Tceal7 Regulates Skeletal Muscle Development through Its Interaction with Cdk1.

We have previously reported Tceal7 as a muscle-specific gene that represses myoblast proliferation and promotes myogenic differentiation. The regulatory mechanism of Tceal7 gene expression has been well clarified recently. However, the underlying mechanism of Tceal7 function in skeletal muscle development remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we have generated an MCK 6.5 kb-HA-Tceal7 transgenic model. The transgenic mice are born normally, while they have displayed defects in the growth of body weight and skeletal muscle myofiber during postnatal development. Although four RxL motifs have been identified in the Tceal7 protein sequence, we have not detected any direct protein-protein interaction between Tceal7 and Cyclin A2, Cyclin B1, Cylin D1, or Cyclin E1. Further analysis has revealed the interaction between Tceal7 and Cdk1 instead of Cdk2, Cdk4, or Cdk6. Transgenic overexpression of Tceal7 reduces phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 Ser65, p70S6K1 Thr389, and Cdk substrates in skeletal muscle. In summary, these studies have revealed a novel mechanism of Tceal7 in skeletal muscle development.

The Role of Entropy Gains in the Exciton Separation in Organic Solar Cells.

In organic solar cells (OSCs), the lower dielectric constant of organic semiconductor material induces a strong Coulomb attraction between electron-hole pairs, which leads to a low exciton separation efficiency, especially the charge transfer (CT) state. The CT state formed at the electron-donor (D) and electron-acceptor (A) interface is regarded as an unfavorable property of organic photovoltaic devices. Since the OSC works in a nonzero temperature condition, the entropy effect would be one of the main reasons to overcome the Coulomb energy barrier and must be taken into account. In this review, the present understanding of the entropy-driven charge separation is reviewed and how factors such as the dimensionality of the organic semiconductor, energy disorder effect, the morphology of the active layer, are described, as well as how the nonequilibrium effect affects the entropy contribution in compensating the Coulomb dissociation barrier for CT exciton separation and charge generation process. The investigation of the entropy effect on exciton dissociation mechanism from both theoretical and experimental aspects is focused on, which provides pathways for understanding the underlying mechanisms of exciton separation and further enhancing the efficiency of OSCs.

A Freezing-Induced Turn-On Imaging Modality for Real-Time Monitoring of Cancer Cells in Cryosurgery.

Cryosurgery has attracted much attention for the treatment of tumors owing to its clear advantages. However, determining the volume of frozen tissues in real-time remains a challenge, which greatly lowers the therapeutic efficacy of cryosurgery and hinders its broad application for the treatment of cancers. Herein, we report a freezing-induced turn-on strategy for the selective real-time imaging of frozen cancer cells. As a type of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorogen, TABD-Py molecules interact specifically with ice crystals and form aggregates at the ice/water interface. Consequently, bright fluorescent emission appears upon freezing. TABD-Py molecules are enriched mostly in the cancer cells and exhibit high biocompatibility as well as low cytotoxicity; therefore, a freezing-induced turn-on imaging modality for cryosurgery is developed, which will certainly maximize the therapeutic efficacy of cryosurgery in treating tumors.

Comprehensive analysis of serum metabolites in gestational diabetes mellitus by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to the first sign or onset of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy rather than progestation. In recent decades, more and more research has focused on the etiology and pathogenesis of GDM in order to further understand GDM progress and recovery. Using an advanced metabolomics platform based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS), we explored the changes in serum metabolites between women with GDM and healthy controls during and after pregnancy. Some significant differences were discovered using multivariate analysis including partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA). The dysregulated metabolites were further compared and verified in several databases to understand how these compounds might function as potential biomarkers. Analyses of the metabolic pathways associated with these potential biomarkers were subsequently explored. A total of 35 metabolites were identified, contributing to GDM progress to some extent. The identified biomarkers were involved in some important metabolic pathways including glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; steroid hormone biosynthesis; tyrosine metabolism; glycerophospholipid metabolism; and fatty acid metabolism. The above mentioned metabolic pathways mainly participate in three major metabolic cycles in humans, including lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. In this pilot study, the valuable comprehensive analysis gave us further insight into the etiology and pathophysiology of GDM, which might benefit the feasibility of a rapid, accurate diagnosis and reasonable treatment as soon as possible but also prevent GDM and its related short- and long-term complications.

