Multifaceted roles for BCL3 in cancer: a proto-oncogene comes of age.

In the early 1990's a group of unrelated genes were identified from the sites of recurring translocations in B-cell lymphomas. Despite sharing the nomenclature 'Bcl', and an association with blood-borne cancer, these genes have unrelated functions. Of these genes, BCL2 is best known as a key cancer target involved in the regulation of caspases and other cell viability mechanisms. BCL3 on the other hand was originally identified as a non-canonical regulator of NF-kB transcription factor pathways - a signaling mechanism associated with important cell outcomes including many of the hallmarks of cancer. Most of the early investigations into BCL3 function have since focused on its role in NF-kB mediated cell proliferation, inflammation/immunity and cancer. However, recent evidence is coming to light that this protein directly interacts with and modulates a number of other signaling pathways including DNA damage repair, WNT/ß-catenin, AKT, TGFß/SMAD3 and STAT3 - all of which have key roles in cancer development, metastatic progression and treatment of solid tumours. Here we review the direct evidence demonstrating BCL3's central role in a transcriptional network of signaling pathways that modulate cancer biology and treatment response in a range of solid tumour types and propose common mechanisms of action of BCL3 which may be exploited in the future to target its oncogenic effects for patient benefit.

Design, Synthesis, and Potent Anticancer Activity of Novel Indole-Based Bcl-2 Inhibitors.

The Bcl-2 family plays a crucial role in regulating cell apoptosis, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. In this study, a series of indole-based compounds, U1-6, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activity against Bcl-2-expressing cancer cell lines. The binding affinity, safety profile, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis effects of the compounds were tested. The designed compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activity at sub-micromolar IC50 concentrations against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and A549 cell lines. Notably, U2 and U3 demonstrated the highest activity, particularly against MCF-7 cells. Respectively, both U2 and U3 showed potential BCL-2 inhibition activity with IC50 values of 1.2 ± 0.02 and 11.10 ± 0.07 µM using an ELISA binding assay compared with 0.62 ± 0.01 µM for gossypol, employed as a positive control. Molecular docking analysis suggested stable interactions of compound U2 at the Bcl-2 binding site through hydrogen bonding, pi-pi stacking, and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, U2 demonstrated significant induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase. Importantly, U2 displayed a favourable safety profile on HDF human dermal normal fibroblast cells at 10-fold greater IC50 values compared with MDA-MB-231 cells. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of compound U2 as a Bcl-2 inhibitor and provide insights into its molecular mechanisms of action.

Whole blood-based measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells reveals asymptomatic infection and vaccine immunogenicity in healthy subjects and patients with solid-organ cancers.

Accurate assessment of SARS-CoV-2 immunity is critical in evaluating vaccine efficacy and devising public health policies. Whilst the exact nature of effective immunity remains incompletely defined, SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses are a critical feature that will likely form a key correlate of protection against COVID-19. Here, we developed and optimized a high-throughput whole blood-based assay to determine the T-cell response associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination amongst 231 healthy donors and 68 cancer patients. Following overnight in vitro stimulation with SARS-CoV-2-specific peptides, blood plasma samples were analysed for TH 1-type cytokines. Highly significant differential IFN-γ+ /IL-2+ SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were seen amongst previously infected COVID-19-positive healthy donors in comparison with unknown / naïve individuals (p < 0·0001). IFN-γ production was more effective at identifying asymptomatic donors, demonstrating higher sensitivity (96·0% vs. 83·3%) but lower specificity (84·4% vs. 92·5%) than measurement of IL-2. A single COVID-19 vaccine dose induced IFN-γ and/or IL-2 SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in 116 of 128 (90·6%) healthy donors, reducing significantly to 27 of 56 (48·2%) when measured in cancer patients (p < 0·0001). A second dose was sufficient to boost T-cell responses in the majority (90·6%) of cancer patients, albeit IFN-γ+ responses were still significantly lower overall than those induced in healthy donors (p = 0·034). Three-month post-vaccination T-cell responses also declined at a faster rate in cancer patients. Overall, this cost-effective standardizable test ensures accurate and comparable assessments of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses amenable to widespread population immunity testing, and identifies individuals at greater need of booster vaccinations.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and X-ray analysis of bicalutamide sulfoxide analogues for the potential treatment of prostate cancer.

