[Formulation Optimization of Zuojin Floating-Bioadhesive Pellets by Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the formulation of Zuojin floating-bioadhesive pellets by the central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). METHODS: In the formulation design using CCD-RSM, independent variables were the amounts of sodium bicarbonate (X1), HPMC (X2) and MCC (X3) as factors. Small pills roundness, 12 h floating rate and the percentages of in vitro cumulative releases at 2,6 and 12 h were dependent variables. Multilinear and quadratic model were used to estimate the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. According to best model, the contour plots and RSM were drawn, and the optional formulation was selected. According to the optional formulation,the pellets were prepared and validated. RESULTS: The quadratic was the best fitting mode. Small pills roundness was 15.04 °. 12 h floating rate was 75.07%. Percentages of in vitro cumulation release at 2,6 and 12 h of the option formulation pellets was 27.01%, 70.00% and 84.61%, respectively. The actual value was close to the predicted value. Deviation was less than 5%. CONCLUSION: Quadratic model was preferred in the optimization of formulation due to the statistical confidence. The multi-objective simultaneous optimization of Zuojin floating pellet formulation can be achieved by the central composite design-response surface methodology.

[Investigation on Spray Drying Technology of Auricularia auricular Extract].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of spray drying technology of Auricularia auricular extract and its optimum process. METHODS: On the basis of single factor test, with the yield of dry extract and the content of polysaccharide as indexes, orthogonal test method was used to optimize the spray drying technology on the inlet air temperature, injection speed and crude drug content. Using ultraviolet spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography(TLC) and pharmacodynamics as indicators, extracts prepared by traditional alcohol precipitation drying process and spray drying process were compared. RESULTS: Compared with the traditional preparation method, the extract prepared by spray drying had little differences from the polysaccharide content, TLC and the function of reducing TG and TC, and its optimum technology condition were as follows: The inlet air temperature was 180 °C, injection speed was 10 ml/min and crude drugs content was 0. 4 g/mL. CONCLUSION: Auricularia auricular extract by spray drying technology is stable and feasible with high economic benefit.

[Extraction technology optimization of huoxuehuayu granules].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extraction process of Huoxuehuayu granules. METHODS: To determine the activities of serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of experimental myocardial ischemia mice, in order to optimize the best extraction technology of Huoxuehuayu prescription. According to the pharmacological results,with composite score of extraction rate of tanshinone II(A) and dry extract rate as comprehensive evaluation indexes, orthogonal test was used to optimize the ethanol extraction technology by taking ethanol concentration, the amount of ethanol, extraction time and soaking time. With extraction rate of salvianolic acid B and dry extract yield as comprehensive evaluation indexes, effect of extraction times, the amount of water, and extraction time on water extraction technology were investigated by orthogonal test. RESULTS: Optimum ethanol extraction technology conditions were as follows: extracted once with ten times the amount of 80% ethanol, 1.5 h. Optimum water extraction technology conditions were as follows: extracted three times with eight times the amount of water, 1 h each time. The best ethanol precipitated technique was the relative density of the liquor to be condensed to 1.20 (60 degrees C), adding 95% ethanol to 80% of ethanol concentration and depositing for 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: Optimized extraction technology is simple, stable and feasible,which can settle foundation for molding technology of Huoxuehuayu granules.

[Establishing quantitative model of naringin in citrus Grandis Exocarpium by near infrared spectroscopy].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the quantitative model of naringin in Citrus Grandis Exocarpium by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS). METHODS: NIRSs of 54 Citrus Grandis Exocarpium samples were collected and pretreated by TQ Analyst 8.0 software with first derivative + Norris filter. The wavebands in 10,000-4000 cm(-1) were collected and 9 numbers of factors were used. The calibration model was built with partial least squares (PLS). RESULTS: The quantitative calibration model had good correlation coefficients (r = 0.9927) and low root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC = 0.0746). Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.282. The average rate of recovery of validation was 101.65% (n = 9). CONCLUSION: The quantitative calibration model is trustworthy and it can be used to predict naringin in Citrus Grandis Exocarpium accurately. This simple, fast and non-destructive advantages of NIRS can be used for quality control and exploitation of Citrus Grandis Exocarpium.

Endoscopic treatment and management of rectal neuroendocrine tumors less than 10 mm in diameter.

Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (rNETs) measuring less than 10 mm in diameter are defined as small rNETs. Due to the low risk of distant invasion and metastasis, endoscopic treatments, including modified endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, and other transanal surgical procedures, are effective. This review article proposes a follow-up plan according to the size and histopathology of the tumor after operation.