Maternal thyrotropin is independently related to small for gestational age neonates at term.

OBJECTIVE: Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns constitute still a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Overt thyroid disease is a known cause of preterm birth and low birthweight but in its untreated condition it is rare today. In this study, we investigated the possible relation between maternal thyroid function assessed in euthyroid women at each trimester and the incidence of term born SGA neonates. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study was performed. PATIENTS: Thyroid function was assessed at 12, 24 and 36 weeks gestation in 1051 healthy Caucasian women who delivered at ≥ 37 weeks gestation. MEASUREMENTS: One-way anova was used to compare mean TSH and FT4 levels between women with SGA neonates and controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for known risk factors of SGA. RESULTS: Seventy (6·7%) SGA neonates were identified and they were significantly more often born to women with a TSH ≥ 97·5th at first and third trimester. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that smoking (OR: 4·4, 95% CI: 2·49-7·64), pre-eclampsia (OR: 2·8, 95% CI: 1·19-6·78) and TSH ≥ 97·5th percentile (OR 3·3, 95% CI 1·39-7·53) were significantly related to SGA. Maternal FT4 levels and TPO-Ab status were not associated with SGA offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that TSH levels in the upper range of the reference interval at different trimesters (3·0-3·29 mIU/l) are independently related to an increased risk of delivering SGA neonates at term.

Increased maternal TSH and decreased maternal FT4 are associated with a higher operative delivery rate in low-risk pregnancies: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The increasing number of operative deliveries is a topic of major concern in modern obstetrics. Maternal thyroid function is of known influence on many obstetric parameters. Our objective was to investigate a possible relation between maternal thyroid function, and operative deliveries. Secondary aim was to explore whether thyroid function was related to specific reasons for operative deliveries. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, low-risk Caucasian women, pregnant of a single cephalic fetus were included. Women with known auto-immune disease, a pre-labour Caesarean section, induction of labour, breech presentation or preterm delivery were excluded. In all trimesters of pregnancy the thyroid function was assessed. Differences in mean TSH and FT4 were assessed using t-test. Mean TSH and FT4 levels for operative deliveries were determined by one way ANOVA. Repeated measurement analyses were performed (ANOVA), adjusting for BMI, partiy, maternal age and gestational age at delivery. RESULTS: In total 872 women were included, of which 699 (80.2%) had a spontaneous delivery. At 36 weeks gestation women who had an operative delivery had a significantly higher mean TSH (1.63 mIU/L versus 1.46 mIU/L, p = 0.025) and lower mean FT4 (12.9 pmol/L versus 13.3 pmol/L, p = 0.007)) compared to women who had a spontaneous delivery. Mean TSH was significantly higher (p = 0.026) and mean FT4 significantly lower (p = 0.030) throughout pregnancy for women with an operative delivery due to failure to progress in second stage of labour, compared to women with a spontaneous delivery or operative delivery for other reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Increased TSH and decreased FT4 seem to be associated with more operative vaginal deliveries and Caesarean sections. After adjusting for several confounders the association remained for operative deliveries due to failure to progress in second stage of labour, possibly to be explained by less efficient uterine action.

The impact of obesity on outcomes of midwife-led pregnancy and childbirth in a primary care population: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of obesity on the likelihood of remaining in midwife-led care throughout pregnancy and childbirth. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study. SETTING: Dutch midwife-led practices. POPULATION: A cohort of 1369 women eligible for midwife-led care after their first antenatal visit. METHODS: First-trimester body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight measured at booking divided by height squared. Obstetric data were retrieved from medical records. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to examine the effects of BMI classification on midwife-led pregnancies and childbirths. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentages of women remaining in midwife-led care throughout pregnancy and throughout childbirth. RESULTS: Of women in obesity classes II and III, 55% remained in midwife-led care throughout pregnancy and 30% remained in midwife-led care throughout birth. Compared with women of normal weight, women in obesity classes II and III had fewer midwife-led pregnancies (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.21-0.69), and women who were overweight or in obesity class I had fewer midwife-led childbirths (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.44-0.90; OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29-0.84, respectively). Compared with women of normal weight, women who were obese had higher referral rates for hypertensive disorders (4 versus 14%), prolonged labour (4.6 versus 10.4%), and intrapartum pain relief (4 versus 10.4%). The women who were eligible for midwife-led birth and who were overweight or obese, had no more urgent referrals than women of normal weight. Women who were obese and who completed a midwife-led birth had no more adverse outcomes than women of normal weight, with the exception of higher rates of large for gestational age (LGA) babies (>97.7 centile; 12.1%, versus 1.9% in normal weight and versus 3.3% in overweight women). CONCLUSIONS: Although fewer women who were obese remain in midwife-led care during pregnancy and childbirth, there was no increased risk of unfavourable birth outcomes for women who were obese and eligible for a midwife-led birth when compared with women of normal weight. This indicates that when primary care midwives use a risk assessment tool throughout pregnancy and childbirth they are able to safely assign women who are obese to either midwife-led or obstetrician-led care.