The androgen receptor (AR) is a pivotal target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) even when the disease progresses toward androgen-independent or castration-resistant forms. In this study, a series of sulfoxide derivatives were prepared and their antiproliferative activity evaluated in vitro against four different human prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1, DU-145, LNCaP and VCap). Bicalutamide and enzalutamide were used as positive controls. Compound 28 displayed significant enhancement in anticancer activity across the four PC cell lines with IC50 = 9.09 - 31.11 µM compared to the positive controls: bicalutamide (IC50 = 45.20 -51.61 µM) and enzalutamide (IC50 = 11.47 - 53.04 µM). Sulfoxide derivatives of bicalutamide were prepared efficiently from the corresponding sulfides using only one equivalent of mCPBA, limiting the reaction time to 15-30 min and maintaining the temperature at 0 °C. Interestingly, three pairs of sulfoxide diastereomers were separated and NMR comparison of their diastereotopic methylene (CH2) group is presented. X-ray diffraction crystal structure analysis provided relative configuration assignment at the chiral sulfur and carbon centres. Molecular modelling study of the four diastereoisomers of compound 28 is described.

New Bioactive Fused Triazolothiadiazoles as Bcl-2-Targeted Anticancer Agents.

A series of 3-(6-substituted phenyl-[1,2,4]-triazolo[3,4-b]-[1,3,4]-thiadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indoles (5a-l) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-inhibitory activity. Synthesis of the target compounds was readily accomplished through a reaction of acyl hydrazide (1) with carbon disulfide in the presence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide to afford the corresponding intermediate potassium thiocarbamate salt (2), which underwent cyclization reaction in the presence of excess hydrazine hydrate to the corresponding triazole thiol (3). Further cyclisation reaction with substituted benzoyl chloride derivatives in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride afforded the final 6-phenyl-indol-3-yl [1,2,4]-triazolo[3,4-b]-[1,3,4]-thiadiazole compounds (5a-l). The novel series showed selective sub-micromolar IC50 growth-inhibitory activity against Bcl-2-expressing human cancer cell lines. The most potent 6-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl) substituted analogue (5k) showed selective IC50 values of 0.31-0.7 µM against Bcl-2-expressing cell lines without inhibiting the Bcl-2-negative cell line (Jurkat). ELISA binding affinity assay (interruption of Bcl-2-Bim interaction) showed potent binding affinity for (5k) with an IC50 value of 0.32 µM. Moreover, it fulfils drug likeness criteria as a promising drug candidate.

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of New Bioactive Oxadiazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents Targeting Bcl-2.

A series of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 4a-m, were designed, synthesized and tested in vitro as potential pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 inhibitory anticancer agents based on our previously reported hit compounds. Synthesis of the target 1,3,4-oxadiazoles was readily accomplished through a cyclization reaction of indole carboxylic acid hydrazide 2 with substituted carboxylic acid derivatives 3a-m in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride. New compounds 4a-m showed a range of IC50 values concentrated in the low micromolar range selectively in Bcl-2 positive human cancer cell lines. The most potent candidate 4-trifluoromethyl substituted analogue 4j showed selective IC50 values of 0.52-0.88 µM against Bcl-2 expressing cell lines with no inhibitory effects in the Bcl-2 negative cell line. Moreover, 4j showed binding that was two-fold more potent than the positive control gossypol in the Bcl-2 ELISA binding affinity assay. Molecular modeling studies helped to further rationalize anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 binding and identified compound 4j as a candidate with drug-like properties for further investigation as a selective Bcl-2 inhibitory anticancer agent.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bicalutamide Analogues for the Potential Treatment of Prostate Cancer.

