Identification of furo[3', 2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole derivatives as orally active and selective inhibitors of microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1 (mPGES-1).

This study describes the synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects of furo[3', 2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d] imidazole derivatives. Among these furo[3', 2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole derivatives, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)furo [3', 2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole (12) exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against LPS-induced PGE(2) production, with an IC(50) value of 47 nM. Compound 12 is then further examined for its inhibitory effects in the protein expression of COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in Raw 264.7 cells. Our results indicate that compound 12 was capable against inhibiting LPS-induced mPGES-1 protein expression at a concentration of 1.0 µM and no inhibitory effect in COX-2 expression. The sepsis-induced PGE(2) production in rat serum decreased ~250% by the pretreatment of 12 at 10 mg/kg. These results are especially important since compound 12 exhibited good oral bioavailability (72%) and was not cytotoxic at a concentration of 10.0 µM. Therefore, compound 12 is a highly selective mPGES-1 inhibitor that can serve as a lead for the development of novel oral anti-inflammatory drug candidates.

Discovery of 3-(4-bromophenyl)-6-nitrobenzo[1.3.2]dithiazolium ylide 1,1-dioxide as a novel dual cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase inhibitor that also inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.

In the present study we have discovered compound 1, a benzo[1.3.2]dithiazolium ylide-based compound, as a new prototype dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Compound 1 was initially discovered as a COX-2 inhibitor, resulting indirectly from the COX-2 structure-based virtual screening that identified compound 2 as a virtual hit. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 in mouse macrophages with IC(50) in the range of 1.5-18.1microM. Both compounds 1 and 2 were also found to be potent inhibitors of human 5-LOX (IC(50)=1.22 and 0.47microM, respectively). Interestingly, compound 1 also had an inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production (IC(50)=0.44microM), which was not observed with compound 2. Docking studies suggested the (S)-enantiomer of 1 as the biologically active isomer that binds to COX-2. Being a cytokine-suppressive dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor, compound 1 may represent a useful lead structure for the development of advantageous new anti-inflammatory agents.

Acetogenin and prenylated flavonoids from Helminthostachys zeylanica with inhibitory activity on superoxide generation and elastase release by neutrophils.

One new acetogenin, 6-hydroxy-8-pentadecyloxocane-2,7-dione ( 1), and four new prenylated flavonoids, 4''a,5'',6'',7'',8'',8''a-hexahydro-5,3',4'-trihydroxy-5'',5'',8''a-trimethyl-4 H-chromeno[2'',3'':7,6]flavone ( 2), 4''a,5'',6'',7'',8'',8''a-hexahydro-5,3',4',-trihydroxy-5'',5'',8''a-trimethyl-4 H-chromeno[2'',3'':7,8]flavone ( 3), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-((2,2-dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexyl)methyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-chroman-4-one ( 4), and 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-[(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)methyl]phenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4 H-chromen-4-one ( 5), together with six known compounds, were isolated and purified from the rhizomes of Helminthostachys zeylanica by column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) via bioactivity-guided fractionation isolation. The structures of the new isolates were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1, 3, and 5 showed inhibitory activities on either superoxide anion generation or elastase release by human neutrophils in response to formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (FMLP/CB).

Furo[3',2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole derivatives as potential inhibitors of inflammatory factors in sepsis.

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects of certain furo[3',2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole derivatives 12-18 were studied. These compounds were synthesized from naphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione (10) which in turn was prepared from the known 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (7) in a one pot reaction. Furo[3',2':3,4]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole (12) was inactive (IC(50) value of >30 microM) while its 5-phenyl derivative 13, with an IC(50) value of 16.3 and 11.4 microM against lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase release, respectively, was comparable to the positive trifluoperazine. The same potency was observed for 5-furan derivative 16 with an IC(50) value of 19.5 and 11.3 microM against lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase release, respectively. An electron-withdrawing NO(2) substituted on 5-phenyl or 5-furanyl group led to the devoid of activity as in the cases of 14 and 17. Among them, compound 15 exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with an IC(50) value of 7.4 and 5.0 microM against lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase release, respectively. For the LPS-induced NO production, the phenyl derivatives 12-15 were inactive while the nitrofuran counterparts 17 and 18 suppress LPS-induced NO production significantly, with an IC(50) value of 1.5 and 1.3 microM, respectively, which are more active than that of the positive 1400 W. Compounds 16-18 were capable of inhibiting LPS-induced iNOS protein expression at a dose-dependent manner in which compound 18, with an IC(50) of 0.52 microM in the inhibition of iNOS expression, is approximately fivefold more potent than that of the positive 1400 W. In the CLP rat animal model, compound 18 was found to be more active than the positive hydrocortisone in the inhibition of the iNOS mRNA expression in rat lung tissue. The sepsis-induced PGE2 production in rat serum decreased 150% by the pretreatment of 18 in a dose of 10 mg/kg.

