LKB1 suppresses KSHV reactivation and promotes primary effusion lymphoma progression.

Viruses normally reprogram the host cell metabolic pathways as well as metabolic sensors to facilitate their persistence. The serine-threonine liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a master upstream kinase of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that senses the energy status and therefore regulates the intracellular metabolic homeostasis. Previous studies showed that AMPK restricts Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication in endothelial cells during primary infection and promotes primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell survival. However, the role of LKB1 in KSHV lytic reactivation and KSHV-associated malignancies is unclear. In this study, we found that LKB1 is phosphorylated or activated in KSHV-positive PEL cells. Mechanistically, KSHV-encoded vCyclin mediated LKB1 activation in PEL cells, as vCyclin knockout ablated, while vCyclin overexpression enhanced LKB1 activation. Furthermore, knockdown of LKB1 inactivated AMPK and induced KSHV reactivation, as indicated by the increased expression of viral lytic genes and the increased virions in supernatants. Accordingly, AMPK inhibition by functional knockdown or a pharmacologic inhibitor, Compound C, promoted KSHV reactivation in PEL cells. Furthermore, inhibition of either LKB1 or AMPKα1 efficiently induced cell death by apoptosis of PEL cells both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results identify LKB1 as a vulnerable target for PEL, which could be potentially exploited for treating other virus-associated diseases.IMPORTANCEKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus associated with several human cancers, such as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Here, we showed that serine-threonine liver kinase B1 (LKB1), upstream of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), is activated by KSHV-encoded vCyclin and maintains KSHV latency in PEL cells. Inhibition of either LKB1 or AMPK enhances KSHV lytic replication from latency, which at least partially accounts for PEL cell death by apoptosis. Compound C, a potent AMPK inhibitor, induced KSHV reactivation and efficiently inhibited PEL progression in vivo. Thus, our work revealed that LKB1 is a potential therapeutic target for KSHV-associated cancers.

Engineering Spatially Adjacent Redox Sites with Synergistic Spin Polarization Effect to Boost Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation.

The integration of oxidation and reduction half-reactions to amplify their synergy presents a considerable challenge in CO2 photoconversion. Addressing this challenge requires the construction of spatially adjacent redox sites while suppressing charge recombination at these sites. This study introduces an innovative approach that utilizes spatial synergy to enable synergistic redox reactions within atomic proximity and employs spin polarization to inhibit charge recombination. We incorporate Mn into Co3O4 as a catalyst, in which Mn sites tend to enrich holes as water activation sites, while adjacent Co sites preferentially capture electrons to activate CO2, forming a spatial synergy. The direct H transfer from H2O at Mn sites facilitates the formation of *COOH on adjacent Co sites with remarkably favorable thermodynamic energy. Notably, the incorporation of Mn induces spin polarization in the system, significantly suppressing the recombination of photogenerated charges at redox sites. This effect is further enhanced by applying an external magnetic field. By synergizing spatial synergy and spin polarization, Mn/Co3O4 exhibits a CH4 production rate of 23.4 µmol g-1 h-1 from CO2 photoreduction, showcasing a 28.8 times enhancement over Co3O4. This study first introduces spin polarization to address charge recombination issues at spatially adjacent redox sites, offering novel insights for synergistic redox photocatalytic systems.

Disentangling Thermal from Electronic Contributions in the Spectral Response of Photoexcited Perovskite Materials.

Disentangling electronic and thermal effects in photoexcited perovskite materials is crucial for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications but remains a challenge due to their intertwined nature in both the time and energy domains. In this study, we employed temperature-dependent variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, density functional theory calculations, and broadband transient absorption spectroscopy spanning the visible to mid-to-deep-ultraviolet (UV) ranges on MAPbBr3 thin films. The use of deep-UV detection opens a new spectral window that enables the exploration of high-energy excitations at various symmetry points within the Brillouin zone, facilitating an understanding of the ultrafast responses of the UV bands and the underlying mechanisms governing them. Our investigation reveals that the photoinduced spectral features remarkably resemble those generated by pure lattice heating, and we disentangle the relative thermal and electronic contributions and their evolutions at different delay times using combinations of decay-associated spectra and temperature-induced differential absorption. The results demonstrate that the photoinduced transients possess a significant thermal origin and cannot be attributed solely to electronic effects. Following photoexcitation, as carriers (electrons and holes) transfer their energy to the lattice, the thermal contribution increases from ∼15% at 1 ps to ∼55% at 500 ps and subsequently decreases to ∼35-50% at 1 ns. These findings elucidate the intricate energy exchange between charge carriers and the lattice in photoexcited perovskite materials and provide insights into the limited utilization efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers.

