Phylogeography, speciation and demographic history: Contrasting evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear markers of the Odorrana graminea sensu lato (Anura, Ranidae) in China.

Understanding the process of speciation and the factors driving the geographical distribution patterns of species is of great interest in ecology and evolutionary biology. Herein, we investigated the phylogeographic patterns, speciation, demographic history and genetic structure of the widespread endemic Odorrana graminea sensu lato in Southern China and adjacent areas. A total of 439 specimens from 68 localities were sequenced and analyzed for both mitochondrial (12S and 16S rRNA) and nuclear markers (RAG-1 and ten microsatellite loci). Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated mtDNA data revealed five major highly divergent lineages within the O. graminea sensu lato in Southern China, and these divergent lineages were highly concordant with five geographical regions. The nuclear data showed a discordant genetic structure compared to the mtDNA lineages (Clades A, B, and C) for O. graminea sensu stricto, with an admixed pattern in the RAG-1 data and two structure clusters in the microsatellite data. The species delimitation analyses, based on three methods, supported the species status of Odorrana zhaoi and Odorrana rotodora, and revealed the existence of putative cryptic species in the O. graminea sensu stricto. In addition, one statistically significant gene flow event was detected from Clade B to Clade C based on mtDNA and RAG-1 data, and the microsatellite data suggested gene flow within the O. graminea sensu stricto. Bayesian skyline plotting analyses and ecological niche modeling supported demographic and range expansions during the LGM for Clades A and C of the O. graminea sensu stricto. In addition, ecological niche models suggested the existence of ecological divergence among the three Clades (Clades A, B and C) of the O. graminea sensu stricto. The intense uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the Quaternary climate oscillations, and drainage changes may have driven the speciation, genetic structure and phylogeoraphic patterns of the O. graminea sensu lato.

Effects of hematite on the stabilization of copper, cadmium and phosphorus in a contaminated red soil amended with hydroxyapatite.

Iron (Fe) oxides are intimately coupled with phosphorus and closely associated with the bioavailability of potential toxic elements (PTEs) in soil. Thus, Fe oxides may influence the stabilization of PTEs in contaminated soils amended by phosphorus. To evaluate the effects of hematite (HMT) on the stabilization of PTEs, 1-5% (by weight) of HMT was added into a contaminated red soil amended with hydroxyapatite (HAP) to simulate naturally occurring Fe oxides. The stabilization efficiencies of soil copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) amended with HAP in soils with low, moderate, and high content of HMT were assessed after a 60-day incubation. HAP treated the soil with high rate HMT decreased the CaCl2-extractable and acid-soluble fractions of Cu and Cd than that of HAP alone. In particular, CaCl2-extactable Cu and Cd in the soil with 5% HMT amended by HAP were 91-95% and 41-68% lower than those amended with only HAP. High content of HMT in soil could decrease the concentration of labile phosphorus in the presence of HAP, but it did not increase the concentration of NaOH-extractable inorganic phosphorus (the fraction bound to Fe oxides). The concentrations of free and crystalline Fe oxides were significantly increased by adding high dosages of HMT with or without HAP. High content of HMT in soil amended by HAP reduced metal phytotoxicity and uptake by wheat shoots than the soil containing HAP without HMT. The results indicate that HMT can promote Cu and Cd stabilization while decrease labile phosphorus in red soil amended with HAP, suggesting that phosphorus-based amendments combined with Fe oxides can be used to stabilize PTEs in contaminated red soils.

Prevalence of allergen sensitization among 15,534 patients with suspected allergic diseases in Henan Province, China.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergen sensitization varies in different geographic areas and population subsets. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of inhaled and food allergens among allergic patients in Henan Province, China. METHOD: The prevalence and distribution of 19 inhaled and food allergens among 15,534 patients with suspected allergic diseases were retrospectively analyzed in Henan Province, China between December 2012 and August 2016. Reactivity of their serum-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) to allergens was tested using the AllergyScreen test, sIgE ≥ 0.35 IU/mL was considered positive. RESULTS: Of the 15,534 patients tested, the sIgE of 6520 (41.97%) was tested positive for at least one of the 19 tested allergens. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (3540, 22.79%), cockroach (1398, 9.00%), and mold mix (1301, 8.38%) were the most frequently tested positive inhaled allergens, while cashew nut (1320, 8.50%), mango (768, 4.94%) and cow's milk (748, 4.82%) were the most frequently tested positive food allergens. The overall sIgE positive rate was higher in males than that in females (p < 0.05). Moreover, the sIgE positive rates to the most of the inhaled and food allergens were statistically different between age groups (p < 0.05). The sIgE positive rates of the main inhaled allergens increased with age. However, the sIgE positive rates for the primary food allergens were higher in the younger groups and lower in the older groups. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of allergen sensitization revealed in this study in Henan Province would facilitate the prevention, diagnosis, and management of allergic diseases in this region.

An efficient strategy to syntheses of isoflavones.

