Glycine-serine-rich effector PstGSRE4 in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici inhibits the activity of copper zinc superoxide dismutase to modulate immunity in wheat.

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) secretes an array of specific effector proteins to manipulate host immunity and promote pathogen colonization. In a previous study, we functionally characterized a glycine-serine-rich effector PstGSRE1 with a glycine-serine-rich motif (m9). However, the mechanisms of glycine-serine-rich effectors (GSREs) remain obscure. Here we report a new glycine-serine-rich effector, PstGSRE4, which has no m9-like motif but inhibits the enzyme activity of wheat copper zinc superoxide dismutase TaCZSOD2, which acts as a positive regulator of wheat resistance to Pst. By inhibiting the enzyme activity of TaCZSOD2, PstGSRE4 reduces H2O2 accumulation and HR areas to facilitate Pst infection. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of GSREs of rust fungi in regulating plant immunity.

A stripe rust fungal effector PstSIE1 targets TaSGT1 to facilitate pathogen infection.

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of stripe rust, is a destructive pathogen of Triticum aestivum (wheat), threatening wheat production worldwide. Pst delivers hundreds of effectors to manipulate processes in its hosts during infection. The SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1), RAR1 (required for Mla12 resistance) and HSP90 (heat-shock protein 90) proteins form a chaperone complex that acts as a core modulator in plant immunity. However, little is known about how Pst effectors target this immune component to suppress plant immunity. Here, we identified a Pst effector PstSIE1 that interacts with TaSGT1 in wheat and is upregulated during the early infection stage. Transient expression of PstSIE1 suppressed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana induced by VmE02 and PcNLP2. Transgenic expression of PstSIE1-RNAi constructs in wheat significantly reduced the virulence of Pst. Overexpression of PstSIE1 in wheat increased the number of rust pustules and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that PstSIE1 functions as an important pathogenicity factor in Pst. PstSIE1 was found to compete with TaRAR1 to bind TaSGT1, thus disrupting the formation of the TaRAR1-TaSGT1 subcomplex. Taken together, PstSIE1 is an important Pst effector targeting the immune component TaSGT1 and involved in suppressing wheat defense.

Investigation of sludge disintegration using vortex cavitation circulating fluidised grinding technology.

Waste-activated sludge (WAS) is regarded as a source of hazardous waste pollution from sewage treatment plants. To efficiently deal with WAS, vortex cavitation circulating fluidised grinding technology (VCCFGT) was proposed as a novel circulating fluidisation technology (CFT) to disintegrate WAS. To be specific, we investigated the effects of disintegration duration, pressure, and filling ratio of mill balls on sludge disintegration. The results of chemical and physical evaluation showed that the values of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), disintegration degree (DDSCOD), DNA, protein, carbohydrate, and NH4+-N increased with the increase in the filling ratio of the mill balls. Under a pressure and filling ratio of 0.30 MPa and 1.6%, respectively, the maximum effect was achieved after 60 min of treatment. Compared to those in the treatment without mill balls, the values of SCOD, DDSCOD, DNA, protein, carbohydrate, and NH4+-N in the treatment using mill balls increased by 218, 229, 230, 177, 371, and 190%, respectively. As a result of this technology, the temperature of the sludge dramatically increased, rising approximately 42.9 °C. Compared to that of the raw sludge, the sludge particle size after treatment was reduced by 83.25% at most, and the morphology of the sludge comprised smaller flocs. Compared to that of the ball-milling method, the mill balls filling ratio of VCCFGT reduced by 93.60-98.12%. Compared to that of sludge disintegration by the vortex cavitation method, VCCFGT indicating good disintegration degree (increased by 229%) and economic feasibility. VCCFGT has good application prospects for sludge disintegration. The main mechanisms of sludge disintegration and organic release include centrifugal force, grinding, shear force, cavitation, and cyclic fatigue effects, among which grinding plays a leading role. This study concluded that CFT can effectively disintegrate sludge flocs and disrupt bacterial cell walls.

The Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Laccaria bicolor Produces Lipochitooligosaccharides and Uses the Common Symbiosis Pathway to Colonize Populus Roots.

Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic associations with the roots of most land plants and provide them with mineral nutrients from the soil in exchange for fixed carbon derived from photosynthesis. The common symbiosis pathway (CSP) is a conserved molecular signaling pathway in all plants capable of associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. It is required not only for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis but also for rhizobia-legume and actinorhizal symbioses. Given its role in such diverse symbiotic associations, we hypothesized that the CSP also plays a role in ectomycorrhizal associations. We showed that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor produces an array of lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) that can trigger both root hair branching in legumes and, most importantly, calcium spiking in the host plant Populus in a CASTOR/POLLUX-dependent manner. Nonsulfated LCOs enhanced lateral root development in Populus in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK)-dependent manner, and sulfated LCOs enhanced the colonization of Populus by L. bicolor Compared with the wild-type Populus, the colonization of CASTOR/POLLUX and CCaMK RNA interference lines by L. bicolor was reduced. Our work demonstrates that similar to other root symbioses, L. bicolor uses the CSP for the full establishment of its mutualistic association with Populus.

Retracted: Resistin-Like Molecule Beta (RELM-ß) Regulates Proliferation of Human Diabetic Nephropathy Mesangial Cells via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Signaling Pathway.

This publication has been retracted by the Editor due to the identification of non-original figure images and manuscript content that raise concerns regarding the credibility and originality of the study and the manuscript. Reference: Yun-Qian Wang, Cong-Cong Fan, Bao-Ping Chen, Jun Shi. Resistin-Like Molecule Beta (RELM-ß) Regulates Proliferation of Human Diabetic Nephropathy Mesangial Cells via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3897-3903. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.905381.

Endothelial Mitochondrial Preprotein Translocase Tomm7-Rac1 Signaling Axis Dominates Cerebrovascular Network Homeostasis.

Objective- Mitochondria are the important yet most underutilized target for cardio-cerebrovascular function integrity and disorders. The Tom (translocases of outer membrane) complex are the critical determinant of mitochondrial homeostasis for making organs acclimate physiological and pathological insults; however, their roles in the vascular system remain unknown. Approach and Results- A combination of studies in the vascular-specific transgenic zebrafish and genetically engineered mice was conducted. Vascular casting and imaging, endothelial angiogenesis, and mitochondrial protein import were performed to dissect potential mechanisms. A loss-of-function genetic screening in zebrafish identified that selective inactivation of the tomm7 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 7) gene, which encodes a small subunit of the Tom complex, specially impaired cerebrovascular network formation. Ablation of the ortholog Tomm7 in mice recapitulated cerebrovascular abnormalities. Restoration of the cerebrovascular anomaly by an endothelial-specific transgenesis of tomm7 further indicated a defect in endothelial function. Mechanistically, Tomm7 deficit in endothelial cells induced an increased import of Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) protein into mitochondria and facilitated the mitochondrial Rac1-coupled redox signaling, which incurred angiogenic impairment that underlies cerebrovascular network malformation. Conclusions- Tomm7 drives brain angiogenesis and cerebrovascular network formation through modulating mitochondrial Rac1 signaling within the endothelium.

Resistin-Like Molecule Beta (RELM-ß) Regulates Proliferation of Human Diabetic Nephropathy Mesangial Cells via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND Resistin-like molecule beta (RELM-ß) has been reported to be associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the role of RELM-ß in DN is poorly understood. This study was conducted to delineate the underlying mechanisms of action and to investigate the role of RELM-ß in the primitive development of DN via MAPK signaling pathways. MATERIAL AND METHODS Lentivirus-mediated vectors and RNAi technology were used to establish the model of RELM-ß up-regulated and down-regulated expression in human mesangial cells (HMCs). The proliferation of HMCs was detected through CCK-8 method. The cell cycle and cell proliferation of HMCs was detected through flow cytometry. The MAPKs pathway protein activity was detected through Western blotting. RESULTS The HMCs with up-regulated and down-regulated expression of RELM-ß increased or decreased significantly at 2-3 days. The HMCs with high glucose intervention reversed the proliferation inhibition. The HMCs with exogenous glucose or RELM-ß protein intervention partially reversed the cell cycle inhibition. Among the MAPKs pathway, the phosphorylation activity of p38MAPK and JNK increased or decreased and ERK1/2 did not change in the overexpression or inhibition of RELM-ß. The p38 MAPK pathway inhibitor SB202190 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HMCs caused by overexpression of RELM-ß. Up-regulated expression of RELM-b induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, JNK in HMCs and promoted HMCs proliferation and participated in early DN through the MAPKs pathway. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that RELM-b is a potential molecular target for the treatment of DN.