Specific and cumulative effects of childhood maltreatment on nonsuicidal self-injury in Chinese adolescents: The moderating effect of sleep disturbance.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment (CM) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, few studies have explored both the specific and cumulative effects of CM on NSSI. Additionally, the impact of sleep disturbance on the association between CM and NSSI remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To comprehensively explore the effects of CM on NSSI, and to determine whether these effects are moderated by sleep disturbance. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A retrospective study was conducted in April 2021 among a representative sample of 21,340 students aged 11-20 years in China. METHODS: All participants completed questionnaires assessing CM, sleep disturbance, and NSSI. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate the associations between CM and NSSI, as well as the impact of sleep disturbance. RESULTS: The findings revealed that 13.0 % of adolescents reported occasional NSSI, while 25.2 % reported repetitive NSSI. Except for sexual abuse, all subtypes of CM were significantly associated with increased odds of both occasional and repetitive NSSI. A significant dose-response relationship was observed between cumulative CM and repetitive NSSI. Stratification analyses by sleep disturbance indicated that adolescents reporting sleep disturbance had a higher risk of developing repetitive NSSI, irrespective of the type of CM experienced. Furthermore, a dose-response relationship was identified between cumulative CM and repetitive NSSI among adolescents reporting sleep disturbance. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that CM increases the risk of NSSI among Chinese adolescents, and sleep disturbance plays a moderating role. Interventions targeting sleep disturbance may hold significance in reducing NSSI.

Odorants Identified in Chinese Dry-Cured Ham Contribute to Salty Taste Enhancement.

Jinhua dry-cured ham (JDH) is a traditional fermented Chinese meat product. We studied the dynamic sensory and emotional profiles of JDHs obtained by five preparation methods and the corresponding release of sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during oral processing. The VOCs with salty taste enhancement abilities were screened based on the correlations of VOCs with salty flavor and concentration of Na and K ions with salty flavor. A trained sensory panel evaluated the saltiness enhancements of selected VOCs by using static and dynamic sensory methods. The results revealed that Na+, K+, and selected VOCs were mainly released during 0-10 s of the chewing process. The release of Na+ and K+ in JDH residue samples exhibited consistently decreasing trends, while in saliva, their concentrations increased. The VOCs showing a high correlation with Na+ and K+ and salty flavor have saltiness enhancement abilities in both NaCl solutions and NaCl + MSG mixtures. Odor-induced saltiness was pronounced at low salt concentrations (0.2% NaCl). The investigation demonstrated 16 VOCs exhibiting saltiness enhancement abilities, including 4 pyrazines, 5 acids, 4 sulfur-containing compounds, and 3 other compounds. The sensory evaluation suggested pyrazines and sulfur-containing compounds as good saltiness enhancers. 2-Furfuryl mercaptan significantly enhanced the salty sensation in the NaCl + MSG solutions when compared with MSG alone (p < 0.05). This research provides evidence that certain odorants identified in JDHs exhibit salty-enhancing properties, indicating their potential for salt reduction at the industrial level.

Elucidation of the Impact of Steaming on the Key Odorants of Jinhua Dry-Cured Ham Using the Sensomics Approach.

Jinhua dry-cured ham (JDH) is a traditional fermented meat product favored by Chinese consumers. In this paper, the impact of steaming on the key odorants of JDH was investigated using the sensomics approach. Compounds with odor activity values (OAV) ≥1 were re-engineered in a triglyceride matrix to imitate the odor profiles of both raw and steamed JDHs. The aroma-active compounds were then confirmed by recombination and omission tests using triangle tests. The odor profiles of raw and steamed JDHs were obtained by quantitative descriptive analysis to compare the differences between the original and recombined models. The results showed that pentanal, hexanal, dimethyl trisulfide, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-heptenal, furaneol, 3-methylbutanoic acid, 1-octen-3-one, and methional influenced the overall raw JDH odor significantly. Furaneol was first reported as a key compound that provides a caramel smell to the raw JDH. Apart from (E)-2-heptenal, dimethyl trisulfide, furaneol, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and methional, the remaining three compounds including 2-furfurylthiol, benzeneacetaldehyde, and phenylethyl alcohol showed a significant influence on the odor profile of steamed JDH. The statistical analysis of the odor profiles showed an 80.0% similarity between the recombination raw JDH and the real raw JDH, and a 76.3% similarity between the model and the real steamed JDH.

