New light on an old syndrome: Role of Api g 7 in mugwort pollen-related celery allergy.

BACKGROUND: Celery root is known to cause severe allergic reactions in patients sensitized to mugwort pollen. OBJECTIVE: We studied clinically well-characterized patients with celery allergy by IgE testing with a comprehensive panel of celery allergens to disentangle the molecular basis of what is known as the celery-mugwort syndrome. METHODS: Patients with suspected food allergy to celery underwent a standardized interview. Main inclusion criteria were a positive food challenge with celery or an unambiguous case history of severe anaphylaxis. IgE to celery allergens (rApi g 1.01, rApi g 1.02, rApi g 2, rApi g 4, nApi g 5, rApi g 6, rApi g 7) and to mugwort allergens (rArt v 1, rArt v 3, rArt v 4) were determined. IgE levels ≥0.35 kUA/L were regarded positive. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients with allergy to celery were included. Thirty patients had mild oral or rhinoconjunctival symptoms, and 49 had systemic reactions. Sixty-eight percent had IgE to celery extract, 80% to birch pollen, and 77% to mugwort pollen. A combination of Api g 1.01, 1.02, 4, 5, and 7 increased the diagnostic sensitivity for celery allergy to 92%. The lipid transfer proteins Api g 2 and Api g 6 were not relevant in our celery-allergic population. IgE to Api g 7, detected in 52% of patients, correlated closely (r = 0.86) to Art v 1 from mugwort pollen. Eleven of 12 patients with monosensitization to Api g 7 were IgE negative to celery extract. The odds ratio for developing a severe anaphylactic reaction rather than only mild oral symptoms was about 6 times greater (odds ratio, 5.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-32.0; P = .0410) for Api g 7-sensitized versus -nonsensitized subjects. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need for routine diagnostic tests to assess sensitization to Api g 7, not only to increase test sensitivity but also to identify patients at risk of a severe allergic reaction to celery.

FcγRIIA-specific DARPins as novel tools in blood cell analysis and platelet aggregation.

Fc receptors are involved in a variety of physiologically and disease-relevant responses. Among them, FcγRIIA (CD32a) is known for its activating functions in pathogen recognition and platelet biology, and, as potential marker of T lymphocytes latently infected with HIV-1. The latter has not been without controversy due to technical challenges complicated by T-B cell conjugates and trogocytosis as well as a lack of antibodies distinguishing between the closely related isoforms of FcγRII. To generate high-affinity binders specific for FcγRIIA, libraries of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) were screened for binding to its extracellular domains by ribosomal display. Counterselection against FcγRIIB eliminated binders cross-reacting with both isoforms. The identified DARPins bound FcγRIIA with no detectable binding for FcγRIIB. Their affinities for FcγRIIA were in the low nanomolar range and could be enhanced by cleavage of the His-tag and dimerization. Interestingly, complex formation between DARPin and FcγRIIA followed a two-state reaction model, and discrimination from FcγRIIB was based on a single amino acid residue. In flow cytometry, DARPin F11 detected FcγRIIA+ cells even when they made up less than 1% of the cell population. Image stream analysis of primary human blood cells confirmed that F11 caused dim but reliable cell surface staining of a small subpopulation of T lymphocytes. When incubated with platelets, F11 inhibited their aggregation equally efficient as antibodies unable to discriminate between both FcγRII isoforms. The selected DARPins are unique novel tools for platelet aggregation studies as well as the role of FcγRIIA for the latent HIV-1 reservoir.

Easy assessment of the avidity of polyclonal allergen-specific serum antibodies.

