A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2.

An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1-3, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)4, has spread globally. Countermeasures are needed to treat and prevent further dissemination of the virus. Here we report the isolation of two specific human monoclonal antibodies (termed CA1 and CB6) from a patient convalescing from COVID-19. CA1 and CB6 demonstrated potent SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralization activity in vitro. In addition, CB6 inhibited infection with SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus monkeys in both prophylactic and treatment settings. We also performed structural studies, which revealed that CB6 recognizes an epitope that overlaps with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-binding sites in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, and thereby interferes with virus-receptor interactions by both steric hindrance and direct competition for interface residues. Our results suggest that CB6 deserves further study as a candidate for translation to the clinic.

Cell entry by SARS-CoV-2.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) invades host cells by interacting with receptors/coreceptors, as well as with other cofactors, via its spike (S) protein that further mediates fusion between viral and cellular membranes. The host membrane protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is the major receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and is a crucial determinant for cross-species transmission. In addition, some auxiliary receptors and cofactors are also involved that expand the host/tissue tropism of SARS-CoV-2. After receptor engagement, specific proteases are required that cleave the S protein and trigger its fusogenic activity. Here we discuss the recent advances in understanding the molecular events during SARS-CoV-2 entry which will contribute to developing vaccines and therapeutics.

Structural insight into multistage inhibition of CRISPR-Cas12a by AcrVA4.

Prokaryotes possess CRISPR-Cas systems to exclude parasitic predators, such as phages and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). These predators, in turn, encode anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins to evade the CRISPR-Cas immunity. Recently, AcrVA4, an Acr protein inhibiting the CRISPR-Cas12a system, was shown to diminish Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a (LbCas12a)-mediated genome editing in human cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of AcrVA4 bound to CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-loaded LbCas12a and found AcrVA4 could inhibit LbCas12a at several stages of the CRISPR-Cas working pathway, different from other characterized type I/II Acr inhibitors which target only 1 stage. First, it locks the conformation of the LbCas12a-crRNA complex to prevent target DNA-crRNA hybridization. Second, it interacts with the LbCas12a-crRNA-dsDNA complex to release the bound DNA before cleavage. Third, AcrVA4 binds the postcleavage LbCas12a complex to possibly block enzyme recycling. These findings highlight the multifunctionality of AcrVA4 and provide clues for developing regulatory genome-editing tools.

Quantum Energy Current Induced Coherence in a Spin Chain under Non-Markovian Environments.

We investigate the time-dependent behaviour of the energy current between a quantum spin chain and its surrounding non-Markovian and finite temperature baths, together with its relationship to the coherence dynamics of the system. To be specific, both the system and the baths are assumed to be initially in thermal equilibrium at temperature Ts and Tb, respectively. This model plays a fundamental role in study of quantum system evolution towards thermal equilibrium in an open system. The non-Markovian quantum state diffusion (NMQSD) equation approach is used to calculate the dynamics of the spin chain. The effects of non-Markovianity, temperature difference and system-bath interaction strength on the energy current and the corresponding coherence in cold and warm baths are analyzed, respectively. We show that the strong non-Markovianity, weak system-bath interaction and low temperature difference will help to maintain the system coherence and correspond to a weaker energy current. Interestingly, the warm baths destroy the coherence while the cold baths help to build coherence. Furthermore, the effects of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction and the external magnetic field on the energy current and coherence are analyzed. Both energy current and coherence will change due to the increase of the system energy induced by the DM interaction and magnetic field. Significantly, the minimal coherence corresponds to the critical magnetic field which causes the first order phase transition.

Nonperturbative leakage elimination operators and control of a three-level system.

Dynamical decoupling operations have been shown to reduce errors in quantum information processing. Leakage from an encoded subspace to the rest of the system space is a particularly serious problem for which leakage elimination operators (LEOs) were introduced. Here we provide an analysis of nonideal pulses, rather than the well-understood idealization or bang-bang controls. Under realistic conditions, we show that these controls will provide the same protection from errors as idealized controls. Our work indicates that the effectiveness of LEOs depends on the integral of the pulse sequence in the time domain, which has been missing because of the idealization of pulse sequences. Our results are applied to a three-level system for the nitrogen-vacancy centers under an external magnetic field and are illustrated by the fidelity dynamics of LEO sequences, ranging from regular rectangular pulses, random pulses, and even disordered (noisy) pulses.

One-component quantum mechanics and dynamical leakage-free paths.