Pathogen distribution and drug resistance of nephrology patients with urinary tract infections.

OBJECTIVE: Pathogen distribution characteristics of nephrology patients with urinary tract infections are studied, and drug resistance of nephrology and urinary tract infection disease are analyzed, so as to provide sufficient evidence for treatment of patients. METHODS: Conduct randomized control study of 3500 cases of nephrology patients with urinary tract infections treated in different hospitals from December 2013 to December 2015, isolate pathogens in patients' urine samples, perform identification and drug sensitive test and then conduct detailed analysis of drug resistance of pathogens. RESULTS: Through isolation of pathogens, it can be found that all pathogens include Escherichia coli, Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacteria, fungi, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, and urinary Enterococcus. Among them, proportion of E. coli is the largest. Patients have relatively high drug resistance to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. CONCLUSION: For nephrology patients with urinary tract infection, the main pathogen is E. coli, which has had some drug resistance. Drug resistance detection of pathogen should be strengthened in clinics, so as to provide strong guidance for clinical treatment and promote effective treatment of patients.

Geochemical speciation and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from Nansi Lake, China.

Sixteen surface sediment samples were collected from Nansi Lake to analyze geochemical speciation of heavy metals including Cd, As, Pb, Cr, and Zn, assess their pollution level, and determine the spatial distribution of the non-residual fraction. Results showed that Cd had higher concentrations in water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. As and Pb were mainly observed as humic acid and reducible fractions among the non-residual fractions, while Cr and Zn were mostly locked up in a residual fraction. The mean pollution index (P i) values revealed that the lower lake generally had a higher enrichment degree than the upper lake. Cd (2.73) and As (2.05) were in moderate level of pollution, while the pollution of Pb (1.80), Cr (1.27), and Zn (1.02) appeared at low-level pollution. The calculated pollution load index (PLI) suggested the upper lake suffered from borderline moderate pollution, while the lower lake showed moderate to heavy pollution. Spatial principle component analysis showed that the first principal component (PC1) including Cd, As, and Pb could explain 56.18 % of the non-residual fraction. High values of PC1 were observed mostly in the southern part of Weishan Lake, which indicated greater bioavailability and toxicity of Cd, As, and Pb in this area.

Discovery of grey matter lesion-related immune genes for diagnostic prediction in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination of the central nervous system. Grey matter (GM) lesions have been shown to be closely related to MS motor deficits and cognitive impairment. In this study, GM lesion-related genes for diagnosis and immune status in MS were investigated. Methods: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were utilized to analyze RNA-seq data for GM lesions in MS. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were used to screen related gene modules and candidate genes. The abundance of immune cell infiltration was analyzed by the CIBERSORT algorithm. Candidate genes with strong correlation with immune cell types were determined to be hub genes. A diagnosis model of nomogram was constructed based on the hub genes. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify the biological functions of hub genes. Finally, an MS mouse model was induced to verify the expression levels of immune hub genes. Results: Nine genes were identified by WGCNA, LASSO regression and PPI network. The infiltration of immune cells was significantly different between the MS and control groups. Four genes were identified as GM lesion-related hub genes. A reliable prediction model was established by nomogram and verified by calibration, decision curve analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves. GSEA indicated that the hub genes were mainly enriched in cell adhesion molecules, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, etc. Conclusions: TLR9, CCL5, CXCL8 and PDGFRB were identified as potential biomarkers for GM injury in MS. The effectively predicted diagnosis model will provide guidance for therapeutic intervention of MS.

Study on Nano Drug Particles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease in the Elderly.