INTRODUCTION: Allergen-specific IgE-blocking IgG antibodies contribute to successful allergen immunotherapy (AIT), however, not much is known about their affinity. Since affinity measurements of polyclonal antibodies in serum are technically challenging we evaluated the applicability of acidic disruption of antibody-allergen complexes by a modified ELISA protocol with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the relevant major allergens Betv1 and Mald1. Then, AIT-induced blocking and non-blocking Mald1-specific antibodies in sera from individuals with or without reduced apple allergy were compared. METHODS: After testing their pH stability coated recombinant allergens were incubated with (i) mAbs diluted in PBS or human serum and (ii) sera from individuals after sublingual administration of Mald1 or Betv1 for 16 weeks. Immune complexes were exposed to buffers in the pH range of 6.4-3.4 and residual antibodies were measured. Avidity indexes (AI), defined as the pH removing 50% of antibodies, were compared to the dissociation constants (KD) of mAbs determined by surface plasmon resonance. RESULTS: The selected pH range was applicable to disrupt allergen complexes with highly affine mAbs without compromising allergen integrity. AIs of mAbs accorded with KD values and were unaffected by epitope specificity or the presence of serum proteins. The inter-assay variability was <4% CV. Protective Mald1-specific IgG antibodies from individuals with reduced apple allergy showed a higher collective binding strength than that of the non-protective antibodies of individuals without reduced apple allergy. CONCLUSION: Acidic disruption of allergen-antibody complexes may be used to estimate the net-binding force of polyclonal serum antibodies and eases the investigation of affinity-related research questions in AIT.

IL-10-modulated dendritic cells from birch pollen- and hazelnut-allergic patients facilitate Treg-mediated allergen-specific and cross-reactive tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 70% of individuals allergic to birch pollen (Bet v 1.01 [Bet]) develop a secondary food allergy (e.g., hazelnut: Cor a 1.04 [Cor]), due to allergen cross-reactivity. However, standard immunotherapy for type I allergies often does not improve the food allergy sufficiently. We analyzed the allergen-specific and cross-reactive suppressive capacity of primary human regulatory T cells (Treg) induced by autologous IL-10-modulated dendritic cells (IL-10 DC) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: CD4+ T cells of patients with birch pollen and associated hazelnut allergies were differentiated into Bet-specific or non-specific induced Treg (iTreg). After Bet- or Cor-specific restimulation the phenotype, proliferation, and suppressive capacity of iTreg subsets were analyzed. iTreg function was further investigated in humanized mouse models of airway and intestinal allergy, generated by engraftment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic donors into immunodeficient animals. RESULTS: After IL-10 DC priming and allergen-specific restimulation (Bet or Cor), non-specific control iTreg remained anergic, whereas Bet-specific iTreg proliferated extensively and exhibited a regulatory phenotype (enhanced expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, TNFR2, IL-10). Accordingly, activated Bet-specific iTreg displayed a high capacity to suppress Bet- and Cor-induced responder Th2 cell responses in vitro, indicating induction of both allergen-specific (birch) and cross-reactive tolerance (hazelnut). In vivo, the beneficial effect of Bet-specific iTreg was verified in humanized mouse models of allergic airway and intestinal inflammation, resulting in reduced allergen-induced clinical symptoms, and immune responses. CONCLUSION: Human IL-10 DC-induced iTreg facilitate allergen-specific and cross-reactive tolerance. Therefore, they are potential candidates for regulatory cell therapy in allergic and autoimmune diseases.

Stimulation of naïve B cells with a fusion protein consisting of FlaA and Bet v 1 induces regulatory B cells ex vivo.

BACKGROUND: The experimental fusion protein rFlaA:Betv1 was shown to efficiently suppress allergen-specific sensitization in mice. However, the detailed mechanism of rFlaA:Betv1-mediated immune modulation is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of rFlaA:Betv1 on naïve murine B cells. METHODS: Immune modulating capacity of rFlaA:Betv1 was screened in IL-10 reporter mice. B cells were isolated from spleens of naïve C57Bl/6, TLR5-/- , or MyD88-/- mice, stimulated with rFlaA:Betv1 and controls, and monitored for the expression of the regulatory B cell markers CD1d, CD24, CD38, and surface IgM by flow cytometry. Secreted cytokines, antibodies, and reactivity of the induced antibodies were investigated by ELISA and intracellular flow cytometry. Suppressive capacity of rFlaA:Betv1-stimulated B cells was tested in mDC:CD4+ T cell:B cell triple cultures. RESULTS: Upon in vivo application of rFlaA:Betv1 into IL-10-GFP reporter mice, CD19+ B cells were shown to produce anti-inflammatory IL-10, suggesting B cells to contribute to the immune-modulatory properties of rFlaA:Betv1. rFlaA:Betv1-induced IL-10 secretion was confirmed in human B cells isolated from buffy coats. In vitro stimulation of naïve murine B cells with rFlaA:Betv1 resulted in an mTOR- and MyD88-dependent production of IL-10 and rFlaA:Betv1 induced Bet v 1-reactive IgG production, which was not observed for IgA. rFlaA:Betv1-stimulated B cells formed a CD19+ CD24+ CD1d+ IgM+ CD38+ Breg subpopulation capable of suppressing Bet v 1-induced TH2 cytokine secretion in vitro. CONCLUSION: rFlaA:Betv1 can act as a thymus-independent B cell antigen, stimulating the mTOR- and MyD88-dependent differentiation of B cells displaying a regulatory phenotype, IL-10 secretion, antigen-binding antibody production, and a suppressive capacity in vitro.