The androgen receptor (AR) is a pivotal target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) even when the disease progresses toward androgen-independent or castration-resistant forms. In this study, a series of 15 bicalutamide analogues (sulfide, deshydroxy, sulfone, and O-acetylated) were prepared and their antiproliferative activity evaluated against four different human prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1, DU-145, LNCaP, and VCap). Bicalutamide and enzalutamide were used as positive controls. Seven of these compounds displayed remarkable enhancement in anticancer activity across the four PC cell lines. The deshydroxy analogue (16) was the most active compound with IC50 = 6.59-10.86 µM. Molecular modeling offers a plausible explanation of the higher activity of the sulfide analogues compared to their sulfone counterparts.

Structure-Based Virtual Screening, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential FAK-FAT Domain Inhibitors for Treatment of Metastatic Cancer.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several advanced-stage solid cancers. In cancer cells, FAK promotes the progression and metastasis of tumours. In this study, we used structure-based virtual screening to filter a library of more than 210K compounds against the focal adhesion targeting FAK-focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain to identify 25 virtual hit compounds which were screened in the invasive breast cancer line (MDA-MB-231). Most notably, compound I showed low micromolar antiproliferative activity, as well as antimigratory activity. Moreover, examination in a model of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), revealed that, despite not effecting FAK phosphorylation, compound I significantly impairs proliferation whilst impairing focal adhesion growth and turnover leading to reduced migration. Further optimisation and synthesis of analogues of the lead compound I using a four-step synthetic procedure was performed, and analogues were assessed for their antiproliferative activity against three breast cancer (MDA-MB-231, T47D, BT474) cell lines and one pancreatic cancer (MIAPaCa2) cell line. Compound 5f was identified as a promising lead compound with IC50 values in the range of 4.59-5.28 µM in MDA-MB-231, T47D, BT474, and MIAPaCa2. Molecular modelling and pharmacokinetic studies provided more insight into the therapeutic features of this new series.

Radiosynthesis of [18F]-Labelled Pro-Nucleotides (ProTides).

Phosphoramidate pro-nucleotides (ProTides) have revolutionized the field of anti-viral and anti-cancer nucleoside therapy, overcoming the major limitations of nucleoside therapies and achieving clinical and commercial success. Despite the translation of ProTide technology into the clinic, there remain unresolved in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic questions. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging using [18F]-labelled model ProTides could directly address key mechanistic questions and predict response to ProTide therapy. Here we report the first radiochemical synthesis of [18F]ProTides as novel probes for PET imaging. As a proof of concept, two chemically distinct radiolabelled ProTides have been synthesized as models of 3'- and 2'-fluorinated ProTides following different radiosynthetic approaches. The 3'-[18F]FLT ProTide was obtained via a late stage [18F]fluorination in radiochemical yields (RCY) of 15-30% (n = 5, decay-corrected from end of bombardment (EoB)), with high radiochemical purities (97%) and molar activities of 56 GBq/µmol (total synthesis time of 130 min.). The 2'-[18F]FIAU ProTide was obtained via an early stage [18F]fluorination approach with an RCY of 1-5% (n = 7, decay-corrected from EoB), with high radiochemical purities (98%) and molar activities of 53 GBq/µmol (total synthesis time of 240 min).