Association between problematic smartphone use, chronotype and nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents: A large-scale study in China.

BACKGROUND: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious public health and clinical problem, particularly for adolescents, and may link to problematic smartphone use (PSU) and chronotype. This study examines the independent and interaction effects of PSU and chronotype on NSSI among adolescents and identified gender differences in these associations. METHODS: A total of 21,357 students aged 11-19 were recruited using stratified cluster sampling across five representative provinces in China and completed standard questionnaires to record details of PSU, chronotype, and NSSI. RESULTS: A total of 38.1 % of students reported having engaged in NSSI and 17.7 % had PSU. PSU and chronotype were significantly associated with NSSI among adolescents, and this relationship was stronger in females. Interaction analysis indicated that E-type and PSU were interactively associated with increased risks of NSSI. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that E-type and PSU can increase the risk of NSSI both independently and interactively. Therefore, they should be considered in intervention programs for NSSI, especially for females.

Changes in the gut microbiota structure and function in rats with doxorubicin-induced heart failure.

Objectives: The rat model of heart failure (HF) induced by doxorubicin (DOX), a broad spectrum and highly effective chemotherapeutic anthracycline with high-affinity to myocardial tissue that causes severe dose-dependent irreversible cardiotoxicity has been widely recognized and applied in HF pathogenesis and drug therapy studies. The gut microbiota (GM) has attracted significant attention due to its potential role in HF, and research in this area may provide beneficial therapeutic strategies for HF. Considering the differences in the route, mode, and total cumulative dose of DOX administration used to establish HF models, the optimal scheme for studying the correlation between GM and HF pathogenesis remains to be determined. Therefore, focusing on establishing the optimal scheme, we evaluated the correlation between GM composition/function and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). Methods: Three schemes were investigated: DOX (at total cumulative doses of 12, 15 or 18 mg/kg using a fixed or alternating dose via a tail vein or intraperitoneal injection) was administered to Sprague Dawley (SD) for six consecutive weeks. The M-mode echocardiograms performed cardiac function evaluation. Pathological changes in the intestine were observed by H&E staining and in the heart by Masson staining. The serum levels of N-terminal pre-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured by ELISA. The GM was analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Key findings: Strikingly, based on the severity of cardiac dysfunction, there were marked differences in the abundance and grouping of GM under different schemes. The HF model established by tail vein injection of DOX (18 mg/kg, alternating doses) was more stable; moreover, the degree of myocardial injury and microbial composition were more consistent with the clinical manifestations of HF. Conclusions: The model of HF established by tail vein injection of doxorubicin, administered at 4mg/kg body weight (2mL/kg) at weeks 1, 3 and 5, and at 2mg/kg body weight (1mL/kg) at weeks 2, 4 and 6, with a cumulative total dose of 18mg/kg, is a better protocol to study the correlation between HF and GM.

Improving the efficiency of ternary organic solar cells by reducing energy loss.

Effectively reducing the voltage loss in organic solar cells (OSCs) is critical to improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs. In this study, highly efficient ternary OSCs were constructed by adding a non-fullerene acceptor Qx2 with a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) and low energy loss (Eloss) into PM6:m-BTP-PhC6 based binary devices. The third component Qx2 shows slightly complementary absorption with m-BTP-PhC6 and also optimizes the molecular packing, orientation, and morphology of the active layer. Moreover, the incorporation of Qx2 reduced the energetic disorder and improved the electroluminescence quantum efficiency, which suppresses the Eloss and further leads to a higher VOC than the PM6:m-BTP-PhC6 binary blend. Consequently, synergetic enhancements of VOC, short circuit current (JSC), and fill factor (FF) are realized, resulting in the PCE of 18.60%. This work shows that the selection of the appropriate third component has positive implications for reducing Eloss and improving the PCE of OSCs.