Allergens from Edible Insects: Cross-reactivity and Effects of Processing.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The recent introduction of edible insects in Western countries has raised concerns about their safety in terms of allergenic reactions. The characterization of insect allergens, the sensitization and cross-reactivity mechanisms, and the effects of food processing represent crucial information for risk assessment. RECENT FINDINGS: Allergic reactions to different insects and cross-reactivity with crustacean and inhalant allergens have been described, with the identification of new IgE-binding proteins besides well-known pan-allergens. Depending on the route of sensitization, different potential allergens seem to be involved. Food processing may affect the solubility and the immunoreactivity of insect allergens, with results depending on species and type of proteins. Chemical/enzymatic hydrolysis, in some cases, abolishes immunoreactivity. More studies based on subjects with a confirmed insect allergy are necessary to identify major and minor allergens and the role of the route of sensitization. The effects of processing need to be further investigated to assess the risk associated with the ingestion of insect-containing food products.

Identification and molecular characterization of allergenic non-specific lipid-transfer protein from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum).

BACKGROUND: Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (T. turgidum) are both involved in Baker's asthma (BA) and food allergy (FA) including wheat-dependent exercise-induced asthma (WDEIA). However, allergens in durum wheat have not been described, and the over-expression of T. turgidum non-specific lipid-transfer protein (nsLTPs) is considered to increase resistance to phytopathogens. OBJECTIVE: To identify and assess the allergenicity of nsLTP from T. turgidum. METHODS: Recombinant T. turgidum nsLTP Tri tu 14 was generated and tested for structural integrity (circular dichroism-spectroscopy) and purity (SDS-PAGE). Thirty-two wheat allergic patients were enrolled: 20 Spanish patients (BA) with positive bronchial challenge to wheat flour, and 12 Italian patients (wheat FA/WDEIA) with positive double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge/open food challenge (OFC) to pasta. IgE values to wheat, Tri tu 14, Tri a 14 (T. aestivum) and Pru p 3 (P. persica) were determined by ImmunoCAP testing. Allergenic potency (in vitro mediator release) and IgE cross-reactivity were investigated. RESULTS: Tri tu 14 was found to share 49% and 52% amino acid identity with Tri a 14 and Pru p 3, respectively. Among 25 Tri a 14 CAP positive sera, 23 (92%) were reactive to wheat extract, 22 (88%) to Tri tu 14 and 20 (80%) to Pru p 3. The correlation between Tri a 14 and Tri tu 14 specific IgE levels was r = 0.97 (BA) and r = 0.93 (FA/WDEIA), respectively. FA/WDEIA patients showed higher specific IgE values to Tri tu 14 and Pru p 3 than BA patients. Tri tu 14 displayed allergenic activity by mediator release from effector cells and IgE cross-reactivity with Pru p 3. The degree of IgE cross-reactivity between the two wheat nsLTPs varied between individual patients. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sensitization to Tri tu 14 likely appears to be more important in wheat FA/WDEIA than in BA. Over-expression of Tri tu 14 in wheat would represent a risk for patients with nsLTP-mediated FA.

Critical role of mammalian target of rapamycin for IL-10 dendritic cell induction by a flagellin A conjugate in preventing allergic sensitization.