Objective: To study the clinical effect of nano drug particles in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the elderly, we promote the research on the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and provide basis. Methods: 80 patients with Alzheimer's disease treated in our hospital from April 2021 to April 2022 were selected as the research objects and were divided into the reference group and the observation group by random number table method. The reference group was given traditional treatment drugs, and the observation group was given nano drug particles. The treatment effect, blood lipid level, cognitive function status, and comprehensive effective rate of the two groups were compared, and the treatment data of the patients were scored by ADL and MMSE scale to understand the intelligence level and daily living ability of the patients. Results: From the comparison results, it is found that the blood lipid level of the control group was in the normal range. The cognitive function of the control group was also better than that of the reference group. The scores of ADL and MMSE in the control group were higher than those in the reference group. The effective rate of the control group was also higher than that of the reference group; P < 0.05, with statistical significance. Conclusion: In the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the elderly, nano drug particles have good stability and less toxic and side effects, improve the ability of daily living of patients, and have good clinical treatment effect, which is worthy of clinical application.

Sirtuin5 protects colorectal cancer from DNA damage by keeping nucleotide availability.

In our previous study, we reported that sirtuin5 (SIRT5), a member of the NAD+-dependent class III histone deacetylase family, is highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). Herein we show that SIRT5 knockdown impairs the production of ribose-5-phosphate, which is essential for nucleotide synthesis, resulting in continuous and irreparable DNA damage and consequently leading to cell cycle arrest and enhanced apoptosis in CRC cells. These SIRT5 silencing-induced effects can be reversed by nucleoside supplementation. Mechanistically, SIRT5 activates transketolase (TKT), a key enzyme in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, in a demalonylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, TKT is essential for SIRT5-induced malignant phenotypes of CRC both in vivo and in vitro. Altogether, SIRT5 silencing induces DNA damage in CRC via post-translational modifications and inhibits tumor growth, suggesting that SIRT5 can serve as a promising target for CRC treatment.

Loss of schizophrenia-related miR-501-3p in mice impairs sociability and memory by enhancing mGluR5-mediated glutamatergic transmission.

Schizophrenia is a polygenetic disease, the heterogeneity of which is likely complicated by epigenetic modifications yet to be elucidated. Here, we performed transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood RNA from monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia and identified a schizophrenia-associated down-regulated microRNA, miR-501-3p. We showed that the loss of miR-501-3p in germline knockout (KO) male mice resulted in dendritic structure defects, glutamatergic transmission enhancement, and sociability, memory, and sensorimotor gating disruptions, which were attenuated when miR-501 expression was conditionally restored in the nervous system. Combining the results of proteomic analyses with the known genes linked to schizophrenia revealed that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) was one of the miR-501-3p targets and was elevated in vivo upon loss of miR-501. Treatment with the mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator 3-2((-methyl-4-thiazolyl) ethynyl) pyridine or the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid ameliorated the deficits observed in Mir501-KO mice. The epigenetic and pathophysiological mechanism that links miR-501-3p to the modulation of glutamatergic transmission provides etiological implications for schizophrenia.

JMJD2B-induced amino acid alterations enhance the survival of colorectal cancer cells under glucose-deprivation via autophagy.

