[Quality of commercial Amomum villosum].

In recent years, with the price rise of Amomum villosum, the quality of A. villosum in the market has been in disorder. To understand the quality status of A. villosum in the market and provide reference for the commercial size fifty-seven samples were collected from different producing areas or markets from August 2013. The samples were detected with evaluation on appearance quality, determination of the contents of bornyl acetate, determination of pesticide residues and heavy metals residues based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015. The results showed that the pesticide residues and heavy metals residues met the requirments, all the samples from different producing areas were qualified except one sample from Fujian province. The qualified rate of native products and imports products samples from market were 43.75% and 14.29%, respectively, the qualified rate of the samples of Yunnan province from producing areas was higher than that from the market. There are two ports at the national level in Yunnan province, where the southern herbs from. A. villosumis one of import medicines from Southeast Asia, and lots of A. villosum samples import to China from Yunnan ports. Most of pharmacists believed that all of the samples from Yunnan province produced in Yunnan. The great majority of commercial species was A. villosum, but A. longiliglare was scarce. Through the survey, it isfound that the main factors affecting the quality of Amomi Fructus was source, lots of A. villosum samples have been replaced by the Amomi Fructus, so the source of imports Amomi Fructus was not clear, which was also more difficult to identify. The quality of A. villosum needs to protect, optimize germplasm, strict control of medicinal sources, specification for medicinal harvesting and processing technology.

[Advances in the research of transformation and stabilization of soil organic carbon from plant and microbe]. / æ¤ç‰©æºå’Œå¾®ç”Ÿç‰©æºåœŸå£¤æœ‰æœºç¢³è½¬åŒ–ä¸Žç¨³å®šç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the core component of terrestrial carbon (C) sink. Exploring the transformation and stabilization mechanism of SOC is key to understand the function of terrestrial C sink which copes with climate change. The traditional perspective is that plant residues are the initial source of SOC. The new concept of "soil microbial C pump" emphasizes that the synthesized products of soil microbial assimilation are important contributors to the stable SOC. This provides a new insight to the sequestration mechanism of SOC. Due to the complex and variable decomposition process of plant residues and the high heterogeneity of microbial residues, the transformation and stabilization mechanism of plant residues and microbial residues into SOC is still unclear. We reviewed research progress in plant and microbial residues, and introduced the characterization methods of quantification and transformation of plant residues and microbial residues, and also summarized the new findings on the transformation of plant and microbial residues into SOC. We further discussed the contribution and driving factors of microbial and plant-derived C to SOC. Finally, we prospected the future development direction and research focus in this field. This review would provide the scientific reference for the research of soil C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystem.

[Research of seedling quality grading of Dendrobium nobile].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the seedling quality grading standard of Dendrobium nobile. METHODS: Height, stem thickness and stem nodes of seedlings (test-tube seedling and cutting seedling) from Chishui city Guizhou province were tested. Through statistical analysis, the key indicators for seedling quality grading were defined. RESULTS: Height and the number of cluster were the primary indicator of test-tube seedling; Height and the number of buds were the primary indicator of cutting seedling. CONCLUSION: The grade test-tube seedling quality of each grade should reach the following requirements: for the first grade seedlings height > or = 17cm, the numbers of cluster > or = 3; For the second seedling height 11 -17cm, the numbers of cluster > or =2. The grade cutting seedling requires the first grade seedlings height > or = 12cm, the numbers of buds > or = 3; The second grade seedling height 6 - 12cm, the numbers of cluster > or = 2. Seedlings those can hot reach the second grade requirements are defined as unqualified seedlings.

Psychometric investigation of the Chinese version of the Habit, Reward and Fear Scale (HRFS).

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is one of the most important risk factors for health, and China is the largest producer and consumer of tobacco in the world. Monitoring and controlling the tobacco epidemic is an important issue. However, the motivation underlying smoking behavior is complex and specific to the individual. The Habit, Reward and Fear Scale (HRFS) is a feasible tool to evaluate this complex motivation. OBJECTIVES: To validate the psychometric properties of the HRFS Chinese version (HRFS-C) and to assess the relationship between motivation and smoking behavior. METHOD: We recruited 967 participants through social media and assessed their smoking behavior with three instruments: the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Chinese version (FTND-C), the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges-Brief Scale-Chinese version (QSU-brief-C), and the HRFS-C. Ultimately, we retained 700 valid data points. Cronbach's α and split-half tests were used to evaluate the reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson's r and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate the validity. In addition, linear regression was used to explore the relationship among the three instruments. The HRFS-C showed good homogeneity (α = 0.965), concurrent validity, and discriminant validity. A significant linear relationship was observed among the FTND-C, QSU-brief-C, and HRFS-C (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The motivation measured by the HRFS-C can significantly predict nicotine dependence and craving in the smoking population. The HRFS-C can be used to carry out targeted interventions for addicted patients (e.g., motivational enhancement therapy).

