Simplified Near-Degenerate Four-Wave-Mixing Microscopy.

Four-wave-mixing microscopy is widely researched in both biology and medicine. In this paper, we present a simplified near-degenerate four-wave-mixing microscopy (SNDFWM). An ultra-steep long-pass filter is utilized to produce an ultra-steep edge on the spectrum of a femtosecond pulse, and a super-sensitive four-wave-mixing (FWM) signal can be generated via an ultra-steep short-pass filter. Compared with the current state-of-the-art FWM microscopy, this SNDFWM microscopy has the advantages of simpler experimental apparatus, lower cost, and easier operation. We demonstrate that this SNDFWM microscopy has high sensitivity and high spatial resolution in both nanowires and biological tissues. We also show that the SNDFWM microscopy can achieve an ultra-sensitive detection based on the electron-resonance effect. This method might find an important application in tracking of nano drugs in vivo.

[Therapeutic mechanism of Psammosilene tunicoides extract on rheumatoid arthritis based on NLRP3 inflammasome].

In this study, we investigated the mechanism of crude extract of Psammosilene tunicoides(CEPT) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) based on the Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome. The collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) mouse model was established. On day 32 after the primary immunization, according to the arthritis score, the mice were randomly divided into model group, positive control(methotrexate) group, low-and high-dose CEPT groups, and normal group, with 10 mice in each group. According to the administration dose of each group, the mice were continuously administered for 21 days. Every four days during the administration, the paw edema degree, arthritis score, and spleen index of the mice were measured; histopathological examination was performed for the ankles of the mice; the contents of IL-1ß and IL-18 in the serum were determined; the protein expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC), as well as the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in the ankle joints of the mice were detected. The results showed that compared with those in the model group, the mice in the positive control group and CEPT groups had significantly decreased the contents of IL-1ß and IL-18 in the serum and spleen index(P<0.01), significantly lowered arthritis score and degree of paw edema(P<0.01), alleviated arthritic infiltration of the knee, and down-regulated protein and mRNA levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the ankle joint(P<0.01). These results suggest that P. tunicoides may reduce the paw edema and arthritis score and alleviate the inflammatory response in CIA mice by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3. This study provides a basis for the study of immune regulation of P. tunicoides in RA.

[Optimization of flash-type extraction technology of alisol B 23-acetate from Alismatis Rhizoma by response surface methodology].

Response surface methodology was used to optimize and obtain the optimal flash-type extraction technology of alisol B 23-acetate from Alismatis Rhizoma. With the extraction rate of alisol B 23-acetate as an indicator, single-factor test was used to investigate the effect of ethanol volume fraction, liquid-solid ratio, extraction times and extracting time on the extraction rate of alisol B 23-acetate.The results were combined with Box-Benhnken design and response surface analysis to optimize the technology parameters for extraction process of Alismatis Rhizoma and obtain the optimal flash-type extraction technology under the following conditions： ethanol volume fraction 80%, liquid-solid ratio 12∶1, extraction 4 times, 114 s/time. Flash-type extraction technology of alisol B 23-acetate by response surface methodology is stable, time-saving, efficient, and with the advantages of room temperature extraction and no component damage, so it can be used for massive production.

[Optimization on alcohol precipitation techniques of Liuwei Dihuang decoction by response surface methodology].

The theoretical basis of the alcohol precipitation process control was provided, the alcohol precipitation was optimized and the relationship equation was got. The monod glycoside, loganin and paeoniflorin were used as the evaluation indexes to determine the impact factors of alcohol precipitation techniques of Liuwei Dihuang decoction by the Plackett-Burman experimental design and the levels of non-significant factors were identified. Then, Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to research and discuss the critical process parameters influence the effect of alcohol precipitation and draw interaction between key process parameters and the correlation equation with index components. Through the establishment and solving the quadratic regression model of composite score, the optimum preparation conditions of alcohol precipitation techniques of liuwei were as follows: stirring speed was 580 r x min(-1), standing time was 17 hours, alcohol concentration was 34%, the density of Liuwei Dihuang decoction was 1.13. The response surface methodology for optimized alcohol precipitation techniques of Liuwei Dihuang decoction is. reasonable and feasible.

[Study on effect of pH on rectum permeability of active ingredients in Reduning suppositories in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different pH on rectum permeability of chlorogenic acid and geniposide. METHOD: Four kinds of Reduning suppositories of different pH were separated and put into the rectum to study the suppositories in vitro and the content of chlorogenic acid and geniposide samples was determined by HPLC to calculate the permeation in 24 hours. RESULT: With increase of pH within 2.5-7.4, the steady state flux of chlorogenic acid was increased, but the steady state flux of geniposidesamples was steady. CONCLUSION: Adjusted the pH can increase the rectum permeability of active ingredients in Reduning auppositories.

Impact of Graphitization Degree on the Electrochemical and Thermal Properties of Coal.

Coal-based cryptocrystalline graphite is an intermediate phase formed during the transformation of highly metamorphic anthracite into crystalline graphite. In order to explore the relationship between the graphitization degree of coal-based cryptocrystalline graphite and its physical properties from macromolecular structure to provide a theoretical basis for industrial application, samples were tested by X-ray diffraction, electrochemistry, and thermal conductivity and compared with standard graphite (SG) and artificial thermal simulation graphitized samples. The results show that with the increase of graphitization degree and the growth of microcrystalline structure, the electrical impedance of cryptocrystalline graphite decreases, the conductivity increases, the specific capacity of initial discharge increases, and the thermal conductivity increases, which gradually approach the electrical and thermal properties of crystalline graphite. The linear equations between impedance and La and Lc are y = -0.42x + 70.44 and y = -1.87x + 70.62, and the correlation coefficients are 0.93 and 0.88. The linear equations between thermal conductivity and the horizontal extension length (La) and vertical stacking thickness (Lc) are y = 0.09x + 1.36 and y = 0.4x + 0.76, the correlation coefficients are 0.82 and 0.84., and the reduction of microcrystalline parameters d002 and the increase of La and Lc lead to a direct improvement of physical properties. Artificial thermal simulation samples also show the same regularity, but their physical properties are lower than those of natural evolution samples. Short-term high-temperature simulation is different from long-term magma heat and pressure, and the growth of graphite microcrystals is more complete under long-term geological conditions, resulting in better physical properties.

Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Coal Fines Migration on Pores and Permeability of Cataclastic Coal.

During the production process of coalbed methane, the generation and migration of coal fines can obstruct fractures in coal reservoirs and reduce their permeability. In order to investigate the effects of coal fines migration on the porosity and permeability of coal reservoirs, we conducted core water flooding experiments, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and low-temperature N2 adsorption experiments to study the variations in porosity and permeability of cataclastic coal during coal fines migration and the impact of coal fines migration on porosity and permeability. The experimental results reveal that the initial porosity ratio of cataclastic coal exhibits the characteristics of micropore > macropore > transitional pore > mesopore, with the pore types being predominantly fissured. The porosity of pores larger than 1000 nm and those larger than 10,000 nm exhibit consistent trends before and after water flooding, indicating that the blockage or unblocking of pores with radius larger than 10,000 nm by coal fines can also cause blockage or unblocking of some interconnected macropore. The early stage of flooding is the main period for coal fines migration and production in cataclastic coal, during which the mass concentration of coal fines production is higher and some macropores and fractures become blocked, resulting in a larger decrease in porosity. The higher the initial permeability of cataclastic coal samples with a larger end-face fracture density, the more similar the variations in porosity and permeability of pores larger than 10,000 nm during the flooding experiment, indicating that coal fines mainly block interconnected pores and fractures with radius larger than 10,000 nm through migration, thereby reducing permeability. This study provides a theoretical basis for the efficient production of coalbed methane.

Effects of Functional Groups in Coal with Different Vitrinite/Inertinite Ratios on Pyrolysis Products.

Maceral composition is one of the key factors affecting the liquefaction and gasification of coal, which has attracted extensive attention of researchers working on coal chemical industry. To elucidate the impact of vitrinite and inertinite in coal on pyrolysis products, vitrinite and inertinite were extracted from a single coal sample and mixed to create six samples with varying vitrinite/inertinite ratios. The samples were subjected to thermogravimetry coupled online with mass spectrometry (TG-MS) experiments, and the Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FITR) experiment was used to determine the macromolecular structures before and after the TG-MS experiments. The results show that the maximum mass loss rate is proportional to the vitrinite content and inversely proportional to the inertinite content, and increased vitrinite content accelerates the pyrolysis process and shifts the pyrolysis peak to low temperatures. Based on FTIR experiments, the sample's CH2/CH3 content, representing the length of aliphatic side chains, decreases significantly after pyrolysis, and the greater the loss of CH2/CH3, the greater the intensity of organic molecule production, indicating that aliphatic side chains are likely to yield organic molecule products. The aromatic degree (I) of samples rises sharply and steadily with increasing inertinite content. After high-temperature pyrolysis, the polycondensation degree of aromatic rings (DOC) and relative abundance of aromatic and aliphatic hydrogen (Har/Hal) within the sample increased significantly, indicating the thermal degradation rate of aromatic hydrogen content is much lower than that of aliphatic hydrogen. When the pyrolysis temperature is lower than 400 °C, the higher the inertinite content, the easier it is to produce CO2, whereas an increase in vitrinite leads to an increase in CO production. At this stage, the "-C-O-" functional group is pyrolyzed to produce CO and CO2. When the temperature exceeds 400 °C, the CO2 output intensity of vitrinite-rich samples is much higher than that of inertinite-rich samples, while the CO output intensity of vitrinite-rich samples is lower, and the higher the vitrinite content, the higher the peak temperature of CO gas production of samples, indicating that when the temperature exceeds 400 °C, the increase of vitrinite inhibits CO production and promotes CO2 production. At this stage, the reduction of each sample's "-C-O-" functional group after pyrolysis is positively correlated with the maximum CO gas production intensity, and the reduction of each sample's "-C=O" functional group after pyrolysis is positively correlated with the maximum CO2 gas production intensity. As a result, the "-C-O-" functional group is more likely to produce CO, whereas the "-C=O" functional group is more likely to be pyrolyzed to CO2. Hydrogen is primarily produced during the polycondensation and aromatization processes, and its production is proportional to the dynamic DOC values after pyrolysis. The higher the I value after pyrolysis, the lower the maximum gas production peak intensity of CH4 and C2H6, which indicates that increasing the aromatic proportion is detrimental to CH4 and C2H6 production. This work is expected to provide theoretical support of the liquefaction and gasification of coal with different vitrinite/inertinite ratios.

[Study on selenium contents of typical selenium-rich soil in the middle area of Zhejiang and its influencing factors].

Based on the study of typical selenium-rich soil in the middle area of Zhejiang province, the influencing factors of selenium contents were summarized. We found that the selenium contents were controlled by the geological background. It was much higher in Tangxi, Zhijiang, and Jinhua than in other geological background regions. In addition, the contents of selenium in soil under different land use types showed a great difference. The content in the dry land was much more enriched than that in the paddy field. Further research showed that selenium was closely related to soil organic matter because of its adsorption and fixation. Moreover, we found that the soil texture was another important influencing factor. Selenium contents increased with increasing content of clay in the soil.