BACKGROUND: Fusion proteins incorporating the Toll-like receptor 5 ligand flagellin are currently undergoing clinical trials as vaccine candidates for many diseases. OBJECTIVE: We studied the mechanisms of immune modulation by a flagellin:allergen fusion protein containing the Toll-like receptor 5 ligand flagellin A from Listeria monocytogenes and the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 (recombinant flagellin A [rFlaA]:Betv1). METHODS: BALB/c mice were vaccinated with rFlaA:Betv1 in an experimental Bet v 1 sensitization model. Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) were differentiated from mouse bone marrow, and PBMCs were isolated from subjects with birch pollen allergy. Cells were stimulated with equimolar amounts of rFlaA, rBet v 1, rFlaA plus rBet v 1, or the rFlaA:Betv1 conjugate and analyzed for cell activation, cytokine secretion, and metabolic state. RESULTS: rFlaA:Betv1 displayed strong immune-modulating properties both in vivo and in vitro, as characterized by secretion of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines from murine mDCs and PBMCs from patients with birch allergy. rFlaA:Betv1 suppressed TH2 responses from Bet v 1-specific CD4+ T cells and prevented allergic sensitization in a mouse allergy model. Aggregation of rFlaA:Betv1 resulted in stronger protein uptake accompanied by an increased resistance to microsomal digestion. Remarkably, rFlaA:Betv1 induced activation of mammalian target of rapamycin, which increased the metabolic activity of the stimulated mDCs. rFlaA:Betv1-mediated IL-10 secretion, but not proinflammatory cytokine secretion, was inhibited by rapamycin in mDCs. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that mammalian target of rapamycin is a key player involved in prevention of TH2 responses by flagellin A conjugate vaccines.

Allergic Reaction to a Commercially Available Insect Snack Caused by House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Tropomyosin.

SCOPE: Edible insects contain allergens with potential cross-reactivity to other invertebrates. Here, this study examines IgE-reactive proteins in a house cricket snack (Acheta domesticus) leading to an allergic reaction in a 27-year old man followed by a similar reaction days later after eating shrimps. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prick to prick tests verify the IgE-mediated allergy to crickets and skin prick testing confirms a type I sensitization to house dust mite without any clinical relevance for the patient, and to shrimp extracts, but is negative for several other foods. Serological testing reveals a sensitization to shrimps, shrimp tropomyosin, and house dust mite tropomyosin. IgE-immunodetection shows that the cricket allergic patient is sensitized to two proteins of 45 and >97 kDa using aqueous control cricket extract, but to only one protein at around 45 kDa when using the causative, seasoned insect snack extract. Mass spectrometry data and IgE-inhibition experiments clearly identify this protein belonging to the tropomyosin allergen family. CONCLUSION: This case report suggests that cricket tropomyosin may be an elicitor of allergic reactions even in previously not allergic patients, although it cannot be excluded the patient reacted additionally to other ingredients of the snack.

Allergenicity and IgE Recognition of New Dau c 1 Allergens from Carrot.

SCOPE: Carrot (Daucus carota) allergy is caused by the major carrot allergen Dau c 1, which is a mixture of several isoallergens and variants with sequence identities of >67% or >90%, respectively. However, little is known about the qualitative and quantitative composition of natural Dau c 1. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mass spectrometry of isolated natural Dau c 1 reveals the existence of several yet unknown Dau c 1-like proteins. The study expresses four Dau c 1-like proteins in Escherichia coli. Two of the purified proteins, designated Dau c 1.0501 and 1.0601, exhibit sequence identities to Dau c 1.0101 and 1.0401 between 54% and 87%. They possess allergenic potential and are accepted as new isoallergens. One protein, designated as Dau c 1-like is >50% identical with the new isoallergens but exhibits no allergenicity. Sequence and structural comparisons of this protein with the known Dau c 1 isoallergens offer relevant clues about putative structural IgE epitopes. CONCLUSION: Identification of new isoallergens and the identification of IgE epitopes may contribute to a more refined component resolved diagnosis and may lay ground for further epitope mapping and personalized targeted treatment approaches of carrot allergy in preclinical and clinical studies.

A fusion protein of flagellin and ovalbumin suppresses the TH2 response and prevents murine intestinal allergy.