Effects of late incubation temperature and moment of first post-hatch feed access on neonatal broiler development, temperature preference, and stress response.

Early life experiences are known to be of great importance for later life. For instance, exposure to stress during early life can increase fearfulness at later age. In broilers, delayed feeding after hatch may cause metabolic stress. Besides, delayed feeding after hatch may affect neonatal broiler development and thermogenesis and consequently preferred ambient temperature. Moreover, these effects of feeding strategy may be dependent on late incubation temperature. To study this, eggs (n = 1,338) from a 54-wk-old Ross broiler breeder flock were incubated at 37.8°C (control) or 36.7°C (lower) eggshell temperature (EST) during late incubation (≥ embryonic d 17). At hatch, two feeding strategies were applied (direct access (early feeding) or 51 to 54 h delayed access (delayed feeding)). Broilers (n = 960) were equally divided over 32 pens and grown for 3 wk. Stress was assessed by determination of corticosterone in blood at 0 h, 48 h, 96 h and d 21 after hatch. Fearfulness was assessed by tonic immobility at d 13. Temperature preference was assessed at d 2 and d 12. Broiler development was determined at 0 h, 48 h, and 96 h after hatch. There was no EST × feeding strategy interaction for any parameter (P ≥ 0.07). Early feeding resulted in a 2.5× lower plasma corticosterone concentration at 48 h (P < 0.01) and a 2.2°C and 2.0°C lower preference temperature for d 2 and d 12 respectively (P = 0.01) compared to delayed feeding. Tonic immobility was not affected. In conclusion, early feeding reduces exposure to stress in the short term and stimulates thermoregulatory ability of broilers in the longer term.

Broiler resilience to colibacillosis is affected by incubation temperature and post-hatch feeding strategy.

Colibacillosis is a poultry disease that negatively affects welfare and causes economic losses. Treatment with antibiotics raises concerns on antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, alternative approaches to enhance poultry resilience are needed. Access to feed and water directly after hatch (early feeding) may enhance resilience at later ages. Additionally, a high eggshell temperature (EST) during mid incubation may improve chick quality at hatch, supporting potential positive effects of early feeding. Effects of EST [37.8°C (control) or 38.9°C (higher)] during mid-incubation (embryo days 7-14) and feeding strategy (early feeding or 48 h delayed feeding) were tested in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. At hatch, Ì´ 1,800 broilers were divided over 36 pens and grown for 6 wk. At d 8 post hatch, avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) was inoculated intratracheally as model to investigate broiler resilience against respiratory diseases. Incidence and severity of colibacillosis, local infection, and systemic infection were assessed at 6 moments between 3 h and 7 d postinoculation. Broilers were weighed daily during 13 d postinoculation and weekly thereafter. At higher EST, early feeding resulted in higher incidence of systemic infection compared to delayed feeding whereas at control EST, systemic infection was not different between feeding strategies. Regardless of EST, early compared to delayed feeding resulted in lower incidence of local infection, fewer BW deviations, and higher growth until d 35. In conclusion, early feeding could be considered as a strategy to enhance broiler resilience, but only when EST is not too high.