A Novel Inhibitor of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibits Proliferation of a BRCA-Deficient Breast Cancer Cell Line via the DNA Damage-Activated cGAS-STING Pathway.

Loss-of-function mutations in the Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are often detected in patients with breast cancer. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) plays a key role in the repair of DNA strand breaks, and PARP inhibitors have been shown to induce highly selective killing of BRCA1/2-deficient tumor cells, a mechanism termed synthetic lethality. In our previous study, a novel PARP1 inhibitor─(E)-2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)-N-(4-fluorophenyl) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (4F-DDC)─was synthesized, which significantly inhibited PARP1 activity with an IC50 value of 82 ± 9 nM. The current study aimed to explore the mechanism(s) underlying the antitumor activity of 4F-DDC under in vivo and in vitro conditions. 4F-DDC was found to selectively inhibit the proliferation of BRCA mutant cells, with highly potent effects on HCC-1937 (BRCA1-/-) cells. Furthermore, 4F-DDC was found to induce apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in HCC-1937 cells. Interestingly, immunofluorescence and Western blot results showed that 4F-DDC induced DNA double strand breaks and further activated the cGAS-STING pathway in HCC-1937 cells. In vivo analysis results revealed that 4F-DDC inhibited the growth of HCC-1937-derived tumor xenografts, possibly via the induction of DNA damage and activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. In summary, the current study provides a new perspective on the antitumor mechanism of PARP inhibitors and showcases the therapeutic potential of 4F-DDC in the treatment of breast cancer.

The E2F family: a ray of dawn in cardiomyopathy.

Cardiomyopathies are a group of heterogeneous diseases, characterized by abnormal structure and function of the myocardium. For many years, it has been a hot topic because of its high morbidity and mortality as well as its complicated pathogenesis. The E2Fs, a group of transcription factors found extensively in eukaryotes, play a crucial role in governing cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, meanwhile their deregulated activity can also cause a variety of diseases. Based on accumulating evidence, E2Fs play important roles in cardiomyopathies. In this review, we describe the structural and functional characteristics of the E2F family and its role in cardiomyocyte processes, with a focus on how E2Fs are associated with the onset and development of cardiomyopathies. Moreover, we discuss the great potential of E2Fs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, aiming to provide a reference for future research.

The PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy: a forgotten protagonist in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Myocardial ischemia causes extensive damage, further exacerbated by reperfusion, a phenomenon called myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Nowadays, the pathological mechanisms of MIRI have received extensive attention. Oxidative stress, multiple programmed cell deaths, inflammation and others are all essential pathological mechanisms contributing to MIRI. Mitochondria are the energy supply centers of cells. Numerous studies have found that abnormal mitochondrial function is an essential "culprit" of MIRI, and mitophagy mediated by the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin signaling pathway is an integral part of maintaining mitochondrial function. Therefore, exploring the association between the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy and MIRI is crucial. This review will mainly summarize the crucial role of the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy in MIR-induced several pathological mechanisms and various potential interventions that affect the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy, thus ameliorating MIRI.

Personalized prediction for multiple chronic diseases by developing the multi-task Cox learning model.

Personalized prediction of chronic diseases is crucial for reducing the disease burden. However, previous studies on chronic diseases have not adequately considered the relationship between chronic diseases. To explore the patient-wise risk of multiple chronic diseases, we developed a multitask learning Cox (MTL-Cox) model for personalized prediction of nine typical chronic diseases on the UK Biobank dataset. MTL-Cox employs a multitask learning framework to train semiparametric multivariable Cox models. To comprehensively estimate the performance of the MTL-Cox model, we measured it via five commonly used survival analysis metrics: concordance index, area under the curve (AUC), specificity, sensitivity, and Youden index. In addition, we verified the validity of the MTL-Cox model framework in the Weihai physical examination dataset, from Shandong province, China. The MTL-Cox model achieved a statistically significant (p<0.05) improvement in results compared with competing methods in the evaluation metrics of the concordance index, AUC, sensitivity, and Youden index using the paired-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In particular, the MTL-Cox model improved prediction accuracy by up to 12% compared to other models. We also applied the MTL-Cox model to rank the absolute risk of nine chronic diseases in patients on the UK Biobank dataset. This was the first known study to use the multitask learning-based Cox model to predict the personalized risk of the nine chronic diseases. The study can contribute to early screening, personalized risk ranking, and diagnosing of chronic diseases.