Rationale: Post-translational modifications have emerged as vital players in alterations to tumor metabolism, including amino acid metabolic reprogramming. Jumonji domain-containing protein 2B (JMJD2B) enhances colorectal cancer (CRC) cell survival upon glucose deficiency. In the present study, we hypothesized that JMJD2B affects tumor cell amino acid metabolism in CRC and consequently promotes survival of CRC cells upon glucose deprivation. Methods: Non-target metabolic profiling was used to evaluate the roles of JMJD2B in CRC cell metabolism under glucose starvation. The roles of amino acid alterations induced by JMJD2B on CRC cell survival were determined by cell viability, immunoblotting, and clonogenic assays, and flow cytometry. The underlying mechanisms by which JMJD2B affected CRC cell metabolism were assessed using immunofluorescence staining, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, electron microscopy in CRC cell lines, and using xenograft models. The correlation between JMJD2B and LC3B expression in human CRC specimens was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results: Profound metabolic reprogramming was detected in JMJD2B knockdown CRC cells under glucose deficiency, especially those involving amino acid metabolites. Silencing of JMJD2B reduced the levels of certain amino acids that were induced by glucose deficiency. Among these amino acids, asparagine (Asn), phenylalanine (Phe), and histidine (His) promoted CRC cell survival under glucose starvation when JMJD2B was knocked down. Mechanistically, downregulation of JMJD2B inhibited autophagy in CRC cells through epigenetic regulation of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B), and subsequently decreased intracellular amino acid (Asn, Phe, His) levels under glucose deprivation, thus suppressing the survival of CRC cells. Using a nude mouse xenograft model, we verified that inhibiting JMJD2B could decrease the levels of amino acids (Asn, Phe, His). In addition, the inhibitory effects of JMJD2B-knockdown on tumor growth and amino acids level were rescued by overexpression of LC3B. Furthermore, we observed that the high expression of LC3B was more likely detected in tissuses with high expression of JMJD2B (P < 0.001) in 60 human CRC tissues. Conclusion: These results indicated that JMJD2B sustained the intracellular amino acids derived from autophagy in CRC cells upon glucose deficiency, partly through epigenetic regulation of LC3B, thus driving the malignancy of CRC.

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis induces the stemness in colorectal cancer via upregulating histone demethylase JMJD2B.

The enrichment of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) has been identified in CRC patients and associated with worse prognosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play essential roles in CRC development. However, whether ETBF is involved in CSCs regulation is unknown. To clarify the role of ETBF in CSCs properties, we performed extreme limited dilution assays (ELDA) in nude mice injected with ETBF-treated or untreated CRC cells subcutaneously, tumor organoids culture in azoxymethane (AOM) mouse model after gavaging with or without ETBF, and cell sphere formation assay after incubating CRC cell lines with or without ETBF. The results indicated that ETBF increased the stemness of CRC cells in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, ETBF enhanced the expression of core stemness transcription factors Nanog homeobox (NANOG) and sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2). Histone H3 Lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) is critical in regulating CSCs properties. As an epigenetic and transcriptional regulator, JmjC-domain containing histone demethylase 2B (JMJD2B) is essential for embryonic stem cell (ESC) transformation and H3K9me3 demethylation. Mechanistically, ETBF infection significantly upregulated JMJD2B levels in CRC cell lines and nude mice xenograft model. JMJD2B epigenetically upregulated NANOG expression via demethylating its promoter H3K9me3, to mediate ETBF-induced stemness of CRC cells. Subsequently, we found that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, activated by ETBF, contributed to the enhanced expression of JMJD2B via nuclear transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5). Finally, in human CRC samples, the amount of ETBF positively correlated with nuclear NFAT5, JMJD2B, and NANOG expression levels. In summary, ETBF upregulated JMJD2B levels in a TLR4-NFAT5-dependent pathway, and played an important role in stemness regulation, which promoted colorectal carcinogenesis.

Knockdown of FOXO6 inhibits cell proliferation and ECM accumulation in glomerular mesangial cells cultured under high glucose condition.

Forkhead box O 6 (FOXO6), a FOX transcription factor, has been found to be involved in diabetes mellitus and related complications. However, the role of FOXO6 in diabetic nephropathy (DN) has not been fully understood. In the present study, we evaluated the functions of FOXO6 in high glucose (HG)-induced glomerular mesangial cells (MCs). The results showed that FOXO6 expression was significantly elevated in MCs after HG stimulation. Knockdown of FOXO6 by transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting FOXO6 (siRNA-FOXO6) suppressed cell proliferation in MCs. The productions of extracellular matrix (ECM) components including collagen IV (Col IV) and fibronectin (FN) were markedly decreased after FOXO6 knockdown in MCs. Furthermore, knockdown of FOXO6 inhibited HG-induced activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in MCs. Collectively, these findings suggested that knockdown of FOXO6 inhibited cell proliferation and ECM accumulation in HG-induced MCs via inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling pathway. FOXO6 might be a beneficial therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of DN.