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as chemical mediators and xanthine oxidase inhibitors.

Twenty 18beta-glycyrrhetic acid (18beta-GA) derivatives 2-21 including 13 new 18beta-GA derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Compounds 7 and 20 with a 3,4-seco-structure and compound 6 with a lactone moiety showed potent inhibitory effect on superoxide anion generation in rat neutrophils response to fMLP/CB and PMA, respectively. Compound 6 with a lactone moiety revealed stronger inhibitory effect on XO activity than those of compounds 13 and 14 with a 3,4-seco-structure. Compound 14, a 30-isoproylcarbamoyl seco-compound exhibited potent inhibitory effect on NO accumulation and iNOS protein expression while compounds 3, 10, 13, 15, 17, and 21 revealed potent inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) formation in RAW 264.7 cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cleavage of ring A of 3 attenuated the inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha formation in RAW 264.7 cells in response to LPS except for 17. The present results suggested these compounds were potential to be served as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.

Blockade of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and 5-lipoxygenase activation in neutrophils by a natural isoflavanquinone abruquinone A.

Abruquinone A, a natural isoflavanquinone, suppressed A23187- and formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced production of thromboxane B(2) and leukotriene B(4) from rat neutrophils. This compound failed to inhibit the enzymatic activity of ram seminal vesicles cyclooxygenase (COX) and human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in cell-free systems. Abruquinone A diminished the arachidonic acid release from [(3)H]arachidonic acid-loaded neutrophils stimulated with either fMLP or A23187, whereas it had no inhibitory effect on the cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) activity of neutrophil cytosolic fraction. Based on the Western blot analysis, the nuclear membrane recruitment of cPLA(2) and 5-LO was inhibited by abruquinone A in A23187- as well as in fMLP-stimulated cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation of both cPLA(2) and extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs) induced by fMLP and A23187 was attenuated by abruquinone A in a parallel concentration-dependent manner. Abruquinone A attenuated both fMLP- and ionomycin-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) elevation in a concentration range that inhibited the recruitment of cPLA(2) to nuclear membrane. These results indicate that the blockade of leukotriene B(4) production by abruquinone A implicates the attenuation of 5-LO membrane translocation. Inhibition of thromboxane B(2) production by abruquinone A is due to the attenuation of cPLA(2) membrane recruitment and/or cPLA(2) phosphorylation through the blockade of [Ca(2+)](i) elevation and ERK activation, respectively.

Antiinflammatory triterpenoids and steroids from Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae.

The antiinflammatory properties of triterpenoids and steroids from both Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae were studied. Twelve compounds, including ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-ol (1), ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-yl palmitate (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one (3), ergosta-7,22-dien-2beta,3alpha,9alpha-triol (4), 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (5), ganoderal A (6), ganoderal B (7), ganoderic aldehyde A (8), tsugaric acid A (9), 3-oxo-5alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (10), 3alpha-acetoxy-5alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid ester beta-d-glucoside (11), and tsugaric acid B (12), were assessed in vitro by determining their inhibitory effects on the chemical mediators released from mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. Compound 10 showed a significant inhibitory effect on the release of beta-glucuronidase from rat neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)/cytochalasin B (CB) whereas compound 9 significantly inhibited superoxide anion formation in fMLP/CB-stimulated rat neutrophils. Compound 10 also exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-stimulated N9 microglial cells. Moreover, compound 9 was also able to protect human keratinocytes against damage induced by ultraviolet B (UV B) light, which indicated 9 could protect keratinocytes from photodamage.

Synthesis and cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities of 2',5'-dialkoxylchalcones as cancer chemopreventive agents.

In an effort to develop novel anti-tumor, or cancer chemopreventive agents, a series of 2',5'-dialkoxylchalcones were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of appropriate acetophenones with suitable aromatic aldehyde. In vitro screening revealed low micromolar activity (IC(50)) against several human cancer cell lines. Selective compound 10 induced an accumulation of A549 cells in the G(2)/M phase arrest which was well correlated with inhibitory activity against tubulin polymerization. Cytotoxic compounds 3 and 12 showed significant inhibitory effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells while cytotoxic compound 10 revealed potent inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha formation in RAW 264.7 cells in response to LPS. Compounds 3 and 10 also showed significant inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase. The present results suggested that compounds 3 and 10 were potential to be served as cancer chemopreventive agents.