We derive an exact one-component equation of motion for the probability amplitude of a target time-dependent state, and use the equation to reformulate quantum dynamics and control for both closed and open systems. Using the one-component equation, we show that an unexpected time-dependent leakage-free path can be induced and we capture a necessary quantity in determining the effect of decoherence suppression. Our control protocol based on the nonperturbative leakage elimination operator provides a unified perspective connecting some subtle, popular, and important concepts of quantum control, such as dynamical decoupling, quantum Zeno effect, and adiabatic passage. The resultant one-component equation will promise significant advantages in both quantum dynamics and control.

Orthogonality catastrophe and quantum speed limit for spin chain at finite temperature.

We present an interesting relationship between the orthogonality catastrophe (OC) and the quantum speed limit (QSL) for a spin chain with uniform nearest neighbour couplings perturbed by an impurity spin. We thoroughly study the catastrophic QSL that specifies a bound on the evolution time between the initial and final states and in this respect, link it to the emerging OC effect. It is found that the speed of state evolution subtle but fundamental, and the bound characterized by QSL shows the same behaviours as the OC effect in the thermodynamic limit. It allows us to reveal some universal properties, in particular finite temperature effects. Significantly, the threshold of temperature and system size is clearly demonstrated for the QSL under finite temperature.

Theory of quantum energy transfer in spin chains: superexchange and ballistic motion.

Quantum energy transfer in a chain of two-level (spin) units, connected at its ends to two thermal reservoirs, is analyzed in two limits: (i) in the off-resonance regime, when the characteristic subsystem excitation energy gaps are larger than the reservoirs frequencies, or the baths temperatures are low and (ii) in the resonance regime, when the chain excitation gaps match populated bath modes. In the latter case, the model is studied using a master equation approach, showing that the dynamics is ballistic for the particular chain model explored. In the former case, we analytically study the system dynamics utilizing the recently developed Energy-Transfer Born-Oppenheimer formalism [L.-A. Wu and D. Segal, Phys. Rev. E 83, 051114 (2011)], demonstrating that energy transfers across the chain in a superexchange (bridge assisted tunneling) mechanism, with the energy current decreasing exponentially with distance. This behavior is insensitive to the chain details. Since at low temperatures the excitation spectrum of molecular systems can be truncated to resemble a spin chain model, we argue that the superexchange behavior obtained here should be observed in widespread systems satisfying the off-resonance condition.

Hamiltonian transformability, fast adiabatic dynamics and hidden adiabaticity.

We prove the existence of a unitary transformation that enables two arbitrarily given Hamiltonians in the same Hilbert space to be transformed into one another. The result is straightforward yet, for example, it lays the foundation to implementing or mimicking dynamics with the most controllable Hamiltonian. As a promising application, this existence theorem allows for a rapidly evolving realization of adiabatic quantum computation by transforming a Hamiltonian where dynamics is in the adiabatic regime into a rapidly evolving one. We illustrate the theorem with examples.

An anomaly in quantum phases induced by borders.

The stationary behavior of a quantum system is determined by its Hamiltonian and its boundary conditions. All quantum phase transitions (QPT) reported previously were induced by changing the Hamiltonian. In a circular spin model with Heisenberg XY interactions and no magnetic field, we observe an anomaly in quantum phases caused by a qualitative change of the boundary condition. The unexpected anomaly features an infinite number of single-particle levels, in the same pattern as the single-photon-triggered quantum phase transition in the Rabi model.

Looking into DNA breathing dynamics via quantum physics.

We study generic aspects of bubble dynamics in DNA under time-dependent perturbations, for example, temperature change, by mapping the associated Fokker-Planck equation to a quantum time-dependent Schrödinger equation with imaginary time. In the static case we show that the eigenequation is exactly the same as that of the beta-deformed nuclear liquid drop model, without the issue of noninteger angular momentum. A universal breathing dynamics is demonstrated by using an approximate method in quantum mechanics. The calculated bubble autocorrelation function qualitatively agrees with experimental data. Under time-dependent modulations, utilizing the adiabatic approximation, bubble properties reveal memory effects.

An Exact Approach to Elimination of Leakage in a Qubit Embedded in a Three-level System.

Leakage errors damage a qubit by coupling it to other levels. Over the years, several theoretical approaches to dealing with such errors have been developed based on perturbation arguments. Here we propose a different strategy: we use a sequence of finite rotation gates to exactly eliminate leakage errors. The strategy is illustrated by the recently proposed charge quadrupole qubit in a triple quantum dot, where there are two logical states to encode the qubit and one leakage state. We found an su(2) subalgebra in the three-level system, and by using the subalgebra we show that ideal Pauli x and z rotations, which are universal for single-qubit gates, can be generated by two or three propagators. In addition, the magnitude of detuning fluctuation can be estimated based on the exact solution.

Quantum conditions on dynamics and control in open systems.