Revegetation pattern affecting accumulation of organic carbon and total nitrogen in reclaimed mine soils.

Selecting optimal revegetation patterns, i.e., patterns that are more effective for soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) accumulation, is particularly important for mine land reclamation. However, there have been few evaluations of the effects of different revegetation patterns on the SOC and TN in reclaimed mine soils on the Loess Plateau, China. In this study, the SOC and TN stocks were investigated at reclaimed mine sites (RMSs), including artificially revegetated sites (ARSs) (arbors (Ar), bushes (Bu), arbor-bush mixtures (AB), and grasslands (Gr)) and a natural recovery site (NRS), as well as at undisturbed native sites (UNSs). Overall, the SOC and TN stocks in the RMSs were lower than those in the UNSs over 10-13 years after reclamation. The SOC stocks in the RMSs and UNSs only differed in the top 0-20 cm of the soil (p < 0.05). Except for those in Ar, the SOC and TN stocks in the ARSs were significantly larger than those in the NRS (p < 0.05). Compared with those in the NRS, the total SOC stocks in the 100 cm soil interval increased by 51.4%, 59.9%, and 109.9% for Bu, AB, and Gr, respectively, and the TN stocks increased by 33.1%, 35.1%, and 57.9%. The SOC stocks in the 0-100 cm soil interval decreased in the order of Gr (3.78 kg m-2) > AB (2.88 kg m-2) ≥ Bu (2.72 kg m-2), and the TN stocks exhibited a similar trend. These results suggest that grasslands were more favorable than woodlands for SOC and TN accumulation in this arid area. Thus, in terms of the accumulation of SOC and TN, grassland planting is recommended as a revegetation pattern for areas with reclaimed mine soils.

[Applicability of HYDRUS-1D model in simulating the soil moisture in deep profiles on the Weibei rainfed highland, China]. / HYDRUS-1D模型模拟渭北旱塬深剖面土壤水分的适用性.

Soil water balance has been greatly changed with the implementation of ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau. Some hydrological variables, such as deep drainage, can be hardly determined by traditional monitoring methods, and thus need to be analyzed by models. We simulated vertical distribution and time variation of soil moisture within 10 m profiles under a farmland and apple orchard by HYDRUS-1D model, and further evaluated model applicability. Based on observation from September 2011 to October 2013, the spatial and temporal discretization of soil water was simulated with calibrated soil hydraulic parameters. For the calibration and validation periods, HYDRUS-1D performed well with coefficient of determination of 0.65-0.85, model efficiency coefficients of 0.55-0.83, and root mean square errors from 0.01 to 0.02 cm3·cm-3. The simulated soil water contents had similar vertical distribution and temporal variation as the observation, implying that HYDRUS-1D was suitable for simulation of soil hydrology in deep profiles on the Weibei rainfed highland.

Clinical data analysis of 19 cases of community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia in immunocompetent adults.

The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of clinical manifestations, laboratory tests and imaging changes of community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. A retrospective study was performed on 19 adult community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia cases in Yantai, whereby the clinical data were collected and analyzed. Of 19 cases, 14 (73.68%) had fever and 17 (89.47%) had cough symptoms. Moreover, 14 cases (73.68%) had normal white blood cell counts, while 11 cases (57.89%) exhibited a reduction in lymphocyte proportion. Among the 19 cases, 17 cases exhibited lesions in a single lung, while 2 cases involved bilateral lungs. The lesions predominantly exhibited ground glass-like changes. The clinical manifestations of adult community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia patients with normal immune functions were mild, with such presenting symptoms as fever, cough, and sputum; most patients did not exhibit high levels of white blood cells or low lymphocyte counts, and the imaging features (ground glass-like effusion) were indicative of single-lung involvement.

Diversity and taxonomy of endophytic xylariaceous fungi from medicinal plants of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae).