Neonatal thyroid screening results are related to gestational maternal thyroid function.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between maternal thyroid function at each pregnancy trimester and neonatal screening results. BACKGROUND: Overt maternal thyroid dysfunction during gestation is associated with poor neonatal thyroid function. However, research on the relationship between suboptimal maternal thyroid function (assessed at three trimesters) and neonatal thyroid screening outcome is scarce. DESIGN/PATIENTS: Prospective follow-up study during three trimesters of gestation in 886 Dutch Caucasian healthy pregnant women followed from 12-week gestation until term delivery (>37 weeks) and their neonates. MEASUREMENTS: The relation between neonatal data from the Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) screening and maternal thyroid determinants [TSH, FT4 and thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-Ab] assessed at 12-, 24- and 36-week gestation. RESULTS: Boys have lower screening TT4 levels and their mothers have higher TSH levels at 24- and 36-week gestation. Higher maternal TSH levels (>97·5th percentile, as defined in 810 women without TPO-Ab at 12 weeks) at one or more times during pregnancy (O.R: 2·26, 95% CI: 1·20-4·29) and lower gestational age (O.R: 1·22, 95% CI: 1·05-1·41) are independently related to lower screening TT4 levels. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal thyroid function during gestation is related to neonatal TT4 at screening. The finding of both lower neonatal TT4 levels in boys and higher TSH levels in mothers carrying boys is worthy of further investigation, as both observations may be meaningfully related.

High thyrotrophin levels at end term increase the risk of breech presentation.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between maternal thyrotrophin (TSH) and breech presentation at term. DESIGN: Combined data sets of two prospective studies to obtain adequate epidemiological power. PATIENTS: One thousand and fifty-eight healthy pregnant women (58 breech, 1000 cephalic) and 131 women who presented in breech at an obstetrical outpatient clinic. MEASUREMENTS: Maternal thyroid parameters [TSH, free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab)] and foetal presentation were assessed in both groups between 35 and 38 weeks gestation. Power calculations suggested that at least 148 breech cases were required. RESULTS: The characteristics of the women in breech in both samples were similar. Women in breech (n = 58 + 131) had significantly higher TSH (but not FT4) than those (n = 1000) with cephalic presentation (Mann-Whitney U-test, P = 0·003). Different cut-offs were used to define high TSH in the 916 TPO-Ab-negative women with cephalic presentation: the 90th, 95th and 97·5th percentiles were 2·4 mIU/l (n = 149), 2·7 mIU/l (n = 77) and 3·2 mIU/l (n = 37). The prevalence rates of breech presentation in these women were all higher compared to the prevalence of breech in women below these cut-offs (df = 1, P < 0·01). The relative risk of the 149 women with a TSH >90th percentile (>2·4 mIU/l) to present in breech was 1·82 (95% CI: 1·30-2·56). CONCLUSIONS: Women with high TSH at end term are at risk for breech presentation. Substantial evidence for a relation between breech presentation and neurodevelopmental delay exists. As high TSH during gestation has also been linked to poor neurodevelopment, the relation between breech presentation and poor neurodevelopment might be thyroid-related.

Maternal thyroid function during gestation is related to breech presentation at term.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between suboptimal maternal thyroid function during gestation and breech presentation at term. DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study during three trimesters of gestation. PATIENTS: A total of 1058 Dutch Caucasian healthy pregnant women were prospectively followed from 12 weeks gestation until term (>or=37 weeks) delivery. MEASUREMENTS: Maternal thyroid parameters [TSH, free T4 (FT4) and auto-antibodies to thyroid peroxidase] were assessed at 12, 24 and 36 weeks gestation as well as foetal presentation at term. RESULTS: At term, 58 women (5.5%) presented in breech. Compared with women with foetuses in the cephalic position, those women who presented in breech at term had significantly higher TSH concentrations, but only at 36 weeks gestation (P = 0.007). No between group differences were obtained for FT4 level at any assessment. The prevalence of breech presentation in the subgroup of women with TSH >or= 2.5 mIU/l (90th percentile) at 36 weeks gestation was 11%, compared with 4.8% in the women with TSH < 2.50 mIU/l (P = 0.006). Women with TSH below the 5th percentile had no breech presentations. Breech position was significantly and independently related to high maternal TSH concentration (>or=2.5 mIU/l) at 36 weeks gestation (O.R.: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.14-4.39), but not at 12 and 24 weeks gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Women with TSH levels above 2.5 mIU/l during end gestation are at risk for breech presentation, and as such for obstetric complications.

Effects of eggshell temperature pattern during incubation on primary immune organ development and broiler immune response in later life.