Quantum conditions on the control of dynamics of a system coupled to an environment are obtained. Specifically, consider a system initially in a system subspace H(0) of dimensionality M(0), which evolves to populate system subspaces H(1), H(2) of dimensionalities M(1), M(2). Then, there always exists an initial state in H(0) that does not evolve into H(2) if M(0)>dM(2), where 2

Fourier's law of heat conduction: quantum mechanical master equation analysis.

We derive the macroscopic Fourier's Law of heat conduction from the exact gain-loss time convolutionless quantum master equation under three assumptions for the interaction kernel. To second order in the interaction, we show that the first two assumptions are natural results of the long time limit. The third assumption can be satisfied by a family of interactions consisting of an exchange effect. The pure exchange model directly leads to energy diffusion in a weakly coupled spin- 12 chain.

Decoherence and control of a qubit in spin baths: an exact master equation study.

In spin-based nanosystems for quantum information processing, electron spin qubits are subject to decoherence due to their interactions with nuclear spin environments. In this paper, we present an exact master equation for a central spin-1/2 system in time-dependent external fields and coupled to a spin-half bath in terms of hyperfine interaction. The master equation provides a unified description for free and controlled dynamics of the central spin and is formally independent of the details and size of spin environments. Different from the previous approaches, the master equation remains exact even in the presence of external control fields. Using the parameters for realistic nanosystems with nonzero nuclear spins, such as GaAs, we investigate the Overhauser's effect on the decoherence dynamics of the central spin under different distributions of bath-spin frequencies and system-bath coupling strengths. Furthermore, we apply the leakage elimination operator, in a nonperturbative manner, to this system to suppress the decoherence induced by hyperfine interaction.

Fundamental Limitation on Cooling under Classical Noise.

We prove a general theorem that the action of arbitrary classical noise or random unitary channels can not increase the maximum population of any eigenstate of an open quantum system, assuming initial system-environment factorization. Such factorization is the conventional starting point for descriptions of open system dynamics. In particular, our theorem implies that a system can not be ideally cooled down unless it is initially prepared as a pure state. The resultant inequality rigorously constrains the possibility of cooling the system solely through temporal manipulation, i.e., dynamical control over the system Hamiltonian without resorting to measurement based cooling methods. It is a substantial generalization of the no-go theorem claiming that the exact ground state cooling is forbidden given initial system-thermal bath factorization, while here we prove even cooling is impossible under classical noise.

Dark state with counter-rotating dissipative channels.

Dark state as a consequence of interference between different quantum states has great importance in the fields of chip-scale atomic clock and quantum information. For the Λ-type three-level system, this dark state is generally regarded as being dissipation-free because it is a superposition of two lowest states without dipole transition between them. However, previous studies are based on the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) by neglecting the counter-rotating terms in the system-environment interaction. In this work, we study non-Markovian quantum dynamics of the dark state in a Λ-type three-level system coupled to two bosonic baths and reveal the effect of counter-rotating terms on the dark state. In contrast to the dark state within the RWA, leakage of the dark state occurs even at zero temperature, as a result of these counter-rotating terms. Also, we present a method to restore the quantum coherence of the dark state by applying a leakage elimination operator to the system.

The Ground State of Monolayer Graphene in a Strong Magnetic Field.

Experiments indicate that the ground state of graphene in a strong magnetic field exhibits spontaneous breaking of SU(4) symmetry. However, the nature of the corresponding emergent state is unclear because existing theoretical methods approximate the broken-symmetry solutions, yielding nearly-degenerate candidate ground states having different emergent orders. Resolving this ambiguity in the nature of the strong-field ground state is highly desirable, given the importance of graphene for both fundamental physics and technical applications. We have discovered a new SO(8) symmetry that recovers standard graphene SU(4) quantum Hall physics, but predicts two new broken-SU(4) phases and new properties for potential ground states. Our solutions are analytical; thus we capture the essential physics of spontaneously-broken SU(4) states in a powerful yet solvable model useful both in correlating existing data and in suggesting new experiments.

Ultrafast adiabatic quantum algorithm for the NP-complete exact cover problem.

An adiabatic quantum algorithm may lose quantumness such as quantum coherence entirely in its long runtime, and consequently the expected quantum speedup of the algorithm does not show up. Here we present a general ultrafast adiabatic quantum algorithm. We show that by applying a sequence of fast random or regular signals during evolution, the runtime can be reduced substantially, whereas advantages of the adiabatic algorithm remain intact. We also propose a randomized Trotter formula and show that the driving Hamiltonian and the proposed sequence of fast signals can be implemented simultaneously. We illustrate the algorithm by solving the NP-complete 3-bit exact cover problem (EC3), where NP stands for nondeterministic polynomial time, and put forward an approach to implementing the problem with trapped ions.