Transcription Regulation of Tceal7 by the Triple Complex of Mef2c, Creb1 and Myod.

Tceal7 has been identified as a direct, downstream target gene of MRF in the skeletal muscle. The overexpression of Tceal7 represses myogenic proliferation and promotes cell differentiation. Previous studies have defined the 0.7 kb upstream fragment of the Tceal7 gene. In the present study, we have further determined two clusters of transcription factor-binding motifs in the 0.7 kb promoter: CRE#2-E#1-CRE#1 in the proximal region and Mef2#3-CRE#3-E#4 in the distal region. Utilizing transcription assays, we have also shown that the reporter containing the Mef2#3-CRE#3-E#4 motifs is synergistically transactivated by Mef2c and Creb1. Further studies have mapped out the protein-protein interaction between Mef2c and Creb1. In summary, our present studies support the notion that the triple complex of Mef2c, Creb1 and Myod interacts with the Mef2#3-CRE#3-E#4 motifs in the distal region of the Tceal7 promoter, thereby driving Tceal7 expression during skeletal muscle development and regeneration.

Interaction between Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) polymorphisms and childhood maltreatment on aggression risk in Chinese male adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Aggressive behavior is a highly prevalent and serious public health problem among adolescents. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of aggressive behavior remain unclear. Childhood maltreatment is an acknowledged factor for aggressive behavior. SIRT1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of psychiatric disorders. We aimed to reveal the interactive effect between SIRT1 and childhood maltreatment on aggressive behavior among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: Aggressive behavior and childhood maltreatment were evaluated by the Buss and Warren's Aggression Questionnaire (BWAQ) and short form Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), respectively. This study comprised 436 aggression cases and 435 controls. Four SIRT1 tagSNPs were selected for genotyping. Interaction between SIRT1 and childhood maltreatment was estimated by logistic regression models. RESULTS: Individuals carrying SIRT1 rs4746720 minor allele and TAAC haplotype derived from SIRT1 variants was associated with reduced aggression risk when childhood maltreatment occurred (all P < 0.01). An antagonistic additive interaction between SIRT1 rs4746720 and childhood maltreatment on aggressive behavior (S = 0.421; 95%CI: 0.234 to 0.758) was further testified. No main effect of the SIRT1 SNPs or the haplotype block was observed (all P > 0.05). LIMITATIONS: Since participants were only males, our findings were unable to be directly extended to females. Cross-sectional design, self-reported measurements and limited sample size were adopted. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first evidence of SIRT1 × childhood maltreatment interaction on aggressive behavior in male adolescents. The minor allele of SIRT1 rs4746720 presents a protective effect on combination with childhood maltreatment on the risk of aggressive behavior.

Sex differences in association between Internet addiction and aggression among adolescents aged 12 to 18 in mainland of China.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that Internet addiction (IA) is an important predictor of aggression. However, little is known whether aggression is a risk factor of IA. This study aims to explore whether IA can predict total and sub-types of aggression, whether aggression also can predict IA, and the potential sex difference. METHOD: A total of 15,977 adolescents aged 12 to 18 were recruited though a stratified cluster sampling across five representative provinces in mainland of China. Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Buss and Warren's Aggression Questionnaire (BWAQ) were used to measure IA and aggression, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of IA and total aggression was 16.8 % and 25.0 %, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that IAT score was significantly associated with total and five sub-types of aggression (P < 0.001). However, scores of physical aggression, hostility, and indirect aggression were positively associated with IA (P < 0.001), while verbal aggression and anger were not significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, the interaction of sex and IA was significant for aggression. Specifically, females with IA had higher risks of anger and indirect aggression but had lower risks of physical and verbal aggression compared to males with IA. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional design, self-reported information, and only Chinese rural adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: IA is a strong risk factor of total and five sub-types of aggression, while not all sub-types of aggression are predictors of IA. Prevention programs for adolescents' IA and aggression should consider different aggression sub-types and sex.

Association between childhood physical abuse and suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents: The mediation of aggression.