Synthesis and antiplatelet activity of ethyl 4-(1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)benzoate (YD-3) derivatives.

Previously, ethyl 4-(1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)benzoate (YD-3) was identified by us as the first non-peptide protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonist. To continue on our development of novel anti-PAR4 agents, YD-3 was used as a lead compound and a series of its derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their selective anti-PAR4 activity. Through structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, we identified the important functional groups contributing to anti-PAR4 activity, and these functional groups were kept intact during subsequent structural modification. Several new compounds with anti-PAR4 activity comparable to YD-3 were identified. Among them, ethyl 4-[1-(3-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]benzoate (33) showed the most potent inhibitory effect on PAR4-mediated platelet aggregation, ATP release, and P-selectin expression. On the other hand, ethyl 4-(1-phenyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)benzoate (83) exhibited dual inhibitory effects on PAR4 and thromboxane formation from arachidonic acid. The above findings can be used as guidelines for development of novel antiplatelet drug candidates.

Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated NO production by a novel synthetic compound CYL-4d in RAW 264.7 macrophages involving the blockade of MEK4/JNK/AP-1 pathway.

In the present study, a novel synthetic compound 4-(2-(cyclohex-2-enylidene)hydrazinyl)quinolin-2(1H)-one (CYL-4d) was found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production without affecting cell viability or enzyme activity of expressed inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. CYL-4d exhibited parallel inhibition of LPS-induced expression of iNOS protein, iNOS mRNA and iNOS promoter activity in the same concentration range. LPS-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding, AP-1-dependent reporter gene activity and c-Jun nuclear translocation were all markedly inhibited by CYL-4d with similar efficacy, whereas CYL-4d produced a weak inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) DNA binding, NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene activity and p65 nuclear translocation without affecting inhibitory factor-kappa B alpha (I kappa B alpha) degradation. CYL-4d had no effect on the LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and its upstream activator MAPK kinase (MEK) 3, whereas it significantly attenuated the phosphorylation of c-Jun, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and its upstream activator MEK4 in a parallel concentration-dependent manner. Other Toll-like receptors (TLRs) ligands (peptidoglycans, double-stranded RNA, and oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motifs)-induced iNOS protein expression were also inhibited by CYL-4d. Furthermore, the NO production from BV-2 microglial cells as well as rat alveolar macrophages in response to LPS was diminished by CYL-4d. These results indicate that the blockade of NO production by CYL-4d in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells is attributed mainly to interference in the MEK4-JNK-AP-1 signaling pathway. CYL-4d inhibition of NO production is not restricted to TLR4 activation and immortalized macrophage-like cells.

Synthetic 2',5'-dimethoxychalcones as G(2)/M arrest-mediated apoptosis-inducing agents and inhibitors of nitric oxide production in rat macrophages.

In an effort to develop novel antitumor or chemopreventive agents, a series of 2',5'-dimethoxychalcone derivatives were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of appropriate acetophenones with suitable aromatic aldehyde. In vitro screening revealed low micromolar activity (IC(50)) against several human cancer lines. Activity in MCF-7 cells correlated with the ability to induce G(2)/M arrest-mediated apoptosis following drug treatment by the most potent agent, 8, an observation further reinforced by fluorescence microscopy. Compounds 3, 8, and 10 showed potent inhibitory effect on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells. The present results demonstrated that 3, 8, and 10 are potential anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive agents.

Effective attenuation of acute lung injury in vivo and the formyl peptide-induced neutrophil activation in vitro by CYL-26z through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma pathway.

5-[4-Acridin-9-ylamino]phenyl]-5-methyl-3-methylenedihydrofuran-2-one (CYL-26z) inhibited the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration and protein leakage into the lungs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice as determined on the basis of PMNL and protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in whole lung extracts. CYL-26z also attenuated the formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced neutrophil chemotaxis and respiratory burst in vitro (IC(50) 8.4+/-0.9microM and 2.0+/-0.6microM, respectively). CYL-26z had no effect on superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) generation during dihydroxyfumaric acid autoxidation or on the NADPH oxidase activity in two cell-free systems (the arachidonic acid-induced assembly of NADPH oxidase and the preassembled oxidase caused by phorbol ester treatment), whereas it inhibited NaF-induced respiratory burst. Inhibition of respiratory burst by CYL-26z was readily reversible by washing. Only slight, but significant, inhibition of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in response to fMLP by CYL-26z up to 30microM was obtained. CYL-26z effectively blocked the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)) as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry assays and the dual phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) on S473 and T308 residues in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils. The membrane recruitment of p110gamma and Ras, the Ras activation, and the association between p110gamma and Ras were also attenuated by CYL-26z. These results indicate that the blockade of Ras activation by CYL-26z attenuated the downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) gamma signaling, which is involved in chemoattractant-induced neutrophil chemotaxis and respiratory burst, and may have a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect on ALI.

Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Src family kinase is required for respiratory burst in rat neutrophils stimulated with artocarpol A.

Artocarpol A (ART), a natural product isolated from Artocarpus rigida, stimulated superoxide anion (O2*-) generation, which was inhibited by 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY 294002), a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, in rat neutrophils. ART stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) on both T308 and S473 residues, and LY 294002 inhibited these effects. Rat neutrophils expressed both class IA PI3K subunits (p85, p110alpha, p110beta, and p110delta) and a class IB PI3K subunit (p110gamma) as assessed by a combination of Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approaches. Stimulation of neutrophils with ART evoked phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) formation, which reached a maximal level at 2 min and was attenuated by LY 294002, as evidenced by immunofluorescence microscopy and by flow cytometry. Detectable membrane-association of class IA PI3Ks, class IB PI3K and Ras was seen as early as 1.5, 0.5 and 1.5 min, respectively, after stimulation with ART. The kinetics of ART-induced Ras activation paralleled the kinetics of class IA PI3Ks recruitment to membrane caused by ART, and the p85 and p110gamma immunoprecipitates contain Ras. ART stimulated Src family kinase activation, which was detectable within 1.5 min of incubation with ART. Both Src kinase activity and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 formation in ART-stimulated neutrophils were inhibited by 4-amino-1-tert-butyl-3-(1'-naphthyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP1 analog). PP1 analog also attenuated the ART-stimulated O2*- generation in rat neutrophils. These results indicate that the stimulation of respiratory burst by ART in neutrophils implicates PI3K signaling.

GEA3162, a nitric oxide-releasing agent, activates non-store-operated Ca2+ entry and inhibits store-operated Ca2+ entry pathways in neutrophils through thiol oxidation.

We demonstrated that 5-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)1,2,3,4-oxatriazolium (GEA3162), a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing agent, stimulated [Ca2+]i rise in rat neutrophils. This Ca2+ response was prevented by the thiol reducing agents, 2-mercaptoethanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, dithiothreitol, 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS) and tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), but slightly reduced by the antioxidant, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). GEA3162 also increased the formation of cellular reactive oxygen intermediates and decreased the cellular content of low molecular thiols. These responses were greatly reduced by Trolox, dithiothreitol and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. GEA3162 stimulated the protein tyrosine phosphorylation in neutrophils. The [Ca2+]i rise caused by formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was suppressed by GEA3162. TCEP prevented the inhibition of fMLP-induced [Ca2+]i rise by GEA3162. In the absence of external Ca2+, GEA3162 inhibited the CPA-induced [Ca2+]i rise, whereas it only slightly affected the fMLP-induced mobilization of the Ca2+ store. Application of GEA3162 after the stimulation with fMLP or CPA suppressed the robust Ca2+ entry followed by the readdition of Ca2+ into medium. Moreover, the Ca2+ entry was more susceptible to inhibition by treatment with GEA3162 prior to than after the fMLP stimulation. GEA3162 had no effect on the mitochondrial membrane potential. GEA3162 induced actin reorganization and condensed filament network at the cell periphery. These results indicate that GEA3162 exerted both the stimulation of Ca2+ entry and the inhibition of the store-operated Ca2+ entry in rat neutrophils. The dual effects of GEA3162 on the regulation of the external Ca2+ entry are mainly through the thiol modification of target protein(s) residing on the outside of the plasma membrane.

Triterpenoids and an alkamide from Ganoderma tsugae.