Dendrobium spp. are traditional Chinese medicinal plants, and the main effective ingredients (polysaccharides and alkaloids) have pharmacologic effects on gastritis infection, cancer, and anti-aging. Previously, we confirmed endophytic xylariaceous fungi as the dominant fungi in several Dendrobium species of tropical regions from China. In the present study, the diversity, taxonomy, and distribution of culturable endophytic xylariaceous fungi associated with seven medicinal species of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) were investigated. Among the 961 endophytes newly isolated, 217 xylariaceous fungi (morphotaxa) were identified using morphological and molecular methods. The phylogenetic tree constructed using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU), and beta-tubulin sequences divided these anamorphic xylariaceous isolates into at least 18 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The diversity of the endophytic xylariaceous fungi in these seven Dendrobium species was estimated using Shannon and evenness indices, with the results indicating that the dominant Xylariaceae taxa in each Dendrobium species were greatly different, though common xylariaceous fungi were found in several Dendrobium species. These findings implied that different host plants in the same habitats exhibit a preference and selectivity for their fungal partners. Using culture-dependent approaches, these xylariaceous isolates may be important sources for the future screening of new natural products and drug discovery.

[Profile variability of soil properties in check dam on the Loess Plateau and its functions].

To understand the profile variability of soil properties of check dam and its possibility of engineering control over non-point source pollution, we used classical statistics to characterize the profile change of soil properties of a 5.20 m depth soil profile in the typical check dam on the Loess Plateau. The roles of check dam as organic carbon storage and available nutrients storage were discussed. The results showed that: 1) The bulk density and sand content of dam-head were lower than dam-tail, while, soil water content, silt, loam, organic carbon, available P, NO3(-) -N and NH4+ -N were higher than dam-tail. The bulk density for both dam-head and dam-tail showed weak variability while other properties showed moderate variability. All variables followed a normal distribution except sand in dam-head and soil moisture in dam-tail. 2) The change pattern of soil moisture on the soil profile for both dam-head and dam-tail was saw-tooth type. The change trends of soil organic carbon, available P and NH4+ -N were comparable to that of soil moisture. 3) The correlations among soil water content, organic carbon, bulk density, silt, loam, sand, available P, NO3(-) -N and NH4+ -N were significant (p < 0.05) except the relationship between bulk density and NO3(-) -N, NH4+ -N and relationship between available P and NH4+ -N in dam-tail. The positive or negative correlation of soil properties both in dam-head and dam-tail were coincident. 4) The check dam can be an important carbon storage on the Loess Plateau, and the organic carbon storage in dam-head was higher than dam-tail. The storage of organic carbon in 400-520 cm depth was the biggest for dam-head, in 0-100 cm depths for dam-tail. 5) The check dam is an enrichment sink of available nutrients. The storage of available P, NO3(-) -N and NH4+ -N in dam-head were higher than dam-tail, and the range of storage was: NH4+ -N > available P > NO3(-) -N. The coefficient of enrichment for NH4+ -N and NO3(-) -N were 1.132 and 1.956, respectively. 6) As the sink of soil nutrients, check dam has an important theoretical value for region carbon balance, ecological environment reconstruction and the effective control over non-point source pollution.

[Spatial variability and the relationships of soil mineral N and topographic factors in a small watershed].

Objective of this study was to understand the spatial pattern of soil properties and topographic factors and their relationships in a small watershed. We used classical statistical coupling with geo-statistical theory to characterize and compare the spatial variability of soil mineral N and topographic factors in the wind-water erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau. The results show that: 1) The nitrate's variable extent is strong while other properties are moderate variability, and the impacts of soil types, land uses on variable extent are significant. 2) All properties have different spatial dependence extent in the study area. Ammonium and elevation are strong spatial dependence while nitrate, slope gradient and slope aspect are moderate spatial dependence. 3) The analysis results of fractal dimension and spatial heterogeneity proportion are coherent, and the decreased sequence is: nitrate (1.9826) > slope aspect (1.9767) > slope angle (1.9420) > ammonium (1.8791) > elevation (1.7461). 4) In 0 degrees C/90 degrees C, 45 degrees C/135 degrees C aspects, nitrate is isotropy while elevation is anisotropy, and others are weak anisotropy. 5) Ammonium and elevation have strong spatial autocorrelation while nitrate has not. There exist extremely notable positive correlations between nitrate and ammonium, slope gradient and aspect, and the negative correlations between ammonium, slope aspect and elevation, which indicate that the distribution of ammonium and slope gradient have elevation gradients.