Guillain-Barré syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection in an international prospective cohort study.

In the wake of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, an increasing number of patients with neurological disorders, including Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), have been reported following this infection. It remains unclear, however, if these cases are coincidental or not, as most publications were case reports or small regional retrospective cohort studies. The International GBS Outcome Study is an ongoing prospective observational cohort study enrolling patients with GBS within 2 weeks from onset of weakness. Data from patients included in this study, between 30 January 2020 and 30 May 2020, were used to investigate clinical and laboratory signs of a preceding or concurrent SARS-CoV-2 infection and to describe the associated clinical phenotype and disease course. Patients were classified according to the SARS-CoV-2 case definitions of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and laboratory recommendations of the World Health Organization. Forty-nine patients with GBS were included, of whom eight (16%) had a confirmed and three (6%) a probable SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nine of these 11 patients had no serological evidence of other recent preceding infections associated with GBS, whereas two had serological evidence of a recent Campylobacter jejuni infection. Patients with a confirmed or probable SARS-CoV-2 infection frequently had a sensorimotor variant 8/11 (73%) and facial palsy 7/11 (64%). The eight patients who underwent electrophysiological examination all had a demyelinating subtype, which was more prevalent than the other patients included in the same time window [14/30 (47%), P = 0.012] as well as historical region and age-matched control subjects included in the International GBS Outcome Study before the pandemic [23/44 (52%), P = 0.016]. The median time from the onset of infection to neurological symptoms was 16 days (interquartile range 12-22). Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection shared uniform neurological features, similar to those previously described in other post-viral GBS patients. The frequency (22%) of a preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection in our study population was higher than estimates of the contemporaneous background prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, which may be a result of recruitment bias during the pandemic, but could also indicate that GBS may rarely follow a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Consistent with previous studies, we found no increase in patient recruitment during the pandemic for our ongoing International GBS Outcome Study compared to previous years, making a strong relationship of GBS with SARS-CoV-2 unlikely. A case-control study is required to determine if there is a causative link or not.

Meralgia paresthetica: Nerve stimulator-guided injection with methylprednisolone/lidocaine, a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Meralgia paresthetica is a mononeuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. A common therapy is injection with corticosteroids. The goal of this study was to analyze the effect of injection with methylprednisolone/lidocaine vs placebo. METHODS: After randomization, 10 patients received a nerve stimulator-guided injection with methylprednisolone/lidocaine, and 10 patients received saline. The primary outcome measure was pain (visual analogue scale, VAS). RESULTS: In the placebo group, there was a significant pain reduction (baseline VAS, 6.8; VAS week 12, 4.3; P = .014). The VAS score in the methylprednisolone group did not show a significant reduction (baseline VAS, 7.4; VAS week 12, 4.8; P = .053). There was no significant difference in pain reduction between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found no objective evidence for benefit from nerve stimulator-guided injection with corticosteroids in meralgia paresthetica, although this study is limited by a small sample size. Future placebo-controlled studies using ultrasound-guided injection are warranted.

Diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy in clinical practice: A survey among Dutch neurologists.

The diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is often a challenge. The clinical presentation is diverse, accurate biomarkers are lacking, and the best strategy to initiate and maintain treatment is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine how neurologists diagnose and treat CIDP. We conducted a cross-sectional survey on diagnostic and treatment practices among Dutch neurologists involved in the clinical care of CIDP patients. Forty-four neurologists completed the survey (44/71; 62%). The respondents indicated to use the European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) 2010 CIDP guideline for the diagnosis in 77% and for treatment in 50%. Only 57% of respondents indicated that the presence of demyelinating electrophysiological findings was mandatory to confirm the diagnosis of CIDP. Most neurologists used intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) as first choice treatment, but the indications to start, optimize, or withdraw IVIg, and the use of other immune-modulatory therapies varied. University-affiliated respondents used the EFNS/PNS 2010 diagnostic criteria, nerve imaging tools, and immunosuppressive drugs more often. Despite the existence of an international guideline, there is considerable variation among neurologists in the strategies employed to diagnose and treat CIDP. More specific recommendations regarding: (a) the minimal set of electrophysiological requirements to diagnose CIDP, (b) the possible added value of nerve imaging, especially in patients not meeting the electrodiagnostic criteria, (c) the most relevant serological examinations, and (d) the clear treatment advice, in the new EFNS/PNS guideline, would likely support its implementation in clinical practice.

Anti-LGI1 encephalitis is strongly associated with HLA-DR7 and HLA-DRB4.

Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated1 (LGI1) encephalitis is an antibody-associated inflammation of the limbic area. An autoimmune etiology is suspected but not yet proven. We performed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) analysis in 25 nontumor anti-LGI1 patients and discovered a remarkably strong HLA association. HLA-DR7 was present in 88% compared to 19.6% in healthy controls (p = 4.1 × 10-11 ). HLA-DRB4 was present in all patients and in 46.5% controls (p = 1.19 × 10-7 ). These findings support the autoimmune hypothesis. An exploratory analysis was performed in a small group of 4 tumor-LGI1 patients. The strong HLA association seems not applicable in these patients. Therefore, the absence of HLA-DR7 or HLA-DRB4 could raise tumor suspicion in anti-LGI1 patients. Ann Neurol 2017;81:193-198.

Overlapping demyelinating syndromes and anti­N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical, radiological, and immunological association of demyelinating disorders with anti­Nmethyl- D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. METHODS: Clinical and radiological analysis was done of a cohort of 691 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Determination of antibodies to NMDAR, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was performed using brain immunohistochemistry and cell-based assays. RESULTS: Twenty-three of 691 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis had prominent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or clinical features of demyelination. Group 1 included 12 patients in whom anti-NMDAR encephalitis was preceded or followed by independent episodes of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder (5 cases, 4 anti-AQP4 positive) or brainstem or multifocal demyelinating syndromes (7 cases, all anti-MOG positive). Group 2 included 11 patients in whom anti-NMDAR encephalitis occurred simultaneously with MRI and symptoms compatible with demyelination (5 AQ4 positive, 2 MOG positive). Group 3 (136 controls) included 50 randomly selected patients with typical anti-NMDAR encephalitis, 56 with NMO, and 30 with multiple sclerosis; NMDAR antibodies were detected only in the 50 anti-NMDAR patients, MOG antibodies in 3 of 50 anti-NMDAR and 1 of 56 NMO patients, and AQP4 antibodies in 48 of 56 NMO and 1 of 50 anti-NMDAR patients (p<0.0001 for all comparisons with Groups 1 and 2). Most patients improved with immunotherapy, but compared with anti-NMDAR encephalitis the demyelinating episodes required more intensive therapy and resulted in more residual deficits. Only 1 of 23 NMDAR patients with signs of demyelination had ovarian teratoma compared with 18 of 50 anti-NMDAR controls (p50.011). INTERPRETATION: Patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis may develop concurrent or separate episodes of demyelinating disorders, and conversely patients with NMO or demyelinating disorders with atypical symptoms (eg, dyskinesias, psychosis) may have anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Visual Electroencephalography Assessment in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cognitive Disorders.

PURPOSE: Electroencephalography (EEG) is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that can be of diagnostic value in patients with cognitive disorders. In recent years, increasing emphasis has been on quantitative EEG analysis, which is not easily accessible in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of visual EEG assessment to distinguish different causes of cognitive disorders. METHODS: Patients with cognitive disorders from a specialized memory clinic cohort underwent routine workup including EEG, neuropsychological testing and brain imaging. Electroencephalography parameters including posterior dominant rhythm, background activity, and response to photic stimulation (intermittent photic stimulation) were visually scored. Final diagnosis was made by an expert panel. RESULTS: A total of 501 patients were included and underwent full diagnostic workup. One hundred eighty-three patients had dementia (111 Alzheimer disease, 30 vascular dementia, 15 frontotemporal dementia, and 9 dementia with Lewy bodies), 66 patients were classified as mild cognitive impairment, and in 176, no neurologic diagnosis was made. Electroencephalography was abnormal in 60% to 90% of patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia, most profoundly in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease, while frontotemporal dementia had normal EEG relatively often. Only 30% of those without neurologic diagnosis had EEG abnormalities, mainly a diminished intermittent photic stimulation response. Odds ratio of conversion to dementia was 6.1 [1.5-24.7] for patients with mild cognitive impairment with abnormal background activity, compared with those with normal EEG. CONCLUSIONS: Visual EEG assessment has diagnostic and prognostic value in clinical practice to distinguish patients with memory complaints without underlying neurologic disorder from patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia.

Accuracy of the ice test in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in patients with ptosis.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have reported high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ice test in myasthenia gravis. All of the studies employed a case-control design, in which the diagnosis was already known at the time of the test for both patients and controls, leading to case selection bias. This suggests that the available literature substantially overestimates the diagnostic utility of these tests. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study without selection bias was performed to examine the sensitivity and specificity of the ice test. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the ice test were determined by means of a 2 × 2 table. RESULTS: The ice test has a sensitivity of 0.92 (95% CI 0.62-1.00), specificity of 0.79 (95% CI 0.56-1.00), PPV of 0.73 (95% CI 0.48-0.90), and NPV of 0.94 (95% CI 0.70-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: Due to its high negative predictive value the ice test is still a reliable and useful bed-side test.