Ganoderma tsugae is a medicinal mushroom. In a continual study on the bioactive constituents of this fungus, a new lanostanoid, 3ß-acetoxy-16α-hydroxy-24ξ-methyl-5α-lanosta-8,25-dien-21-oic acid, named tsugaric acid F (1) and a novel palmitamide, N-(3'α,4'ß-dihydroxy-2'ß-(hydroxymethyl)-1'ß-(cyclobutyl)palmitamide (2) were isolated and characterized from the fruit bodies of G. tsugae, and three novel seco-lanostanoids, 3,4-seco-8α,9α-epoxy-5α-lanosta-21-oic acid 3,4 lactone (5), 3,4-seco-5ß-lanosta-7,9(11),4(29)-trien-3,21-dioic acid-3-methyl ester (6), 3,4-seco-5ß-lanosta-7,9(11),4(29)-trien-3,21-dioic acid (7), and a known compound, 3-oxo-5α-lanosta-8-en-21-oic acid (4) were prepared from 3. The structures of new compounds, 1, 2, 5-7 were determined by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 4 showed inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XO) with an IC50 values of 313.3 ± 80.0 and 43.9 ± 29.9 µM, respectively when 7 exhibited potent inhibitory effect on superoxide anion generation in rat neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)/cytochalasin B (CB) with an IC50 values of 1.3 ± 0.2 µM. Compounds 4-7 showed weak cytotoxic activities against PC3 cells. These results indicated that 4 and 7 may be used as cancer chemopreventive agents.

Inhibition of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated phospholipase D activation in rat neutrophils by the synthetic isoquinoline DMDI.

The expression of phospholipase D (PLD) isoenzymes in neutrophils was investigated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Amplification products of predicted size were obtained from rat neutrophils with nucleotide sequences corresponding to PLD1a and PLD2. 1-(3',4'-Dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dichloroisoquinoline (DMDI) inhibited the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated PLD activation in rat neutrophils. The underlying cellular signaling mechanism of DMDI inhibition was investigated. The fMLP-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the membrane translocation of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and Rho A in neutrophils was attenuated by DMDI in a concentration-dependent manner. However, neither the membrane association of protein kinase C-alpha and -beta isoenzymes in fMLP-stimulated cells nor the GTPgammaS- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated membrane translocation of ARF and Rho A in a cell-free system was affected significantly by DMDI. These results indicate that the expression of PLD1a and PLD2 mRNA in neutrophils. Attenuation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the membrane association of ARF and Rho A probably play a concerted role in the inhibition of PLD by DMDI in rat neutrophils in response to fMLP.

Expression of adenylyl cyclase isoforms in neutrophils.

In the present study, we have identified the expression of adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms in rat neutrophils according to the mRNA analysis and the distinct mode of regulation of isoform activity. Agarose gel electrophoresis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-amplified products resulted in a single band of the expected size for each product with nucleotide sequences corresponding to AC1 to AC9. AC1 was abundant, while AC2, 6 and 9 were of moderate expression among the AC isoforms in neutrophils based on the quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Exposure of neutrophils to Ca(2+) ionophore A23187, isoproterenol and forskolin stimulated cellular cyclic AMP accumulation. EDTA and the calmodulin (CaM) antagonist, trifluoperazine, prevented the A23187-induced response. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) inhibited the alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist, UK14304-induced cellular cyclic AMP elevation. In addition, UK14304 augmented the cyclic AMP elevation when cells were stimulated by isoproterenol. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) attenuated the augmentation response of UK14304 and isoproterenol. Treatment of the membrane preparations from rat neutrophils with Ca(2+)/CaM, forskolin, isoproterenol, GTPgammaS or Gbetagamma all increased cyclic AMP production. The addition of protein kinase C (PKC) catalytic fragment and Gbetagamma augmented the Ca(2+)/CaM- and isoproterenol-stimulated AC activity, respectively. However, forskolin and the activated protein kinase A (PKA) attenuated the GTPgammaS- and isoproterenol-stimulated AC activity, respectively. KT5720, a PKA inhibitor, reversed the inhibition by PKA. Taken together, these data suggest the presence of four groups of AC isoforms in rat neutrophils.

2-Benzyloxybenzaldehyde inhibits formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine stimulation of phospholipase D activation in rat neutrophils.

2-Benzyloxybenzaldehyde (CCY1a) inhibited the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated products, phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylethanol (PEt) formation in rat neutrophils in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 15.8+/-2.5 and 13.9+/-2.0 microM, respectively. The underlying cellular signaling mechanism of CCY1a inhibition was investigated. CCY1a inhibited the plateau phase but not the initial Ca(2+) spike of fMLP-stimulated Ca(2+) signal. CCY1a did not inhibit the [Ca(2+)](i) change in Ca(2+)-free medium in response to fMLP, but inhibited the [Ca(2+)](i) change by the subsequent addition of Ca(2+). In addition, CCY1a treatment attenuated the fMLP-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. The membrane translocation of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and Rho A proteins in neutrophils stimulated with fMLP was attenuated by CCY1a in a concentration-dependent manner. In a cell-free system, neither the membrane association of ARF and Rho A caused by GTPgammaS nor the phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated membrane translocation of Rho A was suppressed significantly by CCY1a. These results indicate that the attenuation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, blockade of Ca(2+) entry, and the suppression of ARF and Rho A membrane translocation are probably obligatory for the CCY1a inhibition of PLD activity in rat neutrophils in response to fMLP.