BACKGROUND: Although previous studies have examined many predictors of suicidal behaviors. However, little is known for childhood physical abuse (CPA) and aggression, which are prevalent among adolescents. This study aimed to explore association between CPA and suicidal behaviors, and the potential mediating role of aggression. METHOD: A total of 16,111 students graded 7 to 12 were recruited using a stratified cluster sampling across five representative provinces in China. Conflict Tactics Scale-Parents to Child (CTS-PC) and Buss and Warren's Aggression Questionnaire (BWAQ) were used to measure CPA and aggression, respectively. RESULTS: During the last year, 16.0 % of adolescents reported suicidal behaviors. Specifically, 7.9 % were suicide ideators, 4.6 % were planners, and 3.5 % were attempters. The prevalence of CPA in mild, moderate, and severe was 15.7 %, 26.9 %, and 4.4 %, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that moderate and severe CPA and overall aggression were associated with suicide ideators, planners, and attempters. In five sub-types of aggression, only hostility was significantly associated with all three suicidal behaviors. Structural equation modelling showed that aggression partially mediate the relationship between CPA and suicidal behaviors. The mediation proportion of overall aggression, physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, hostility, and indirect aggression were 27.2 %, 22.4 %, 5.2 %, 14.2 %, 23.5 %, and 12.1 %, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional design, self-reported questionnaire, and no other forms of childhood maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS: CPA is a critical risk factor of suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents and aggression is a mediator between CPA and suicidal behaviors. Targeted suicide prevention should focus on those adolescents who report CPA and aggression, especially for hostility.

Saltiness-Enhancing Peptides Isolated from the Chinese Commercial Fermented Soybean Curds with Potential Applications in Salt Reduction.

Salt is very important for human health and food seasoning. Recently, several peptides isolated from natural food products have been reported exhibiting a salty taste or a saltiness-enhancing function. In this investigation, taste-active peptides occurring in commercial Chinese fermented soybean curd were isolated and identified using ultrafiltration, gel permeation chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, and nano-LC/Q-TOF MS/MS. The salty taste-enhancing function of the target fractions was confirmed by both a rat taste cell model and/or human sensory evaluation. Four decapeptides were found as taste-active compounds. Among them, peptide E (EDEGEQPRPF) was the most potent saltiness-enhancing peptide: 0.4 mg/mL in 50 mmol/L NaCl solution could increase its salty perception equivalent to the salt level of 63 mmol/L NaCl reference solution. The sequence of the peptide has been found in the α'-subunit of ß-conglycinin [Glycine max]. The remaining peptides V (VGPDDDEKSW), DD (DEDEQPRPIP), and DG (DEGEQPRPFP) showed umami and kokumi tastes as well as a weak saltiness-enhancing sensation. These findings suggest that the decapeptide EDEGEQPRPF could be a possible alternative to partially reduce the amount of sodium intake without compromising for saltiness.

Specific effects of neglect and physical abuse on adolescent aggressive behaviors by gender: A multicenter study in rural China.

BACKGROUND: Neglect and physical abuse may be typical risk factors for aggressive behavior in adolescents. However, findings on their specific effects and sex differences are still unclear. This study aimed to examine the specific effects of neglect and physical abuse on adolescent aggressive behaviors and to further explore the potential sex-specific effect. METHODS: A multicenter school-based survey was conducted in rural China. A total of 15,957 students aged 11-20 years completed self-report questionnaires to record aggressive behaviors, neglect and physical abuse, and other related information. Participants were grouped into those who experienced none, one of, or both neglect and physical abuse for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Of the participants, 37.0% experienced both neglect and physical abuse, 30.0% experienced neglect only, and 9.8% experienced physical abuse only. Higher risk for physical aggression (OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.06-1.45), and lower risk for verbal aggression (OR=0.83, 95% CI=0.72-0.94) and hostility (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.69-0.94) were found in the physical abuse only group as compared to the neglect only group. No sex difference was found between neglect or physical abuse and general aggressive behaviors (P>0.05), except that females were more likely to exert physical aggression than males when exposed to neglect and physical abuse (P<0.05). LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional design, retrospective self-report data, and not including other maltreatment subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Neglect and physical abuse may each have distinct sensitivity for different subtypes of aggression. Targeted treatment for diverse aggressive symptoms is suggested, and strategies to prevent both neglect and physical abuse across gender would yield comprehensive benefits.

