[Cloning, eukaryotic expression and spatial expression patterns of porcine MNSFbeta].

MNSFbeta (Monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor beta) is a natural immunosuppressive factor which has been reported to be involved in various biological processes, such as immune responses, cell division, stress response, cell apoptosis, and nuclear transport. However, study on porcine MNSFbeta has been rarely reported. In this study, the full-length sequence of porcine MNSFbeta (GenBank accession number: KF77642500) was predicted in silicon and its cDNA sequence was obtained through RT-PCR from porcine spleen. The nucleic acid and protein sequences were analyzed. Then, the gene was subcloned into pEGFP-C1 to construct a recombinant plasmid pEGFP-MNSFbeta which was transfected into swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVECs) using Lipofectamine 2000. The expression of GFP was detected by fluorescence microscopy, Western blot, and laser confocal fluorescence microscopy. The spatial expression patterns of porcine MNSFbeta were detected by real-time qPCR. Results showed that the full length of porcine MNSFbeta was 402 bp encoding 133 amino acids with only one exon. Bioinformatics analysis showed that porcine MNSFbeta protein was a stable protein consisting of a ubiquitin-like domain fused to the ribosomal protein S30 with no signal peptide. The analyses of homology and phylogenetic tree of porcine MNSFbeta and its homologs in other 18 species showed that the identities of MNSFbeta protein sequence were higher than 91% among different species and the evolutionary distance was less than 0.05. It indicates that MNSFbeta is highly conserved in the process of evolution. Fluorescence signal showed that the fusion protein GFP-MNSFbeta was successfully expressed in SUVECs which was then confirmed by Western blot. Laser confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that MNSFbeta was expressed in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Analysis of spatial expression patterns showed that procine MNSFbeta was widely expressed in immune tissues, but not in lung, suggesting that MNSFbeta may play an important role in immune response.

Factors associated with the depression status of Chinese parents who have lost their only child.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the risk factors for depression among parents who have lost their only child (PLOCs). Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey to reveal the risk factors of depression among PLOCs. Multi-stage, stratified, cluster sampling was used to recruit the participants. The cluster sampling method was used to select PLOCs in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, and Wuhu, Anhui Province, while the stratified cluster sampling method was used in Anshun, Guizhou Province. A total of 651 PLOCs were recruited in this study. Participants completed the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15). Socio-demographics were also collected, including age, sex, monthly income, education level, marital status, self-reported health, and a number of diseases were collected as well. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were conducted to analyze the influence of these factors on PLOCs' mental status. Results: Two hundred and fifty-eight PLOCs (39.56%) reported depression. Compared to PLOCs living in Wuhu, those living in Hangzhou (OR = 3.374, CI = 2.337-4.870) had a higher risk of depression. Being single (OR = 1.449, CI = 1.019-2.061) and the presence/absence of grandchildren (OR = 0.430, CI = 0.274-0.676)were significantly associated with the depression status of PLOCs. Conclusion: The sampled Chinese PLOCs reported a high prevalence of depression that was influenced by their place of residence, marital status, and presence/absence of grandchildren. This may highlight the need for routine assessment and help of this group by the relevant stakeholders (including government, non-profit social organizations, and professional psychologists) with more attention paid to single and low-income PLOCs that have no grandchildren. It is imperative to build a comprehensive care system of "extended family-community-society-government" for this vulnerable group.

Modulation of radiation-induced tumour necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor ß1 expression in the lung tissue by Shengqi Fuzheng injection.

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is one of the most common and severe side effects of thoracic radiotherapy. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches to improve the effectiveness of RILI treatment are required. The present study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a traditional Chinese medicine regimen, Shenqi Fuzheng injection (SFI), in the treatment of RILI. SFI is composed of extracts from codonopsis pilosula and radix astragali. Here, we determined the protective effects of SFI on RILI with a single-dose irradiation (RT) of 12 Gy in C57BL/6 8-week-old mice. The mice were divided into four groups treated with i) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 20 ml/kg/day) alone as normal a control; ii) SFI only (20 ml/kg/day); iii) RT + PBS (20 ml/kg/day); and iv) RT + SFI (20 ml/kg/day). SFI and PBS were administered via intraperitoneal injection 1 week before and 2 weeks after RT. The pathology of RILI and any clinical signs of toxicity were monitored. The expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 in the lungs was analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. TNF-α and TGF-ß1 expression was increased by RT, but was reversed by SFI treatment during the radiation pneumonic and fibrotic phases (P<0.05). Lung histology at 24 weeks revealed a significant decrease in structural damage and collagen deposition in the RT + SFI group compared to the RT + PBS group. In conclusion, TNF-α and TGF-ß1 are key mediators for the pathogenesis of RILI, and SFI reduces TNF-α and TGF-ß1 expression after RT. This may be a key mechanism behind the preventive effects of SFI on lung injury after radiation.