BACKGROUND: The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 agonist flagellin is associated with immunomodulatory functions. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate whether Listeria monocytogenes-derived flagellin A (flaA) can modulate ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell responses and prevent OVA-induced intestinal allergy. METHODS: Bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells from BALB/c, C57BL/6, or TLR signaling-deficient (MyD88(-/-)) mice were stimulated with rOVA, rflaA, rflaA plus rOVA, or a recombinant fusion protein consisting of rflaA and rOVA (rflaA:OVA). The immunomodulating properties of rflaA plus rOVA and rflaA:OVA were investigated by means of DC-T-cell coculture with CD4(+) T cells from OVA-T-cell receptor transgenic or OVA/alum-immunized mice. rflaA:OVA was applied as a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine in a murine model of intestinal allergy. RESULTS: rflaA:OVA induced upregulation of TLR5 and dose-dependent IL-6 and IL-10 secretion by myeloid dendritic cells. IL-10 contributed to repressing IL-4 and IFN-γ secretion by OVA-T-cell receptor transgenic CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, rflaA:OVA suppressed CD4(+) T cells derived from T(H)2-biased mice on OVA/alum immunization. In a murine model of intestinal allergy, prophylactic vaccination with rflaA:OVA reduced T-cell activation. Protection from intestinal allergy included suppression of OVA-specific IgE while inducing OVA-specific IgG(2a). Equimolar amounts of rflaA or rOVA provided alone or as a mixture did not have comparable effects. Moreover, therapeutic vaccination was shown to reduce allergic symptoms and T-cell activation in the spleen. CONCLUSION: The rflaA:OVA fusion protein showed strong TLR-mediated immunomodulating capacities probably attributed by the proximity of adjuvant and allergen, leading to the prevention of intestinal allergy in a murine disease model. Therefore recombinant flaA:allergen fusion proteins are promising vaccine candidates for intervention in patients with IgE-mediated allergy.

Allergenic Properties and Molecular Characteristics of PR-1 Proteins.

Only a small fraction of proteins in plants and animals are classified as allergens. The allergenic properties are frequently attributed to certain functional characteristics of the proteins, such as a role in the plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress, to achieve the systematic acquired resistance. In line with this, eight members out of 17 functional pathogenesis-related (PR) protein families have been characterized as allergens. The present review summarizes the molecular features and allergenic significance of allergens of the PR-1 family. Not many allergens have been identified as belonging to this protein family, with most of them having a pollen origin, like mugwort or Bermuda grass. Molecular and structural features of allergenic PR-1 proteins are discussed and attributed to their IgE-reactive properties, clinical manifestation, and cross-reactivity among different foods and inhalants.

A Novel Isoallergen Dau c 1.0401 in Carrot: Stability, Allergenicity, and Comparison with Other Isoallergens.

SCOPE: Around 25% of food allergic persons in Central Europe suffer from carrot allergy caused by the major carrot allergen Dau c 1. Three different isoallergens, Dau c 1.01, Dau c 1.02 and Dau c 1.03 are identified. However, information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of natural (n)Dau c 1 is scarce. METHODS AND RESULTS: The new carrot allergen Dau c 1.0401 is identified on the mRNA and protein level by RT-PCR and mass spectrometry. It displays only around 60% sequence identity to the other known Dau c 1 isoallergens. NMR and CD-spectra are typical for a well-folded protein containing both α-helices and ß-strands. It showed a poor refolding capacity after incubation at 95 °C. IgE-binding is impaired in immunoblots, whereas in inhibition assays IgE binding to soluble Dau c 1.0401 is detected and it clearly provoked a response in mediator release assays. CONCLUSION: Dau c 1.0401 is a new isoallergen which contributes to the allergenicity of carrots. The absence of immunoreactivity in immobilized assays indicates that IgE binding is impaired when the protein is blotted on a solid phase. Altogether, the results point out that its allergenicity can be reduced upon carrot processing.

Allergenicity assessment of the edible cricket Acheta domesticus in terms of thermal and gastrointestinal processing and IgE cross-reactivity with shrimp.