Ultrasound-guided steroid injection to treat mild ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

There exists no "gold standard" in the treatment of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE). We treated 7 patients with mild UNE using a local steroid injection with ultrasonographic monitoring. At clinical follow-up after 6 weeks, 4 patients had improved, 2 were stable, and 1 reported an increase in symptoms. Ultrasound-guided steroid injection in mild UNE is safe and could be effective. Further investigation is needed to prove its efficacy.

Second intravenous immunoglobulin dose in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome with poor prognosis (SID-GBS): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with one standard dose (2 g/kg) of intravenous immunoglobulin is insufficient in a proportion of patients with severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. Worldwide, around 25% of patients severely affected with the syndrome are given a second intravenous immunoglobulin dose (SID), although it has not been proven effective. We aimed to investigate whether a SID is effective in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome with a predicted poor outcome. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (SID-GBS), we included patients (≥12 years) with Guillain-Barré syndrome admitted to one of 59 participating hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients were included on the first day of standard intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (2 g/kg over 5 days). Only patients with a poor prognosis (score of ≥6) according to the modified Erasmus Guillain-Barré syndrome Outcome Score were randomly assigned, via block randomisation stratified by centre, to SID (2 g/kg over 5 days) or to placebo, 7-9 days after inclusion. Patients, outcome adjudicators, monitors, and the steering committee were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome measure was the Guillain-Barré syndrome disability score 4 weeks after inclusion. All patients in whom allocated trial medication was started were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. This study is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, NTR 2224/NL2107. FINDINGS: Between Feb 16, 2010, and June 5, 2018, 327 of 339 patients assessed for eligibility were included. 112 had a poor prognosis. Of those, 93 patients with a poor prognosis were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis: 49 (53%) received SID and 44 (47%) received placebo. The adjusted common odds ratio for improvement on the Guillain-Barré syndrome disability score at 4 weeks was 1·4 (95% CI 0·6-3·3; p=0·45). Patients given SID had more serious adverse events (35% vs 16% in the first 30 days), including thromboembolic events, than those in the placebo group. Four patients died in the intervention group (13-24 weeks after randomisation). INTERPRETATION: Our study does not provide evidence that patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome with a poor prognosis benefit from a second intravenous immunoglobulin course; moreover, it entails a risk of serious adverse events. Therefore, a second intravenous immunoglobulin course should not be considered for treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome because of a poor prognosis. The results indicate the need for treatment trials with other immune modulators in patients severely affected by Guillain-Barré syndrome. FUNDING: Prinses Beatrix Spierfonds and Sanquin Plasma Products.

[Bell's palsy: different doctor, different care?] / Bellse parese: andere dokter, andere zorg?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic work-up and treatment strategy of Bell's palsy by: general practitioners (GPs); ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialists; and neurologists in the Netherlands. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHOD: GPs, ENT specialists and neurologists were asked to participate in an online survey on the diagnosis and treatment of Bell's palsy. Results per specialty were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-squared test. RESULTS: A total of 415 clinicians participated, including 149 GPs, 123 ENT specialists, and 143 neurologists. The answers from the three disciplines showed significant differences concerning history taking, physical examination, alarm symptoms, treatment strategy and follow-up. ENT specialists more frequently asked about hearing loss (90%), whereas neurologists enquired about weakness in arms and legs (62%). GPs less often ask about tick bites than clinicians in ENT and neurology, respectively (36% vs. 89% and 71%). Neurologists rarely performed otoscopy (21%), but more frequently tested eye movements (78%) than GPs (33%) and ENT specialists (20%). Compared to GPs and neurologist, ENT specialists more frequently reported the supplementation of Prednisone treatment with antiviral agents (45% vs. 9% and 6 % resp.). Furthermore, the time interval to the follow-up visit varied strongly between clinicians, ranging between a few days to six weeks after the first clinic visit. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the diagnostic work-up and treatment strategy for Bell's palsy in the Netherlands is highly dependent on the clinician's specialty. Despite the fact that equivalent guidelines are in place, GPs, ENT specialists and neurologists gave different answers to questions concerning diagnostics and treatment. This finding suggests that more attention should be paid to the implementation of and adherence to the multidisciplinary guideline for Bell's palsy.

The clinical spectrum of Caspr2 antibody-associated disease.