DDX24 Is Essential for Cell Cycle Regulation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Vascular Development via Binding to FANCA mRNA.

BACKGROUND: The DEAD-box family is essential for tumorigenesis and embryogenesis. Previously, we linked the malfunction of DDX (DEAD-box RNA helicase)-24 to a special type of vascular malformation. Here, we aim to investigate the function of DDX24 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and embryonic vascular development. METHODS: Cardiomyocyte (CMC) and VSMC-specific Ddx24 knockout mice were generated by crossing Tagln-Cre mice with Ddx24flox/flox transgenic mice. The development of blood vessels was explored by stereomicroscope photography and immunofluorescence staining. Flow cytometry and cell proliferation assays were used to verify the regulation of DDX24 on the function of VSMCs. RNA sequencing and RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were combined to investigate DDX24 downstream regulatory molecules. RNA pull-down and RNA stability experiments were performed to explore the regulation mechanism of DDX24. RESULTS: CMC/VSMC-specific Ddx24 knockout mice died before embryonic day 13.5 with defects in vessel formation and abnormal vascular remodeling in extraembryonic tissues. Ddx24 knockdown suppressed VSMC proliferation via cell cycle arrest, likely due to increased DNA damage. DDX24 protein bound to and stabilized the mRNA of FANCA (FA complementation group A) that responded to DNA damage. Consistent with the function of DDX24, depletion of FANCA also impacted cell cycle and DNA repair of VSMCs. Overexpression of FANCA was able to rescue the alterations caused by DDX24 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Our study unveiled a critical role of DDX24 in VSMC-mediated vascular development, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for VSMC-related pathological conditions.

Predicting lung cancer survival prognosis based on the conditional survival bayesian network.

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths and imposes an enormous economic burden on patients. It is important to develop an accurate risk assessment model to determine the appropriate treatment for patients after an initial lung cancer diagnosis. The Cox proportional hazards model is mainly employed in survival analysis. However, real-world medical data are usually incomplete, posing a great challenge to the application of this model. Commonly used imputation methods cannot achieve sufficient accuracy when data are missing, so we investigated novel methods for the development of clinical prediction models. In this article, we present a novel model for survival prediction in missing scenarios. We collected data from 5,240 patients diagnosed with lung cancer at the Weihai Municipal Hospital, China. Then, we applied a joint model that combined a BN and a Cox model to predict mortality risk in individual patients with lung cancer. The established prognostic model achieved good predictive performance in discrimination and calibration. We showed that combining the BN with the Cox proportional hazards model is highly beneficial and provides a more efficient tool for risk prediction.

High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Modeling for PM2.5 Major Components in the Pearl River Delta and Its Implications for Epidemiological Studies.

Distinguishing the effects of different fine particulate matter components (PMCs) is crucial for mitigating their effects on human health. However, the sparse distribution of locations where PM is collected for component analysis makes it challenging to investigate the relevant health effects. This study aimed to investigate the agreement between data-fusion-enhanced exposure assessment and site monitoring data in estimating the effects of PMCs on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We first improved the spatial resolution and accuracy of exposure assessment for five major PMCs (EC, OM, NO3-, NH4+, and SO42-) in the Pearl River Delta region by a data fusion model that combined inputs from multiple sources using a random forest model (10-fold cross-validation R2: 0.52 to 0.61; root mean square error: 0.55 to 2.26 µg/m3). Next, we compared the associations between exposures to PMCs during pregnancy and GDM in a hospital-based cohort of 1148 pregnant women in Heshan, China, using both site monitoring data and data-fusion model estimates. The comparative analysis showed that the data-fusion-based exposure generated stronger estimates of identifying statistical disparities. This study suggests that data-fusion-enhanced estimates can improve exposure assessment and potentially mitigate the misclassification of population exposure arising from the utilization of site monitoring data.

Successful ECMO treatment in patients with cerebral hemorrhage and PROC gene mutation associated with VTE: a case report.