The allergenic potency of the cricket Acheta domesticus, a promising edible insect, has never been assessed. This work aims to study the immunoreactivity of Acheta domesticus, and its cross-reactivity with the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, assessing the effect of cooking and gastrointestinal digestion on their allergenic properties. Different cricket proteins were detected by immunoblotting with shrimp-allergic patients' sera. Tropomyosin was identified as the most relevant IgE-binding protein, and its cross-reactivity with shrimp tropomyosin was demonstrated by ELISA. While shrimp tropomyosin showed scarce stability to gastric digestion, cricket tropomyosin withstood the whole digestion process. The sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, specifically detected in shrimp, showed exceptional stability to gastrointestinal digestion. IgE-binding proteins in a model of enriched baked products were partially protected from proteolysis. In conclusion, the ingestion of A. domesticus proteins poses serious concerns to the Crustacean-allergic population. The high stability of tropomyosin may represent a risk of primary sensitization and clinical cross-reactivity.

The Fusion Protein rFlaA:Betv1 Modulates DC Responses by a p38-MAPK and COX2-Dependent Secretion of PGE2 from Epithelial Cells.

Developing new adjuvants/vaccines and better understanding their mode-of-action is an important task. To specifically improve birch pollen allergy treatment, we designed a fusion protein consisting of major birch pollen allergen Betv1 conjugated to the TLR5-ligand flagellin (rFlaA:Betv1). This study investigates the immune-modulatory effects of rFlaA:Betv1 on airway epithelial cells. LA-4 mouse lung epithelial cells were stimulated with rFlaA:Betv1 in the presence/absence of various inhibitors with cytokine- and chemokine secretion quantified by ELISA and activation of intracellular signaling cascades demonstrated by Western blot (WB). Either LA-4 cells or LA-4-derived supernatants were co-cultured with BALB/c bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). Compared to equimolar amounts of flagellin and Betv1 provided as a mixture, rFlaA:Betv1 induced higher secretion of IL-6 and the chemokines CCL2 and CCL20 from LA-4 cells and a pronounced MAPK- and NFκB-activation. Mechanistically, rFlaA:Betv1 was taken up more strongly and the induced cytokine production was inhibited by NFκB-inhibitors, while ERK- and p38-MAPK-inhibitors only suppressed IL-6 and CCL2 secretion. In co-cultures of LA-4 cells with mDCs, rFlaA:Betv1-stimulated LA-4 cells p38-MAPK- and COX2-dependently secreted PGE2, which modulated DC responses by suppressing pro-inflammatory IL-12 and TNF-α secretion. Taken together, these results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the strong immune-modulatory effects of flagellin-containing fusion proteins.

The key to the allergenicity of lipid transfer protein (LTP) ligands: A structural characterization.

Plant lipid transfer proteins are a large family that can be found in all land plants. They have a hydrophobic cavity that allows them to harbor lipids and facilitates their traffic between membranes. However, in humans, this plant protein family is responsible for the main food allergies in the Mediterranean area. Nevertheless, not only the protein itself but also its ligand is relevant for allergic sensitization. The main aim of the present work is to analyse the natural ligands carried by four allergenic LTPs (Tri a 14, Art v 3, Par j 2, and Ole e 7), compared with the previously identified ligand of Pru p 3 (CPT-PHS ligand), and clarify their role within the immunological reactions. Results showed that the ligands of the LTPs studied shared a chemical identity, in which the presence of a polar head was essential to the protein-ligand binding. This ligand was transported through a skin cellular model, and phosphorylated phytosphingosine could be detected as result of cell metabolism. Since sphingosine kinase 1 was overexpressed in keratinocytes incubated with the LTP-ligand complex, this enzyme might be responsible for the phosphorylation of the phytosphingosine fraction of the CPT-PHS ligand. This way, phytosphingosine-1-phosphate could be mimicking the role of the human inflammatory mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate, explaining why LTPs are associated with more severe allergic responses. In conclusion, this work contributes to the understanding of the chemical nature and behavior of lipid ligands carried by allergens, which would help to gain insight into their role during allergic sensitization.

Human monocyte-derived type 1 and 2 macrophages recognize Ara h 1, a major peanut allergen, by different mechanisms.