Eggshell temperature (EST) during incubation greatly affects embryo development, chick quality at hatch, and subsequently various broiler physiological systems. Until now, a constant EST of 37.8°C seems optimal. Data on effects of EST patterns on immune organ development and subsequent broiler immune response are, however, scarce. A higher EST of 38.9°C in week 2 and/or a lower EST of 36.7°C in week 3 of incubation potentially positively affect embryo immune organ development and broiler immune response post hatch. Broiler eggs (n = 468) were incubated at 4 different EST patterns (n = 117 eggs/treatment) from week 2 of incubation onward. Week 1 (embryonic age (E)0 < E7) EST was 37.8°C for all eggs. Week 2 (E7 < E14) EST was either 37.8°C (Control) or 38.9°C (Higher), and week 3 (E14 - /hatch) EST was either Control or 36.7°C (Lower). At hatch, histology of bursal follicles and jejunum villi and crypts were determined as well as heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H:L) (n = 49). Posthatch, both sexes were grown in 8 pens/treatment for 6 wk (n = 320). Natural antibodies (NAb) were determined at day 14, 22, and slaughter (day 41 or 42) as an indicator of immunocompetence and response to a Newcastle disease (NCD) vaccination was determined by antibody levels at day 22 and slaughter (n = 128). Results showed no interaction EST week 2 × EST week 3, except for jejunum histology. Higher EST in week 2 resulted in lower cell density within bursal follicles (P = 0.02) and a tendency for lower H:L (P = 0.07) at hatch, and higher NCD titers at slaughter (P = 0.02) than Control EST. Lower EST in week 3 resulted at hatch in higher cell density within bursal follicles, higher H:L (both P < 0.05), and a tendency for a higher posthatch mortality rate than control EST (P = 0.10). In conclusion, higher EST in week 2 during incubation may benefit embryonic immune organ development and posthatch broiler immunocompetence, while lower EST in week 3 showed opposite indications.

Effects of incubation temperature pattern on broiler performance.

During incubation, development of embryos is affected by eggshell temperature (EST). A constant EST of 37.8°C has been considered so far to result in most optimal embryo development. However, it can be hypothesized that a higher EST in week 2 in combination with a lower EST in week 3 stimulates embryo development and subsequent grow-out performance. In this study, 468 eggs of a 44-week-old Ross 308 breeder flock were incubated at different incubation temperature patterns in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. In week 2, EST was either 37.8°C or 38.9°C, and in week 3, EST was either 37.8°C or 36.7°C. At hatch, chick quality was determined. Thereafter, 320 broilers were grown in 32 pens (8 replicates/treatment) for 6 wk. Weekly BW and ADFI were determined, and at day 40, slaughter yield from 128 broilers (4 per pen) was determined. Results showed that EST in week 2 did not interact with EST in week 3 for any variable. An EST of 38.9°C in week 2 resulted in a 1 mm longer chick length (P < 0.001) and 0.4 mmol/L lower blood glucose level (P = 0.04) at hatch than an EST of 37.8°C. Grow-out performance was not affected by EST in week 2 of incubation. An EST of 36.7°C in week 3 resulted in a 1 mm shorter chick length (P = 0.02), 1.0 mmol/L higher blood glucose level (P < 0.001), and higher relative heart (P = 0.01) and stomach weights (P = 0.03) at hatch than an EST of 37.8°C. Additionally, an EST of 36.7°C in week 3 resulted in lower BW, ADG, and ADFI on slaughter age (all P < 0.03) than an EST of 37.8°C. In conclusion, no interaction between EST in week 2 and 3 of incubation was found for any variable. A higher EST in week 2 had minor effects at hatching and during rearing, whereas a lower EST in week 3 seemed to result in better organ development, but resulted in lower grow-out performance.

[Music as an uninvited guest: the auditive variant of the Charles Bonnet syndrome]. / Muziek als ongenode gast: de auditieve variant van syndroom van Charles Bonnet.

Visually handicapped patients can be tormented by complex visual hallucinations (Charles Bonnet syndrome). Likewise, deaf patients and patients with impaired hearing can be plagued by auditory hallucinations, mostly involving music. Our article focuses on three female patients who suffered from musical hallucinations. In one of these patients the hallucinations ceased when her hearing was restored. In the second patient the hallucinations ceased when carbamazepine was prescribed. Quetiapine reduced the musical hallucinations in the third patient. The differential diagnoses and therapeutic options are discussed.

Circadian regulation of gene expression systems in the Drosophila head.