In this report, we report a case of a middle-aged male, admitted to the ICU with cerebral hemorrhage resulting from a severe high-altitude fall. The patient encountered significant challenges in oxygenation index correction, attributed to extensive embolism in both the primary and branch pulmonary arteries. Consequently, the patient underwent an immediate initiation of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) therapy, persisting for 20 days. During this treatment period, a mutation in the protein C (PROC) gene was identified. The medical team meticulously navigated the delicate balance between anticoagulation and bleeding risks. Eventually, the patient was successfully weaned off VA-ECMO and subsequently discharged. This report aims to delve into the etiology and therapeutic approaches of this uncommon case, with the intention of offering insightful reference for managing similar clinical scenarios in the future.

Clinical practice guidelines for the nutrition of colorectal cancer patients: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to rigorously assess the methodological quality of published clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) related to nutrition among colorectal cancer patients, to compile consensus recommendations, and to evaluate the quality of the included CPGs. METHODS: The systematic search covered eight electronic databases, two relevant professional association websites, and six guideline websites from their inception up to January 22, 2023. The methodological quality of the eligible guidelines was evaluated using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument, and then, consensus recommendations were synthesized. The scores for each domain were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Using the mean score as the benchmark for comparison, they were subsequently ranked from highest to lowest. The included guidelines were then categorized as having "high," "moderate," or "low" quality based on their scores. RESULTS: The literature search yielded ten guidelines. The findings indicated that the "Clarity of presentation" domain had the highest mean score (65.2 ± 7.7). This demonstrates how the guidelines effectively articulate recommendations. Additionally, the "Scope and purpose" domain achieved a mean score of 60.7 ± 10.9, followed by "Rigor of development" (51.7 ± 15.7), "Editorial independence" (51.1 ± 21), "Stakeholder involvement" (48 ± 16.8), and "Applicability" domains (47.5 ± 17.3). Two CPGs received an overall rating of "high quality" and were recommended; four CPGs received an overall rating of "moderate" and were recommended with modifications; and four CPGs received an overall rating of "low quality" and were not recommended. Furthermore, this study compiled twenty consensus recommendations related to nine distinct clinical issues. CONCLUSION: This study identified disparities in the methodological quality of the included CPGs, particularly in the "Applicability" domain, thus emphasizing the need for advancement in clinical feasibility and implementation. Notably, there is few guidelines specifically targeting colorectal cancer nutrition. These synthesized findings provided an intuitive, convenient, and comprehensive reference for evaluating nutrition among colorectal cancer patients. When applying these results, users should make careful decisions based on their specific situations.

The association between PM2.5 components and blood pressure changes in late pregnancy: A combined analysis of traditional and machine learning models.

BACKGROUND: PM2.5 is a harmful mixture of various chemical components that pose a challenge in determining their individual and combined health effects due to multicollinearity issues with traditional linear regression models. This study aimed to develop an analytical methodology combining traditional and novel machine learning models to evaluate PM2.5's combined effects on blood pressure (BP) and identify the most toxic components. METHODS: We measured late-pregnancy BP of 1138 women from the Heshan cohort while simultaneously analyzing 31 PM2.5 components. We utilized multiple linear regression modeling to establish the relationship between PM2.5 components and late-pregnancy BP and applied Random Forest (RF) and generalized Weighted Quantile Sum (gWQS) regression to identify the most toxic components contributing to elevated BP and to quantitatively evaluate the cumulative effect of the PM2.5 component mixtures. RESULTS: The results revealed that 16 PM2.5 components, such as EC, OC, Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Mg, K, Pb, Se, Na+, K+, Cl-, NO3-, and F-, contributed to elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP), while 26 components, including two carbon components (EC, OC), fourteen metallics (Ti, Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Na, Mg, Al, K, Pb), one metalloid (Se), and nine water-soluble ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, F-), contributed to elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Mn and Cr were the most toxic components for elevated SBP and DBP, respectively, as analyzed by RF and gWQS models and verified against each other. Exposure to PM2.5 component mixtures increased SBP by 1.04 mmHg (95% CI: 0.33-1.76) and DBP by 1.13 mmHg (95% CI: 0.47-1.78). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the effectiveness of combining traditional and novel models as an analytical strategy to quantify the health effects of PM2.5 constituent mixtures.

A chemically inducible IL-2 receptor signaling complex allows for effective in vitro and in vivo selection of engineered CD4+ T cells.