Artocarpol A stimulation of superoxide anion generation in neutrophils involved the activation of PLC, PKC and p38 mitogen-activated PK signaling pathways.

1 Artocarpol A (ART), a natural phenolic compound isolated from Artocarpus rigida, stimulated a slow onset and long-lasting superoxide anion generation in rat neutrophils, whereas only slightly activated the NADPH oxidase in a cell-free system. 2 Pretreatment of neutrophils with pertussis toxin (1 microg ml(-1)), 50 microM 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD 98059), or 1 microM 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio)butadiene (U0126) had no effect on ART-stimulated superoxide anion generation. ART (30 microM) did not induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. 3 4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB 203580) markedly attenuated the ART-stimulated superoxide anion generation (IC50 value of 4.3+/-0.3 microM). Moreover, ART induced p38 mitogen-activated PK (MAPK) phosphorylation and activation. 4 The superoxide anion generation in response to ART was also substantially inhibited in a Ca2+-free medium, and by pretreatment with 1 microM 1-[6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U-73122) and 100 microM 2-aminoethyldiphenyl borate (2-APB). ART (30 microM) stimulated the [Ca2+]i elevation in the presence or absence of external Ca2+, and also increased the D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation. 5 2-[1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-maleimide (GF 109203X) greatly inhibited the ART-stimulated superoxide anion generation (IC50 value of 7.8+/-1.0 nM). ART increased the recruitment of PKC-alpha, -betaI, and -betaII to the plasma membrane of neutrophils, and stimulated Ca2+-dependent PKC activation in the cytosol preparation. 6 ART induced the phosphorylation of p47phox, which was attenuated by GF 109203X. Moreover, ART evoked the membrane association of p47(phox), which was inhibited by GF 109203X and SB 203580. 7 These results indicate that the ART stimulation of superoxide anion generation involved the activation of p38 MAPK, PLC/Ca2+, and PKC signaling pathways in rat neutrophils.

Stimulation of intracellular Ca2+ elevation in neutrophils by thiol-oxidizing phenylarsine oxide.

Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a trivalent arsenical compound, stimulated [Ca2+]i elevation in rat neutrophils in a Ca2+-containing medium but caused no appreciable response in a Ca2+-free medium. PAO also induced external Mn2+ entry, which was inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), but failed to elicit any appreciable Ba2+ and Sr2+ entry. Pretreatment of neutrophils with thiol-reducing agents including dithiothreitol (DTT), NAC, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (DMP), 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS) and tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), all greatly inhibited PAO-induced [Ca2+]i elevation. Addition of Ni2+ or La3+ followed by PAO stimulation also attenuated the Ca2+ signals in a concentration-dependent manner. PAO had no significant effect on the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and nitric oxide (NO) nor did it decrease cellular low molecular weight thiols levels. PAO-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was significantly inhibited by 1-[6-[17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U-73122), the inhibitor of phospholipase C-coupled processes, genistein, a general tyrosine kinase inhibitor, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, calyculin A, a cortical actin stabilizer, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY 294002), a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, 1-[beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl]-1H-imidazole (SKF-96365), and cis-N-(2-phenylcyclopentyl)azacyclotridec-1-en-2-amine (MDL-12,330A), the blockers of receptor-gated and store-operated Ca2+ channels, whereas there was no appreciable effect exerted by aristolochic acid, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole and N-(3-aminomethyl)benzylacetamidine (1400W), the blockers of NO synthase, and by suspension in a Na+-deprived medium. In contrast, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane (2-APB), the blocker of IP3 receptor and Ca2+ influx, enhanced the PAO-induced response. PAO had no effect on the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) activity in the pharmacological isolated neutrophil preparation and the neutrophil membrane fractions. These results indicate that PAO stimulates [Ca2+]i rise in rat neutrophils mainly through the oxidation of vicinal thiol groups on the cell surface membrane to activation of a non-store operated Ca2+ entry (non-SOCE) without affecting the activity of PMCA and the plasmalemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.