Polyfluoroaromatic stavudine (d4T) ProTides exhibit enhanced anti-HIV activity.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) damages the immune system and leads to the life-threatening acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the advances in the field of antiretroviral treatment, HIV remains a major public health challenge. Nucleosides represent a prominent chemotherapeutic class for treating viruses, however their cellular uptake, kinase-mediated activation and catabolism are limiting factors. Herein, we report the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of stavudine (d4T) ProTides containing polyfluorinated aryl groups against two strains; HIV-1 (IIIB) and HIV-2 (ROD). ProTide 5d containing a meta-substituted pentafluorosulfanyl (3-SF5) aryl group showed superior antiviral activity over the parent d4T and the nonfluorinated analogue 5a. ProTide 5d has low nanomolar antiviral activity; (IC50 = 30 nM, HIV-1) and (IC50 = 36 nM, HIV-2) which is over tenfold more potent than d4T. Interestingly, ProTide 5d showed a significantly high selectivity indices with SI = 1753 (HIV-1) and 1461 (HIV-2) which is more than twice that of the d4T. All ProTides were screened in wild type as well as thymidine kinase deficient (TK-) cells. Enzymatic activation of ProTide 5d using carboxypeptidase Y enzyme and monitored using both 31P and 19F NMR is presented.

New Quinoline-Based Heterocycles as Anticancer Agents Targeting Bcl-2.

The Bcl-2 protein has been studied as an anticancer drug target in recent years, due to its gatekeeper role in resisting programmed cancer cell death (apoptosis), and the design of BH3 domain mimetics has led to the clinical approval of Venetoclax (ABT-199) for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In this work we extend our previous studies on the discovery of indole-based heterocycles as Bcl-2 inhibitors, to the identification of quinolin-4-yl based oxadiazole and triazole analogues. Target compounds were readily synthesized via a common aryl-substituted quinolin-4-carbonyl-N-arylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide (5a-b) intermediate, through simple variation of the basic cyclisation conditions. Some of the quinoline-based oxadiazole analogues (e.g. compound 6i) were found to exhibit sub-micromolar anti-proliferative activity in Bcl-2-expressing cancer cell lines, and sub-micromolar IC50 activity within a Bcl2-Bim peptide ELISA assay. The Bcl-2 targeted anticancer activity of 6i was further rationalised via computational molecular modelling, offering possibilities to extend this work into the design of further potent and selective Bcl-2 inhibitory heteroaromatics with therapeutic potential.

Pharmacologically directed strategies in academic anticancer drug discovery based on the European NCI compounds initiative.

BACKGROUND: The European NCI compounds programme, a joint initiative of the EORTC Research Branch, Cancer Research Campaign and the US National Cancer Institute, was initiated in 1993. The objective was to help the NCI in reducing the backlog of in vivo testing of potential anticancer compounds, synthesised in Europe that emerged from the NCI in vitro 60-cell screen. METHODS: Over a period of more than twenty years the EORTC-Cancer Research Campaign panel reviewed ∼2000 compounds of which 95 were selected for further evaluation. Selected compounds were stepwise developed with clear go/no go decision points using a pharmacologically directed programme. RESULTS: This approach eliminated quickly compounds with unsuitable pharmacological properties. A few compounds went into Phase I clinical evaluation. The lessons learned and many of the principles outlined in the paper can easily be applied to current and future drug discovery and development programmes. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the review panel, restrictions regarding numbers and types of compounds tested in the NCI in vitro screen and the appearance of targeted agents led to the discontinuation of the European NCI programme in 2017 and its transformation into an academic platform of excellence for anticancer drug discovery and development within the EORTC-PAMM group. This group remains open for advice and collaboration with interested parties in the field of cancer pharmacology.

Synthesis and evaluation of 5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amines as Bcl-2 inhibitory anticancer agents.

A series of 5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amines 8a-j has been designed, synthesized and tested in vitro as potential pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-inhibitory anticancer agents based on our previous lead compound 8a. Synthesis of the target compounds was readily accomplished through a cyclisation reaction between indole-3-carboxylic acid hydrazide (5) and substituted isothiocyanates 6a-j, followed by oxidative cyclodesulfurization of the corresponding thiosemicarbazide 7a-j using 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Active compounds of the series 8a-j were found to have sub-micromolar IC50 values selectively in Bcl-2 expressing human cancer cell lines; notably the 2-nitrophenyl analogue 8a was found to exhibit potent activity, and compounds 8a and 8e possessed comparable Bcl-2 binding affinity (ELISA assay) to the established natural product-based Bcl-2 inhibitor, gossypol. Molecular modeling studies helped to further rationalise anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 binding, and identified compounds 8a and 8e as candidates for further development as Bcl-2 inhibitory anticancer agents.