Evidence has suggested that major peanut allergen Ara h 1 activates dendritic cells (DCs) via interaction with DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin), a C-type lectin receptor, and contributes to development of peanut allergy. Since macrophages, as well as DCs, play a crucial role in innate immunity, we investigated whether natural Ara h 1 (nAra h 1) activates two different subsets of macrophages, human monocyte derived macrophage type 1 (hMDM1: pro-inflammatory model) and type 2 (hMDM2: anti-inflammatory model). hMDM1 and hMDM2 predominantly produced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in response to nAra h 1, respectively. hMDM2 took up nAra h 1 and expressed DC-SIGN at higher levels than hMDM1. However, small interfering RNA knockdown of DC-SIGN did not suppress nAra h 1 uptake and nAra h 1-mediated cytokine production in hMDM2. Inhibitors of scavenger receptor class A type I (SR-AI) suppressed the response of hMDM2, but not of hMDM1, suggesting that SR-AI is a major receptor in hMDM2 for nAra h 1 recognition and internalization. nAra h 1 appears to exert stimulatory capacity on DC and macrophages via different receptors. This study advances our understanding how a major peanut allergen interacts with innate immunity.

Does the Food Ingredient Pectin Provide a Risk for Patients Allergic to Non-Specific Lipid-Transfer Proteins?

Pectin, a dietary fiber, is a polysaccharide that is widely used in food industry as a gelling agent. In addition, prebiotic and beneficial immunomodulatory effects of pectin have been demonstrated, leading to increased importance as food supplement. However, as cases of anaphylactic reactions after consumption of pectin-supplemented foods have been reported, the present study aims to evaluate the allergy risk of pectin. This is of particular importance since most of the pectin used in the food industry is extracted from citrus or apple pomace. Both contain several allergens such as non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs), known to induce severe allergic reactions, which could impair the use of pectins in nsLTP allergic patients. Therefore, the present study for the first time was performed to analyze residual nsLTP content in two commercial pectins using different detection methods. Results showed the analytical sensitivity was diminished by the pectin structure. Finally, spiking of pectin with allergenic peach nsLTP Pru p 3 led to the conclusion that the potential residual allergen content in both pectins is below the threshold to induce anaphylactic reactions in nsLTP-allergic patients. This data suggests that consumption of the investigated commercial pectin products provides no risk for inducing severe reactions in nsLTP-allergic patients.

Component-Resolved Diagnosis of American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Allergy in Patients From Different Geographical Areas.

Background: Manifestation of respiratory allergy to American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is prominent in the subtropical and tropical areas. However, co-existing perennial indoor inhalant allergies frequently compromise clinical diagnosis of cockroach allergy, and the analysis of sensitization pattern is limited by the lack of Periplaneta allergens widely available for component-resolved diagnostics (CRD). Objective: To evaluate a collection of previously described recombinant Periplaneta allergens for CRD in cockroach allergy. Methods: A panel of nine recombinant Periplaneta allergens (Per a 1-5, 7-10) was generated, purified, and subjected to physicochemical characterization by applying circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), amino acid (AA) analysis, and mass spectrometry (MS). Patients (n = 117) from India, Korea, Venezuela, and Iran, reporting perennial respiratory indoor allergies with IgE sensitization to cockroach (P. americana and/or Blattella germanica), were included. The sensitization profile was monitored by the experimental ImmunoCAP testing. Results: ImmunoCAP testing confirmed IgE sensitization to Periplaneta and/or Blattella extract in 98 of 117 patients (r = 0.95). Five out of 117 patients were sensitized to only one of the two cockroach species. Within the whole study group, the prevalence of sensitization to individual allergens varied from 4% (Per a 2) to 50% (Per a 9), with the highest IgE values to Per a 9. Patients from four countries displayed different sensitization profiles at which Per a 3 and Per a 9 were identified as major allergens in India and Korea. Periplaneta-derived lipocalin and myosin light chain were characterized as new minor allergens, designated as Per a 4 and Per a 8. Periplaneta extract showed higher diagnostic sensitivity than all individual components combined, suggesting the existence of allergens yet to be discovered. Conclusion: Utilization of a panel of purified Periplaneta allergens revealed highly heterogeneous sensitization patterns and allowed the classification of lipocalin and myosin light chain from Periplaneta as new minor allergens.