Engineered T cells represent an emerging therapeutic modality. However, complex engineering strategies can present a challenge for enriching and expanding therapeutic cells at clinical scale. In addition, lack of in vivo cytokine support can lead to poor engraftment of transferred T cells, including regulatory T cells (Treg). Here, we establish a cell-intrinsic selection system that leverages the dependency of primary T cells on IL-2 signaling. FRB-IL2RB and FKBP-IL2RG fusion proteins were identified permitting selective expansion of primary CD4+ T cells in rapamycin supplemented medium. This chemically inducible signaling complex (CISC) was subsequently incorporated into HDR donor templates designed to drive expression of the Treg master regulator FOXP3. Following editing of CD4+ T cells, CISC+ engineered Treg (CISC EngTreg) were selectively expanded using rapamycin and maintained Treg activity. Following transfer into immunodeficient mice treated with rapamycin, CISC EngTreg exhibited sustained engraftment in the absence of IL-2. Furthermore, in vivo CISC engagement increased the therapeutic activity of CISC EngTreg. Finally, an editing strategy targeting the TRAC locus permitted generation and selective enrichment of CISC+ functional CD19-CAR-T cells. Together, CISC provides a robust platform to achieve both in vitro enrichment and in vivo engraftment and activation, features likely beneficial across multiple gene-edited T cell applications.

Recent Progress of CircRNAs in Hematological Malignancies.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are now recognized as key regulators in the epigenetic control of genetic expression, being involved in a wide range of cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Their unique closed-loop structure endows them with stability and resistance to exonuclease degradation, making them not only key regulatory molecules within the cell but also promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, particularly in hematological malignancies. This review comprehensively explores the role of circRNAs in the pathogenesis, progression, and therapeutic resistance of common hematological malignancies. Furthermore, the review delves into the prognostic significance of circRNAs, underscoring their potential in predicting disease outcomes and treatment response. Given their extensive involvement in cancer biology, circRNAs present a frontier for novel therapeutic strategies.

Development of an instrument to measure the competencies of health professionals in the process of evidence-based healthcare: A Delphi study.

AIMS: To identify and reach consensus on dimensions and criteria of a competence assessment instrument for health professionals in relation to the process of evidence-based healthcare. DESIGN: A two-round Delphi survey was carried out from April to June 2023. METHODS: Consensus was sought from an expert panel on the instrument preliminarily established based on the JBI Model of Evidence-Based Healthcare and a rapid review of systematic reviews of relevant literature. The level of consensus was reflected by the concentration and coordination of experts' opinions and percentage of agreement. The instrument was revised significantly based on the combination of data analysis, the experts' comments and research group discussions. RESULTS: Sixteen national and three international experts were involved in the first-round Delphi survey and 17 experts participated in the second-round survey. In both rounds, full consensus was reached on the four dimensions of the instrument, namely evidence-generation, evidence-synthesis, evidence-transfer and evidence-implementation. In round-one, the instrument was revised from 77 to 61 items. In round-two, the instrument was further revised to have 57 items under the four dimensions in the final version. CONCLUSION: The Delphi survey achieved consensus on the instrument. The validity and reliability of the instrument needs to be tested in future research internationally. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Systematic assessment of nurses and other health professionals' competencies in different phases of evidence-based healthcare process based on this instrument provides implications for their professional development and multidisciplinary team collaboration in evidence-based practice and better care process and outcomes. IMPACT: This study addresses a research gap of lacking an instrument to systematically assess interprofessional competencies in relation to the process of EBHC. The instrument covers the four phases of EBHC process with minimal criteria, highlighting essential aspects of ability to be developed. Identification of health professionals' level of competence in these aspects helps strengthen their capacity accordingly so as to promote virtuous EBHC ecosystem for the ending purpose of improving global healthcare outcomes. REPORTING METHOD: This study was reported in line with the Conducting and REporting of DElphi studies (CREDES) guidance on Delphi studies. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Ultrasonic Obstacle Avoidance and Full-Speed-Range Hybrid Control for Intelligent Garages.