OBJECTIVE: To report a large cohort of patients with antibodies against contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2) and provide the clinical spectrum of this disorder. METHODS: Serum and CSF samples were assessed at 2 neuroimmunology centers in Barcelona and Rotterdam. Patients were included if Caspr2 antibodies were confirmed with 2 independent techniques, including brain immunohistochemistry and cell-based assay. Clinical information was obtained by the authors or provided by treating physicians after patients' informed consent. RESULTS: Median age at symptom onset was 66 years. Of 38 patients, 34 were male. Median time to nadir of disease was 4 months (in 30% >1 year). The most frequent syndromes included limbic encephalitis (42%) and Morvan syndrome (29%). Seventy-seven percent of the patients had ≥3 of the following symptoms: encephalopathy (cognitive deficits/seizures), cerebellar dysfunction, peripheral nervous system hyperexcitability, dysautonomia, insomnia, neuropathic pain, or weight loss. A tumor, mostly thymoma, occurred in 19% of the patients. Immunoglobulin G4 subclass antibodies were present in all patients; 63% also had immunoglobulin G1 antibodies. Treatment response occurred in 93% of the patients and 25% had clinical relapses. CONCLUSIONS: Caspr2 antibodies associate with a treatable disorder that predominantly affects elderly men. The resulting syndrome may vary among patients but it usually includes a set of well-established symptoms. Recognition of this spectrum of symptoms and consideration of the protracted clinical course are important for early diagnosis of this disorder. Prompt immunotherapy and tumor therapy (if needed) often result in improvement.

Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: Clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: This nationwide study gives a detailed description of the clinical features and long-term outcome of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis. METHODS: We collected patients prospectively from October 2013, and retrospectively from samples sent to our laboratory from January 2007. LGI1 antibodies were confirmed with both cell-based assay and immunohistochemistry. Clinical information was obtained in interviews with patients and their relatives and from medical records. Initial MRI and follow-up MRI were revised blindly. Neuropsychological assessment was performed in those patients with follow-up over 2 years. RESULTS: Annual incidence in the Netherlands was 0.83/million. A total of 34/38 patients had a limbic encephalitis. Subtle focal seizures (66%, autonomic or dyscognitive) and faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS, 47%) mostly occurred before onset of memory disturbance. Later in the disease course, 63% had tonic-clonic seizures. Initial MRI showed hippocampal T2 hyperintensity in 74% of the patients. These lesions evolved regularly into mesial temporal sclerosis (44%). Substantial response to immunotherapy was seen in 80%, with early response of seizures and slow recovery of cognition. At follow-up ≥2 years, most surviving patients reported mild residual cognitive deficit with spatial disorientation. A total of 86% had persistent amnesia for the disease period. Relapses were common (35%) and presented up to 8 years after initial disease. Two-year case fatality rate was 19%. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-LGI1 encephalitis is a homogenous clinical syndrome, showing early FBDS and other focal seizures with subtle clinical manifestations, followed by memory disturbances. Better recognition will lead to earlier diagnosis, essential for prompt start of treatment. Long-term outcome of surviving patients is mostly favorable, but relapses are common.

The relevance of VGKC positivity in the absence of LGI1 and Caspr2 antibodies.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical relevance of a positive voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) test in patients lacking antibodies to LGI1 and Caspr2. METHODS: VGKC-positive patients were tested for LGI1 and Caspr2 antibodies. Patients lacking both antibodies were matched (1:2) to VGKC-negative patients. Clinical and paraclinical criteria were used to blindly determine evidence for autoimmune inflammation in both groups. Patients with an inconclusive VGKC titer were analyzed in the same way. RESULTS: A total of 1,455 patients were tested by VGKC radioimmunoassay. Fifty-six patients tested positive, 50 of whom were available to be included. Twenty-five patients had antibodies to LGI1 (n = 19) or Caspr2 (n = 6) and 25 patients lacked both antibodies. Evidence for autoimmune inflammation was present in 7 (28%) of the VGKC-positive patients lacking LGI1 and Caspr2, compared to 9 (18%) of the VGKC-negative controls (p = 0.38). Evidence for autoimmune inflammation was mainly found in patients with limbic encephalitis/encephalomyelitis (57%), but not in other clinical phenotypes (5%, p < 0.01). VGKC titers were significantly higher in patients with antibodies to LGI1 or Caspr2 (p < 0.001). However, antibodies to Caspr2 could also be detected in patients with inconclusive low VGKC titer, while many VGKC-positive patients had no evidence for autoimmune inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: VGKC positivity in the absence of antibodies to LGI1 and Caspr2 is not a clear marker for autoimmune inflammation and seems not to contribute in clinical practice. No cutoff value for the VGKC titer was appropriate to discriminate between patients with and without autoimmune inflammation.