Mechanisms composing Drosophila's clock are conserved within the animal kingdom. To learn how such clocks influence behavioral and physiological rhythms, we determined the complement of circadian transcripts in adult Drosophila heads. High-density oligonucleotide arrays were used to collect data in the form of three 12-point time course experiments spanning a total of 6 days. Analyses of 24 hr Fourier components of the expression patterns revealed significant oscillations for approximately 400 transcripts. Based on secondary filters and experimental verifications, a subset of 158 genes showed particularly robust cycling and many oscillatory phases. Circadian expression was associated with genes involved in diverse biological processes, including learning and memory/synapse function, vision, olfaction, locomotion, detoxification, and areas of metabolism. Data collected from three different clock mutants (per(0), tim(01), and Clk(Jrk)), are consistent with both known and novel regulatory mechanisms controlling circadian transcription.

[Fewer caesarean sections for breech presentation following external cephalic version according to a protocol in a special office visit]. / Minder keizersneden wegens stuitligging dankzij geprotocolleerde uitwendige versie in een speciaal spreekuur.

OBJECTIVE: Identification of determinants affecting the outcome of external cephalic version (ECV) in breech presentation, and investigation of the impact of ECV--performed according to a standardized protocol in an outpatient clinic--on the mode of delivery. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. METHOD: In 2003 a standardized protocol of ECV was developed in the outpatient clinic for obstetrics of the Catharina Hospital in Eindhoven, the Netherlands; it was tested in 'version office visits'. Obstetric characteristics of all pregnant women who underwent attempts of ECV in the clinic from January 2004 until June 2006 during these sessions, and the subsequent births, were analysed. 85% of all ECVs were performed by the same hospital midwife and gynaecologist, in accordance with the protocol. RESULTS: ECV was successful in 96 of 209 pregnant women (46%). In 1 pregnant woman an emergency caesarean section was performed after ECV because of partial abruptio placentae. Nulliparity, incomplete breech presentation and low birth weight of the baby were associated with a lower success rate of ECV in this study. In the group with a successful ECV the percentage of caesarean deliveries was substantially lower (9 versus 83%; odds ratio: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.09-0.51). CONCLUSION: A regular team consisting of a hospital midwife and a gynaecologist working according to a standardized protocol for ECV in a case of breech presentation proved successful: the number of term breech presentations substantially diminished and therefore the percentage of caesarean sections was lower in the group in which ECV had been successful. This could have considerable impact on health care in the Netherlands in terms of reduced maternal morbidity and cost savings.

[Apathetic geriatric patient benefits from methylphenidate]. / Apathische kwetsbare oudere heeft baat bij methylfenidaat.

Two independent, home-dwelling geriatric patients presented with apathy at a general practice in the Netherlands and were seen by an elderly care physician after (non-)medical interventions had failed. Both patients were treated with low-dose methylphenidate. During treatment, apathy symptoms decreased and the patients became more active. Apathy is a frequent symptom of several neuropsychiatric diseases, depression and somatic conditions. Its incidence varies from 1.3% in healthy elderly people to more than 50% in the elderly with depression or dementia. In this clinical lesson we present these two cases and discuss considerations for treatment of apathy with methylphenidate.

Genetic analysis of the shared role of CLN3 and BCK2 at the G(1)-S transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The transcription complexes SBF and MBF mediate the G(1)-S transition in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In late G(1), SBF and MBF induce a burst of transcription in a number of genes, including G(1)- and S-phase cyclins. Activation of SBF and MBF depends on the G(1) cyclin Cln3 and a largely uncharacterized protein called Bck2. We show here that the induction of SBF/MBF target genes by Bck2 depends partly, but not wholly, on SBF and MBF. Unlike Cln3, Bck2 is capable of inducing its transcriptional targets in the absence of functional Cdc28. Our results revealed promoter-specific mechanisms of regulation by Cln3, Bck2, SBF, and MBF. We isolated high-copy suppressors of the cln3 bck2 growth defect; all of these had the ability to increase CLN2 expression. One of these suppressors was the negative regulator of meiosis RME1. Rme1 induces CLN2, and we show that it has a haploid-specific role in regulating cell size and pheromone sensitivity. Genetic analysis of the cln3 bck2 defect showed that CLN1, CLN2, and other SBF/MBF target genes have an essential role in addition to the degradation of Sic1.

No effects of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and de novo ATP resynthesis.