In the current study, which focuses on the operational safety problem in intelligent three-dimensional garages, an obstacle avoidance measurement and control scheme for the AGV parking robot is proposed. Under the premise of high-precision distance detection using Kalman filtering, a mathematical model of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor with full-speed range hybrid control is established. MATLAB/Simulink (R2022a) is used to build the control model, which has dual closed-loop vector-controlled motors in the low- to medium-speed range, with photoelectric encoders for speed feedback. The simulation results show that, at lower to medium speeds, the maximum overshoot of the output response curve is 1.5%, and the response time is 0.01 s. However, at higher speeds, there is significant jitter in the speed output waveform. Therefore, the speed feedback is switched to a sliding mode observer (SMO) instead of the original speed sensor at high speeds. Experiments show that, based on the SMO, the problem of speed waveform jitter at high motor speeds can be significantly improved, and the BLDC motor system has strong robustness. The above shows that the motor speed under the full-speed range hybrid control system can meet the AGV control and safety requirements.

The Response of Growth and Transcriptome Profiles of Tea Grey Blight Disease Pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae to the Variation of Exogenous L-Theanine.

Tea grey blight disease is one of the most destructive diseases that infects tea and is caused by the pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert. L-theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid of the tea plant. Different concentrations of L-theanine exhibit significant inhibitory effects on the growth and sporulation ability of the pathogen causing tea grey blight disease. To understand the effect mechanism of L-theanine on P. theae, transcriptome profiling was performed on the pathogenic mycelium treated with three different concentrations of L-theanine: no L-theanine treatment (TH0), 20 mg/mL theanine treatment (TH2), and 40 mg/mL theanine treatment (TH4). The colony growths were significantly lower in the treatment with L-theanine than those without L-theanine. The strain cultured with a high concentration of L-theanine produced no spores or only a few spores. In total, 2344, 3263, and 1158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by RNA-sequencing in the three comparisons, Th2 vs. Th0, Th4 vs. Th0, and Th4 vs. Th2, respectively. All DEGs were categorized into 24 distinct clusters. According to GO analysis, low concentrations of L-theanine primarily affected molecular functions, while high concentrations of L-theanine predominantly affected biological processes including external encapsulating structure organization, cell wall organization or biogenesis, and cellular amino acid metabolic process. Based on KEGG, the DEGs of Th2 vs. Th0 were primarily involved in pentose and glucuronate interconversions, histidine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. The DEGs of Th4 vs. Th0 were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, amino sugar, and nucleotide sugar metabolism. This study indicated that L-theanine has a significant impact on the growth and sporulation of the pathogen of tea grey blight disease and mainly affects amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and cellular structure-related biosynthesis processes of pathogenic fungi. This work provides insights into the direct control effect of L-theanine on pathogenic growth and also reveals the molecular mechanisms of inhibition of L-theanine to P. theae.

Improving responsible Media Reporting on Student Suicide to Reduce Negative Public Opinion: Text Mining Based on Sina Weibo in China.

The aims of this study were to explore whether student suicide reporting is consistent with media recommendations for suicide reporting; analyze public opinion and sentiments toward student suicide reports. A keyword search was performed on the WeiboReach platform. This study included 113 student suicide report posts and 176,262 readers' comments on suicide news reports. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to analyze the relationships between adherence to reporting recommendations and negative emotions in readers' comments. None of the media reporting of student suicide was consistent with all of the media recommendations for suicide reporting. Netizens were less likely to post negative comments when the reports describe the suicide method used (OR 1.169, 95% CI 1.022∼1.337), and not specifying the cause of suicide was a protective factor for public negative emotion (OR 0.799, 95% CI 0.707, 0.905). The findings suggest improving responsible media reporting on student suicide to reduce negative public emotion.

Regulating Atomically-Precise Pt Sites for Boosting Light-Driven Dry Reforming of Methane.

Light-driven dry reforming of methane is a promising and mild route to convert two greenhouse gas into valuable syngas. However, developing facile strategy to atomically-precise regulate the active sites and realize balanced and stable syngas production is still challenging. Herein, we developed a spatial confinement approach to precisely control over platinum species on TiO2 surfaces, from single atoms to nanoclusters. The configuration comprising single atoms and sub-nanoclusters engenders pronounced electronic metal-support interactions, with resultant interfacial states prompting surface charge rearrangement. The unique geometric and electronic properties of these atom-cluster assemblies facilitate effective activation of CH4 and CO2, accelerating intermediate coupling and minimizing side reactions. Our catalyst exhibits an outstanding syngas generation rate of 34.41 mol gPt -1 h-1 with superior durability, displaying high apparent quantum yield of 9.1 % at 365 nm and turnover frequency of 1289 h-1. This work provides insightful understanding for exploring more multi-molecule systems at an atomic scale.