P/Q-type calcium channel antibodies, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and survival in small cell lung cancer.

To assess the survival impact of the presence of P/Q-type calcium channel antibodies in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), we examined the frequency of the antibodies and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) in 148 consecutive patients with SCLC, and in 30 patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and SCLC, and studied their relation with survival. In both series, only patients with LEMS had a remarkably long survival, whereas presence of the antibodies without LEMS did not result in a better prognosis.

HLA and smoking in prediction and prognosis of small cell lung cancer in autoimmune Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.

Patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) survive longer if they have the antibody-mediated Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), making this autoimmune disorder a prototype disease for studying cancer immunosurveillance. Patients with nontumor LEMS (NT-LEMS) never develop SCLC but are otherwise indistinguishable clinically. Therefore, we have compared immunogenetic factors in SCLC-LEMS and NT-LEMS and studied their role in the pathogenesis of LEMS and survival from SCLC. In 48 British and 29 Dutch Caucasian LEMS patients, we studied clinical symptoms, antibody titers, HLA types and alleles at six nearby located microsatellite loci. Highly significant associations were found in NT-LEMS, which appeared strongest with HLA-B8, but also involved HLA-DQ2, -DR3 and six flanking microsatellite alleles. SCLC-LEMS patients were not different from controls. Smoking was a strong predictor of SCLC. In contrast, HLA-B8 positivity correlated with a decreased risk of SCLC even among the smokers. Moreover, in SCLC-LEMS patients, HLA-B8 positivity correlated with prolonged survival after LEMS onset. We propose that two distinct immunopathogenetic routes can lead to one clinically and serologically indistinguishable autoimmune myasthenic syndrome. HLA-DR3-B8 is strongly associated with LEMS in nontumor patients only. In other LEMS patients, SCLC apparently provides a powerful autoimmunogenic stimulus that overrides HLA restrictions in breaking tolerance to calcium channels. Moreover, negativity for HLA-B8 combined with smoking behavior points more strongly to an underlying SCLC and predicts a worse prognosis in SCLC-LEMS patients.

High innate production of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to susceptibility for non-paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.

Non-paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder, in which genetically determined interleukin-10 (Il-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) could play a role in the susceptibility for the disease. Therefore, we analyzed the production of Il-10 and TNF-alpha after whole-blood stimulation in first-degree family members of patients with LEMS without malignancy, as a measure of innate production in the patients. Thirty-six first-degree family members of 10 patients and 80 healthy controls were studied. Both Il-10 (p=0.037) and TNF-alpha (p=0.0016) production were increased in the family members, but had no relation with the severity of LEMS or HLA-B8DR3 carriership. Our findings suggest that high innate production of Il-10 and TNF-alpha is a susceptibility factor for non-paraneoplastic LEMS.

Associated autoimmune diseases in patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and their families.

In view of the clustering of autoimmune diseases (AIDs), we studied the frequency and nature of additional AIDs in patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and their family members, in both small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) related and non-tumour (NT) related cases. Additional AIDs in patients with LEMS were assessed by interviewing the patient and studying the medical record. Family histories up to second-degree family members were established by interviewing patients, controls and family members. Forty-four patients with LEMS were assessed, of whom eighteen (41%) had SCLC. In the NT group seven patients (27%) had an additional AID, in the SCLC group two (11 %) (p=0.20). Thyroid disorder (five patients) and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (two patients) were the most common AIDs. AIDs were significantly more frequent in families of patients with NT-LEMS (64%) than in control families (27%) (p=0.002), which was not found in SCLC-LEMS (36%, p=0.53). Affected family members were linked to the NT-LEMS patient through the maternal line in all cases. In conclusion, AIDs were more frequently found in LEMS patients without a tumour and their families, which could not be shown for SCLC-LEMS. This suggests that NT-LEMS shares immunogenetic factors with other AIDs. In families of NT-LEMS, a remarkable preponderance of maternal inheritance was seen, as has been reported previously in myasthenia gravis.

Anti-Ri antibody positive opsoclonus-myoclonus in a male patient with breast carcinoma.

A 65-year-old male patient developed truncal ataxia, opsoclonus and myoclonus. In the serum anti-Ri antibodies were found, which led to the detection of a small adenocarcinoma of the breast. Other prominent clinical features were an excessive startle response and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and impatience. These features suggest an immune response against both Nova-1 and Nova-2 antigens throughout the central nervous system.