Isoflavones were synthesized by two steps in good yields, starting from commercially available 2-hydroxyacetophenones and benzene analogs. First, intermediate 3-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-ones were obtained by the condensation of 2-hydroxyacetophenones and DMF-DMA in DMF with high yields. Second, isoflavones were synthesized by irradiation of 3-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop- 2-en-1-ones in the presence of iodine using benzene analogs as solvent under a mercury lamp.

The Consumption and Diversity Variation Responses of Agricultural Pests and Their Dietary Niche Differentiation in Insectivorous Bats.

Insectivorous bats are generalist predators and can flexibly respond to fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of insect prey. To better understand the effects of bats on arthropod pests, the types of pests eaten by bats and the response of bats to insect prey need to be determined. In this study, we performed DNA metabarcoding to examine prey composition and pest diversity in the diets of four insectivorous species of bats (Hipposideros armiger, Taphozous melanopogon, Aselliscus stoliczkanus, and Miniopterus fuliginosus). We evaluated the correlation between bat activity and insect resources and assessed dietary niche similarity and niche breadth among species and factors that influence prey consumption in bats. We found that the diets of these bats included arthropods from 23 orders and 200 families, dominated by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. The proportion of agricultural pests in the diet of each of the four species of bats exceeded 40% and comprised 713 agricultural pests, including those that caused severe economic losses. Bats responded to the availability of insects. For example, a higher abundance of insects, especially Lepidoptera, and a higher insect diversity led to an increase in the duration of bat activity. In areas with more abundant insects, the number of bat passes also increased. The dietary composition, diversity, and niches differed among species and were particularly significant between H. armiger and T. melanopogon; the dietary niche width was the greatest in A. stoliczkanus and the narrowest in H. armiger. The diet of bats was correlated with their morphological and echolocation traits. Larger bats preyed more on insects in the order Coleoptera, whereas the proportion of bats consuming insects in the order Lepidoptera increased as the body size decreased. Bats that emitted echolocation calls with a high peak frequency and duration preyed more on insects in the order Mantodea. Our results suggest that dietary niche differentiation promotes the coexistence of different bat species and increases the ability of bats to consume insect prey and agricultural pests. Our findings provide greater insights into the role of bats that prey on agricultural pests and highlight the importance of combining bat conservation with integrated pest management.

Scalable fabrication of free-standing and integrated electrodes with commercial level of areal capacity for aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) present a highly promising avenue for the deployment of grid-scale energy storage systems. However, the electrodes fabricated through conventional methodologies not only suffer from insufficient mass loadings, but also are susceptible to exfoliation under deformations. Herein, a scalable and cost-effective freezing-thawing method is developed to construct free-standing and integrated electrode, comprising H11Al2V6O23.2, carboxymethyl cellulose, and carbon nanotubes. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of these components, the resultant electrode exhibits superior flexibility and robustness, large tensile strength, exceptional electrical conductivity, and favorable electrolyte wettability. Under a large mass loading of 8 mg cm-2 (corresponding to a negative/positive electrode capacity ratio of 2.09), the electrode achieves remarkable capacity of 345.2 mAh/g (2.76 mAh cm-2) at 0.2 A/g and maintains 235.2 mAh/g (1.88 mAh cm-2) at 4 A/g, while sustaining an impressive capacity retention of 97.7 % over 5000 cycles. These considerably outperform conventional electrodes employing traditional binders. Even at an elevated mass loading of 14 mg cm-2 or when operated at a low temperature of - 30 °C, the electrode continues to deliver excellent electrochemical performance (e.g., extraordinary areal capacity of 4.32 mAh cm-2). In addition, the electrode owns outstanding tolerance to external forces. This research contributes to our understanding of the pivotal challenges within the realm of AZIB technology.

[Identification of lactic acid bacteria in commercial yogurt and their antibiotic resistance].

OBJECTIVE: To identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in commercial yogurts and investigate their antibiotic resistance. METHODS: LABs were cultured from 5 yogurt brands and the isolates were identified at the species level by 16S rRNA sequence. Genotyping was performed by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR). The sensitivity to 7 antibiotics was tested for all LAB isolates by Kirby-Bauer paper diffusion (K-B method). Meanwhile, 9 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including erythromycin resistance genes (ermA and ermB) and tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetK, tetS, tetQ, tetO, tetL and tetW), were detected by PCR amplification in the identified LAB isolates. The PCR products were confirmed by sequencing. RESULTS: Total 100 LABs were isolated, including 23 Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, 26 Lactobacillus casei, 30 Streptococcus thermophilus, 5 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 6 Lactobacillus plantarum, and 10 Lactobacillus paracasei. The drug susceptibility test shows that all 100 isolates were resistant to gentamicin and streptomycin, 42 isolates were resistant to vancomycin, and on the contrary all were sensitive to cefalexin, erythromycin, tetracycline and oxytetracycline. Moreover, 5 ARGs were found in the 28 sequencing confirmed isolates, ermB gene was detected in 8 isolates, tet K in 4 isolates, tetL in 2 isolates, tetM in 4 isolates, tetO in 2 isolates. erm A, tet S, tet Q and tet W genes were not detected in the isolates. Antibiotic resistance genes were found in 53.57% (15/28) sequenced isolates, 2 -3 antibiotic resistance genes were detected in 4 isolates of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. CONCLUSIONS: Some LABs were not labeled in commercial yogurt products. Antibiotic resistance genes tend to be found in the starter culture of L. delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus and S. thermophilus. All the LAB isolates were sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline, even though some carried erythromycin and/or tetracycline resistance genes. We proved again that LAB could carry antibiotic resistance gene(s) though it is sensitive to antibiotics.