7-Substituted umbelliferone derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists for the potential treatment of prostate and breast cancer.

The clinically used androgen receptor (AR) antagonists (bicalutamide, flutamide and nilutamide) bind with low affinity to AR and can induce escape mechanisms. Furthermore, under AR gene amplification or mutation conditions they demonstrate agonist activity and fail to inhibit AR, causing relapse into castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Discovery of new scaffolds distinct from the 4-cyano/nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group common to currently used antiandrogens is urgently needed to avoid cross-resistance with these compounds. In this study, a series of twenty-nine 7-substituted umbelliferone derivatives was prepared and their antiproliferative activities were evaluated. The most active compound 7a demonstrated submicromolar inhibitory activity in the human prostate cancer cell line (22Rv1); IC50=0.93 µM which represents a 50 fold improvement over the clinical antiandrogen bicalutamide (IC50=46 µM) and a more than 30 fold improvement over enzalutamide (IC50=32 µM). Interestingly, this compound showed even better activity against the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7); IC50=0.47 µM. Molecular modelling studies provided a plausible theoretical explanation for our findings.

Synthesis and in vitro anticancer evaluation of some 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbohydrazides as Rad6 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme inhibitors.

Series of 4-amino-6-(arylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbohydrazides (3a-e) and N'-phenyl-4,6-bis(arylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbohydrazides (6a-e), for ease of readership, we will abbreviate our compound names as 'new triazines', have been synthesized, based on the previously reported Rad6B-inhibitory diamino-triazinylmethyl benzoate anticancer agents TZ9 and 4-amino-N'-phenyl-6-(arylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbohydrazides. Synthesis of the target compounds was readily accomplished in two steps from either bis-aryl/aryl biguanides via reaction of phenylhydrazine or hydrazinehydrate with key 4-amino-6-bis(arylamino)/(arylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carboxylate intermediates. These new triazine derivatives were evaluated for their abilities to inhibit Rad6B ubiquitin conjugation and in vitro anticancer activity against several human cancer cell lines: ovarian (OV90 and A2780), lung (H1299 and A549), breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB231) and colon (HT29) cancer cells by MTS assays. All the 10 new triazines exhibited superior Rad6B inhibitory activities in comparison to selective Rad6 inhibitor TZ9 that was reported previously. Similarly, new triazines also showed better IC50 values in survival assays of various tumor cell lines. Particularly, new triazines 6a-c, exhibited lower IC50 (3.3-22 µM) values compared to TZ9.

ProTides of BVdU as potential anticancer agents upon efficient intracellular delivery of their activated metabolites.

Nucleosides represent a major chemotherapeutic class for treating cancer, however their limitations in terms of cellular uptake, nucleoside kinase-mediated activation and catabolism are well-documented. The monophosphate pro-nucleotides known as ProTides represents a powerful strategy for bypassing the dependence on active transport and nucleoside kinase-mediated activation. Herein, we report the structural tuning of BVdU ProTides. Forty six phosphoramidates were prepared and biologically evaluated against three different cancer cell lines; murine leukemia (L1210), human CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CEM) and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa). Twenty-fold potency enhancement compared to BVdU was achieved against L1210 cells. Interestingly, a number of ProTides showed low micromolar activity against CEM and HeLa cells compared to the inactive parent BVdU. The ProTides showed poor, if any measurable toxicity to non-tumourigenic human lung fibroblast cell cultures. Separation of four pairs of the diastereoisomeric mixtures and comparison of their spectral properties, biological activities and enzymatic activation rate is reported.