Predictive Value of Second-Trimester Maternal Lipid Profiling in Early-Onset Pre-eclampsia: A Prospective Cohort Study and Nomogram.

Purpose: Maternal lipid profile in second trimester has rarely been investigated in the risk assessment for pre-eclampsia (PE). Since early-onset PE often companied by much worse clinical outcomes, thus, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of second-trimester maternal lipid profiling for early-onset PE. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted to measure the second-trimester maternal lipid profile of pregnant women from January to December 2019. The pairwise association between maternal lipid profile and PE onset or pregnancy termination time was quantified. Multiple logistic regression was preformed to define risk factors for early-onset PE, and a nomogram for early-onset PE was developed. The net benefit of our model was evaluated by calibration curve and decision curve analyses. Results: We enrolled 5,908 pregnant women and they were divided into healthy (n = 5,789), late-onset PE (n = 64), and early-onset PE (n = 55) groups. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were elevated in patients with PE, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was decreased in patients with PE. TC, TG, and LDL-c were negatively correlated with PE onset time or gestational week at delivery. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) defined the cutoff values of TG and HDL-c, and the final regression model included five statistically significant risk predictors for early-onset PE (maternal age of ≥35 years, multipara, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2, second trimester TG ≥ 2.59 mmol/L and second trimester HDL-c ≤ 2.03 mmol/L. The nomogram had an excellent diagnostic performance (area under the curve = 0.912, sensitivity = 92.7%, and specificity = 76%) and was further validated with good calibration and positive net benefits in a decision curve analysis. Conclusions: An abnormally increased TG concentration and a decreased HDL-c concentration might serve as predictors of early-onset PE. Whether blood lipid-lowering measures can improve severe PE prognosis require further clarification.

Alternating sequences of future and past behavior encoded within hippocampal theta oscillations.

Neural networks display the ability to transform forward-ordered activity patterns into reverse-ordered, retrospective sequences. The mechanisms underlying this transformation remain unknown. We discovered that, during active navigation, rat hippocampal CA1 place cell ensembles are inherently organized to produce independent forward- and reverse-ordered sequences within individual theta oscillations. This finding may provide a circuit-level basis for retrospective evaluation and storage during ongoing behavior. Theta phase procession arose in a minority of place cells, many of which displayed two preferred firing phases in theta oscillations and preferentially participated in reverse replay during subsequent rest. These findings reveal an unexpected aspect of theta-based hippocampal encoding and provide a biological mechanism to support the expression of reverse-ordered sequences.

Self-Harm, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide Attempts in Chinese Adolescents Involved in Different Sub-types of Bullying: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Bullying tends to peak during adolescence, and it is an important risk factor of self-harm and suicide. However, research on the specific effect of different sub-types of bullying is limited. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between four common forms of bullying (verbal, physical, relational, and cyber) and self-harm, suicidal ideation (SI), and suicide attempts (SA). Method: This was a cross-sectional study of a sample including 4,241 Chinese students (55.8% boys) aged 11 to 18 years. Bullying involvement, self-harm, SI, and SA were measured via The Juvenile Campus Violence Questionnaire (JCVQ). The association was examined through multinomial logistic regression analysis, adjusted for demographic characteristics and psychological distress. Results: Bullying victimization and perpetration were reported by 18.0 and 10.7% of participants. The prevalence of self-harm, SI, and SA were 11.8, 11.8, and 7.1%, respectively. Relational bullying victimization and perpetration were significantly associated with SI only, SI plus self-harm, and SA. Physical bullying victimization and perpetration were risk factors of self-harm only and SA. Verbal victimization was significantly associated with SI only. Cyber perpetration was a risk factor of SA. Conclusions: The findings highlight the different effects of sub-types of bullying on self-harm and suicidal risk. Anti-bullying intervention and suicide prevention efforts should be prior to adolescents who are involved in physical and relational bullying.