Aging reduces the bioavailability of copper and cadmium in soil immobilized by biochars with various concentrations of endogenous metals.

Biochar is widely used for environmental remediation. However, the effects of aging on the bioavailability of trace metals in biochar-amended soil remain largely unknown, especially for the biochars with various concentrations of endogenous metals. In this study, three biochars marked as BB, MB, and HB were produced from the straws of Pennisetum sinese grown in background soil, moderately-, and highly-polluted soils by trace metals, respectively. We distinguished the effects of dry-wet (DW) and freeze-thaw (FT) aging on the bioavailability of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) from soil particles, the biochar interior, and the surface of biochar. The adsorption capacities of Cu2+ and Cd2+ followed the order of BB > MB > HB. DW and FT aging both increased the adsorption capacity of Cu2+, but decreased that of Cd2+ in the three biochars, resulting in a reduction in Cu bioavailability and increase in Cd bioavailability in the biochars after the saturated adsorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+. The incorporation of the three biochars decreased Cu bioavailability compared to the control after incubation for 30d, while the addition of MB increased Cd bioavailability. DW and FT aging decreased Cu bioavailability in biochar-amended soil by decreasing the bioavailability of Cu adsorbed on the biochar surface and immobilized by soil particles. Meanwhile, aging decreased Cd bioavailability by decreasing the bioavailability of Cd immobilized by soil particles. Overall, environmental risk would be increased by the application of biochars with high endogenous Cd. The major implications are that biochar dosage and environmental risk should be carefully assessed before large-scale, continuous application, especially for biochars containing high contents of endogenous trace metals.

[Synthesis, solubility, lipids-lowering and liver-protection activities of sulfonated formononetin].

A water-soluble compound, sodium formononetin-3'-sulfonate with good lipid-lowering and liver-protection activities was synthesized. It was synthesized by sulfonation reaction, and its structure was characterized by IR, NMR and elemental analyses. The solubility of sodium formononetin-3'-sulfonate in water and n-octanol/water partition coefficient were determined by UV spectrophotometry. The lipid-lowering and liver-protection activities of sodium formononetin-3'-sulfonate were tested by using rat's high fat model induce by feeding with high fat food. The results showed that sodium formononetin-3'-sulfonate not only had favorable water, solubility but also had good lipid-lowering and liver-protection activities.

7-Eth-oxy-4'-methoxy-isoflavone (monoethyl-formononetin).

The title compound, C(18)H(16)O(4), is composed of a benzopyran-one core with a 4-methoxy-phenyl subsituent in the 3-position and an additional eth-oxy group in the 7-position. The benzopyran-one ring is not coplanar with the benzene ring, the dihedral angle between them being 41.76 (7)°. The meth-oxy and eth-oxy substituents are nearly coplanar with the ring systems to which they are attached. Individual mol-ecules are linked by two kinds of inter-molecular hydrogen bonds into chains containing classical R(2) (2)(8) rings. The chains are further assembled by aromatic F-tape and T-tape stacking inter-actions and additional inter-molecular hydrogen bonding to give a two-dimensional network.

Isolation and characterization of the new mosaic filamentous phage VFJ Φ of Vibrio cholerae.

Filamentous phages have distinguished roles in conferring many pathogenicity and survival related features to Gram-negative bacteria including the medically important Vibrio cholerae, which carries factors such as cholera toxin on phages. A novel filamentous phage, designated VFJΦ, was isolated in this study from an ampicillin and kanamycin-resistant O139 serogroup V. cholerae strain ICDC-4470. The genome of VFJΦ is 8555 nucleotides long, including 12 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), which are organized in a modular structure. VFJΦ was found to be a mosaic of two groups of V. cholerae phages. A large part of the genome is highly similar to that of the fs2 phage, and the remaining 700 bp is homologous to VEJ and VCYΦ. This 700 bp region gave VFJΦ several characteristics that are not found in fs2 and other filamentous phages. In its native host ICDC-4470 and newly-infected strain N16961, VFJΦ was found to exist as a plasmid but did not integrate into the host chromosome. It showed a relatively wide host range but did not infect the classical biotype O1 V. cholerae strains. After infection, the host strains exhibited obvious inhibition of both growth and flagellum formation and had acquired a low level of ampicillin resistance and a high level of kanamycin resistance. The antibiotic resistances were not directly conferred to the hosts by phage-encoded genes and were not related to penicillinase. The discovery of VFJΦ updates our understanding of filamentous phages as well as the evolution and classification of V. cholerae filamentous phage, and the study provides new information on the interaction between phages and their host bacteria.