Retracted Article: TMEM88 inhibits fibrosis in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells by suppressing the transforming growth factor-ß1/Smad signaling pathway.

Transmembrane protein 88 (TMEM88) belongs to a member of the TMEM family, and was reported to be involved in fibrogenesis. However, the biological role of TMEM88 in renal fibrosis has not been elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of TMEM88 on cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in a TGF-ß1-induced human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (HK2). Our results showed that TMEM88 was downregulated in renal fibrotic tissues and TGF-ß1-treated HK2 cells. In addition, TMEM88 overexpression inhibited TGF-ß1-induced cell proliferation and migration in HK2 cells. Furthermore, TMEM88 overexpression reduced the production of α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III in TGF-ß1-stimulated HK2 cells. Mechanistically, TMEM88 overexpression suppressed the phosphorylation status of Smad2 and Smad3 in TGF-ß1-stimulated HK2 cells. In conclusion, data from our experiments demonstrate that TMEM88 plays a pivotal role in the pathological process of renal fibrosis. TMEM88 inhibited fibrosis in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells by suppressing the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway.

Silencing of PAQR3 suppresses extracellular matrix accumulation in high glucose-stimulated human glomerular mesangial cells via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Progestin and AdipoQ Receptor 3 (PAQR3), a member of the PAQR family, was involved in multiple biological processes, including tumorigenesis, cholesterol homeostasis, autophagy, obesity, insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. However, the role of PAQR3 in diabetic nephropathy is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of PAQR3 on cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in human glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) cultured under high glucose (HG), and explored the underlying mechanism. Our results demonstrated that HG significantly up-regulated the expression of PAQR3 in human MCs. In addition, knockdown of PAQR3 efficiently suppressed MC proliferation and ECM production in HG-stimulated MCs. Furthermore, knockdown of PAQR3 markedly reversed HG-induced PI3K/AKT activation in MCs. In summary, our present study demonstrated that knockdown of PAQR3 suppressed HG-induced the proliferation and ECM accumulation in human MCs, via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Thus, PAQR3 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

Detecting the Causal Effect of Soil Moisture on Precipitation Using Convergent Cross Mapping.

As a vital land surface parameter, soil moisture influences climate through its impact on water and energy cycles. However, the effect of soil moisture on precipitation has been strongly debated. In this study, a new causal detection method, convergent cross mapping (CCM), was applied to explore the causality between soil moisture and precipitation over low- and mid- latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere. CCM method generally identified a strong effect of soil moisture on precipitation. Specifically, the optimal effect of soil moisture on precipitation occurred with a lag of one month and clearly decreased after four months, suggesting that soil moisture has potentials to improve the accuracy of precipitation forecast at a sub-seasonal scale. In addition, as climate (i.e., aridity index) changed from dry to wet, the effect of soil moisture on precipitation first increased and then decreased with peaks in semi-arid and semi-humid areas. These findings statistically support the hypothesis that soil moisture impacts precipitation and also provide a reference for the design of climate prediction systems.

Sirtuin5 contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis by enhancing glutaminolysis in a deglutarylation-dependent manner.

Reversible post-translational modifications represent a mechanism to control tumor metabolism. Here we show that mitochondrial Sirtuin5 (SIRT5), which mediates lysine desuccinylation, deglutarylation, and demalonylation, plays a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) glutamine metabolic rewiring. Metabolic profiling identifies that deletion of SIRT5 causes a marked decrease in 13C-glutamine incorporation into tricarboxylic-acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and glutamine-derived non-essential amino acids. This reduces the building blocks required for rapid growth. Mechanistically, the direct interaction between SIRT5 and glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) causes deglutarylation and functional activation of GLUD1, a critical regulator of cellular glutaminolysis. Consistently, GLUD1 knockdown diminishes SIRT5-induced proliferation, both in vivo and in vitro. Clinically, overexpression of SIRT5 is significantly correlated with poor prognosis in CRC. Thus, SIRT5 supports the anaplerotic entry of glutamine into the TCA cycle in malignant phenotypes of CRC via activating GLUD1.