Rational design and synthesis of novel anti-prostate cancer agents bearing a 3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl moiety.

Prostate cancer is a major cause of male death worldwide and the identification of new and improved treatments is constantly required. Among the available options, different non-steroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonists are approved also to treat castration-resistant forms. Most of these drugs show limited application due to the development of resistant mutants of their biological target. Following docking-based studies on a homology model for the AR open antagonist conformation, a series of novel 3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl compounds was designed with the aim to improve the antiproliferative activity of anti-androgen drugs bicalutamide and enzalutamide. The new structural modifications might impede the receptor to adopt its closed agonist conformation also in the presence of adaptive mutations. Among the novel compounds synthesised, several displayed significantly improved in vitro activity in comparison with the parent structures, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range against four different prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, VCaP, DU-145, 22Rv1). Selected hits demonstrated full AR antagonistic behaviour and promising candidates for further development were identified.

Novel indole-based melatonin analogues substituted with triazole, thiadiazole and carbothioamides: studies on their antioxidant, chemopreventive and cytotoxic activities.

Melatonin (MLT) is a well-known free-radical scavenger, involving in the prevention of cellular damage that can lead to cancer, ageing and a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Research on MLT-related compounds has been required to optimise the maximum pharmaceutical activity with the lowest side effects. In our ongoing research, we have synthesized new indole-based MLT analogues as potential antioxidant agents by modifying the MLT molecule. In this study, we build on previous findings, through the synthesis, characterization and in vitro antioxidant profiling of a series of new indole-based MLT analogues which possess triazole, thiadiazole and carbothioamides on the third position on the indole ring. In vitro antioxidant activity was investigated by evaluating their reducing effect against oxidation of a redox sensitive fluorescent probe and their radical scavenging activity was assessed via the DPPH assay. In addition, in vitro cytotoxic effects of newly synthesized compounds were investigated in CHO-K1 cells using the MTT assay.

Gold nanoparticle conjugated Rad6 inhibitor induces cell death in triple negative breast cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and PARP-1 hyperactivation: Synthesis and characterization.

We recently developed a small molecule inhibitor SMI#9 for Rad6, a protein overexpressed in aggressive breast cancers and involved in DNA damage tolerance. SMI#9 induces cytotoxicity in cancerous cells but spares normal breast cells; however, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by poor solubility. Here we chemically modified SMI#9 to enable its conjugation and hydrolysis from gold nanoparticle (GNP). SMI#9-GNP and parent SMI#9 activities were compared in mesenchymal and basal triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype cells. Whereas SMI#9 is cytotoxic to all TNBC cells, SMI#9-GNP is endocytosed and cytotoxic only in mesenchymal TNBC cells. SMI#9-GNP endocytosis in basal TNBCs is compromised by aggregation. However, when combined with cisplatin, SMI#9-GNP is imported and synergistically increases cisplatin sensitivity. Like SMI#9, SMI#9-GNP spares normal breast cells. The released SMI#9 is active and induces cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction and PARP-1 stabilization/hyperactivation. This work signifies the development of a nanotechnology-based Rad6-targeting therapy for TNBCs. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: Protein Rad6 is overexpressed in breast cancer cells and its blockade may provide a new treatment against 3N breast cancer. The authors conjugated a small molecule inhibitor SMI#9 for Rad6 to gold nanoparticles in this study and showed that this new formulation specifically targeted chemo-resistant breast cancer cells and highlighted the importance of nanotechnology in drug carrier development.

Synthesis, anti-HIV and cytostatic evaluation of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) pro-nucleotides.

A series of pro-nucleotide phosphoramidates and phosphorodiamidates of the antiviral lead compound 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) have been designed and synthesized. In vitro antiretroviral and cytostatic studies revealed potent (sub-micromolar) inhibition of HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication, with retention of activity in thymidine kinase-negative cell models, as predicted by the ProTide concept.