A double-blind randomized study was performed to evaluate the effect of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and ATP recovery after intermittent maximal muscle contractions. Muscle power output was measured during dynamic knee extensions with the right leg on an isokinetic dynamometer before (pretest) and after (posttest) a 6-day training period in conjunction with ribose (R, 4 doses/day at 4 g/dose, n = 10) or placebo (P, n = 9) intake. The exercise protocol consisted of two bouts (A and B) of maximal contractions, separated by 15 s of rest. Bouts A and B consisted of 15 series of 12 contractions each, separated by a 60-min rest period. During the training period, the subjects performed the same exercise protocol twice per day, with 3-5 h of rest between exercise sessions. Blood samples were collected before and after bouts A and B and 24 h after bout B. Knee-extension power outputs were approximately 10% higher in the posttest than in the pretest but were similar between P and R for all contraction series. The exercise increased blood lactate and plasma ammonia concentrations (P < 0.05), with no significant differences between P and R at any time. After a 6-wk washout period, in a subgroup of subjects (n = 8), needle-biopsy samples were taken from the vastus lateralis before, immediately after, and 24 h after an exercise bout similar to the pretest. ATP and total adenine nucleotide content were decreased by approximately 25 and 20% immediately after and 24 h after exercise in P and R. Oral ribose supplementation with 4-g doses four times a day does not beneficially impact on postexercise muscle ATP recovery and maximal intermittent exercise performance.

Noradrenaline concentration and turnover in nuclei of the hyothalamus and the medulla oblongata at two stages in the development of renal hypertension in the rat.

The noradrenaline concentration and the alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-MPT)-induced disappearance of noradrenaline were determined in several nuclei of the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata of renal hypertensive rats (two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension). A decreased alpha-MPT-induced disappearance of noradrenaline was found in the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis and the nucleus paraventricularis 3 days after renal artery constriction, when blood pressure was slightly, but significantly higher than that of sham operated rats. At this stage the alpha-MPT-induced disappearance of noradrenaline was enhanced in the nucleus commissuralis and the A1-region of hypertensive rats while the noradrenaline concentration in the A1-region was significantly elevated. No significant differences were found in both parameters in hypothalamic and medullary nuclei 3.5 weeks after the operation, when hypertension had fully developed. These findings are indicative of the occurrence of transient changes in the activity of noradrenergic neurons located in the medulla oblongata and projecting to the hypothalamus during the initiation of the development of two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension.

Adrenergic innervation of the rat hypothalamus.

The adrenergic innervation of the hypothalamus was studied by measuring hypothalamic adrenaline levels following surgical transection of the lower brain stem or electrolytic lesion of the medullary adrenaline-containing cell groups. The adrenaline levels in some hypothalamic nuclei and in the median eminence showed a slight decrease after partial transection of the medulla oblongata, whilst there was a pronounced decrease (by 59-78%) 7-10 days following total hemisection or unilateral lesion of the C1-catecholaminergic cell group in the medulla oblongata.

Quetiapine in the elderly with parkinsonism and psychosis.

In the present open prospective study the effects of quetiapine were investigated in two elderly patients with parkinsonism and psychosis. Treatment induced a marked antipsychotic effect that coincided with an improvement of general motor functioning. These findings support the idea that quetiapine may be preferentially of use in the elderly with parkinson's disease and psychotic symptoms.

[Hyponatraemia during the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs): reports from 1992-2002]. / Hyponatriëmie bij gebruik van selectieve serotonineheropnameremmers: meldingen in 1992-2002.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the reports of serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI)-induced hyponatraemia that were sent to The Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb and the Inspectorate for Health Care. DESIGN: Descriptive study. METHOD: Reports of SSRI-induced hyponatraemia received by Lareb and the Inspectorate for Health Care during the period 1 January 1992 to 1 July 2002 were described on the basis of symptoms, co-medication and comorbidity. RESULTS; A total of 42 cases were reported, 38 (90%) of which concerned women and 21 (50%) of which concerned the concomitant use of SSRIs and diuretics. The mean age was 74 years (range: 30-91). The mean serum sodium concentration was 115 mmol/l (range: 97-132). The most important symptoms were reduced consciousness, confusion, falls, nausea and vomiting. 3 patients (7%) died in the period of the reported adverse drug reaction and 27 patients (64%) were hospitalised, of which 4 (10%) to the intensive care unit. CONCLUSION: These reports of suspected SSRI-induced hyponatraemia were attended with significant morbidity and substantial mortality. The considerable morbidity and substantial mortality in combination with the increasing use of SSRIs necessitates a clarification of the actual incidence and severity of SSRI-induced hyponatraemia.