiling the Biological Function of Phyllostachys edulis FBA6 (PeFBA6) through the Identification of the Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase Gene.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is a pivotal enzyme in various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Calvin cycle. It plays a critical role in CO2 fixation. Building on previous studies on the FBA gene family in Moso bamboo, our study revealed the biological function of PeFBA6. To identify CSN5 candidate genes, this study conducted a yeast two-hybrid library screening experiment. Subsequently, the interaction between CSN5 and PeFBA6 was verified using yeast two-hybrid and LCI experiments. This investigation uncovered evidence that FBA may undergo deubiquitination to maintain glycolytic stability. To further assess the function of PeFBA6, it was overexpressed in rice. Various parameters were determined, including the light response curve, CO2 response curve, and the levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch in the leaves of overexpressing rice. The results demonstrated that overexpressed rice exhibited a higher saturation light intensity, net photosynthetic rate, maximum carboxylation rate, respiration rate, and increased levels of glucose, fructose, and starch than wild-type rice. These findings indicated that PeFBA6 not only enhanced the photoprotection ability of rice but also improved the photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Overall, this study enhanced our understanding of the function of FBA and revealed the biological function of PeFBA6, thereby providing a foundation for the development of excellent carbon fixation bamboo varieties through breeding.