[Effect of endoscopic stent placement combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy on short-term and long-term results in patients with acute left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction without distant metastases].

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of colorectal obstruction patients without distant metastases treated with different strategies. Methods: This retrospectively study included 82 patients who presented in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from 2010 to 2015 with acute left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction. Patients with distant metastases were excluded. After informed consent, patients were divided into colonic stenting (SEMS group, n=28) , neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NCT group, n=15) or immediate emergency surgery(control group, n=39). Patients who had successful colonic stenting underwent elective surgery 1 to 2 weeks later or underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy before elective surgery, while the other group had emergency surgery. Short-term data on postoperative mortality, morbidity, length of intensive care and hospital stay were compared. Overall survival and disease-free survival were also analyzed. Results: Patients in the three study arms had similar demographic profiles. The laparoscopic resection of the NCT and SEMS group was higher than that of the control group, the stoma rate was lower, and the differences were statistically significant[73.3% (11/15) , 42.9% (12/28) vs 25.6% (10/39) (P=0.006) and 13.3% (8/15) , 28.6% (8/28) vs 66.7% (26/39) (P<0.001) respectively].Compared with the SEMS and NCT group, the control group had a higher rate of postoperative complications, less of retrieved lymph nodes, longer of intensive care and lower total hospitalization expenses, and the difference was statistically significant[32.1% (9/28) , 13.3% (2/15) vs 59.0% (23/39) (P=0.004) , 21 (16,25) , 23 (19,34) vs 17 (13,25) (P=0.02) , 1.5 (0,3.0) , 1.0 (0,3.0) vs 3.0 (1.0, 4.0) (P=0.028) and 7.3 (2.8,14.1) , 11.1 (6.9,18.5) vs 7.1 (3.3,37.4) (P=0.004) respectively]. The overall and disease-free survival rate of the NCT group were higher than the SEMS group and control group, and the difference was statistically significant[93.3% (14/15) , 57.1% (16/28) vs 61.5% (24/39) (P=0.033) and 86.7% (13/15) , 53.6% (15/28) vs 51.3% (20/39) (P=0.047) respectively]. There was no significant difference among the NCT, SEMS and control group in the rate of systemic recurrence of the[6.7% (1/15) , 25.0% (7/28) vs 28.2% (11/39) (P=0.243) ]. Conclusions: For acute left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction without distant metastases, endoscopic stent placement combined with NCT not only is a bridge to elective operation, but also significantly improves the long-term results.

Biochemical characterization and functional analysis of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, in the synthesis of biopolymer Ss from Sphingomonas sanxanigenens NX02.

Biopolymer Ss of Sphingomonas sanxanigenens strain NX02 is an sphingan that can be extracted using a small quantity of acid, which is a low cost extraction process. A UDP-glucose dehydrogenase gene (ugdG), related to Ss biosynthesis, was cloned from S. sanxanigenens NX02 and expressed in Escherichia coli. It encoded a 454-residue protein of 48.2 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence had 77% identity with UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UgdG) from Sphingomonas sp. KC8, and 73% identity with UgdG from Sphingomonas elodea ATCC31461. Purified recombinant UgdG had maximum activity at 35°C and pH 8.0, with Km values of 0.47 and 0.38 mM for UDP-glucose and NAD+, respectively. Overexpression of the ugdG gene in S. sanxanigenens resulted in increased (14.9 ± 0.5)% Ss production and higher fermentation broth viscosity. Furthermore, the weight-average molecular weight of polymer Ss from the recombinant strain was (5.3 ± 0.16)% higher and the viscosity was (74 ± 0.15)% higher than those from the WT strain at a shear rate of 1 rev/min.

Highly stable sub-5 nm Sn6O4(OH)4 nanocrystals with ultrahigh activity as advanced photocatalytic materials for photodegradation of methyl orange.

Among numerous active photocatalytic materials, Sn-based oxide nanomaterials are promising photocatalytic materials in environmental protection measures such as water remediation due to their excellent physicochemical property. Research on photocatalytic nanomaterials for photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) so far has focused on TiO2-based nanostructures; e.g., TiO2-P25 is recognized to be the best commercial photocatalyst to date, rather than Sn-based oxide nanomaterials, in spite of their impressive acid- and alkali-resistant properties and high stability. Here, we demonstrate very high photocatalytic activity of highly stable sub-5 nm hydromarchite (Sn6O4(OH)4) nanocrystals synthesized by a simple and environmentally friendly laser-based technique. These Sn6O4(OH)4 nanocrystals exhibit ultrahigh photocatalytic performance for photodegradation of MO and their degradation efficiency is far superior to that of TiO2-P25. The detailed investigations demonstrated that the great photocatalytic activity results from the ultrafine size and unique surface activity induced by the laser-based technique. Mass production of reactive species of hydroxyl radicals was detected in the experiments due to the appropriate bandgap of Sn6O4(OH)4 nanocrystals. These findings actually open a door to applications of Sn-based oxide nanomaterials as advanced photocatalytic materials.

Changes in peripheral blood Th1 and Th2 cells in rat liver transplantation under different immune statuses.

In this study, early expressions of peripheral blood Th1 and Th2 cells were documented following rat liver transplantation and related to immune status. Rats were divided into 3 groups: group A (control): syngeneic transplantation (Brown Norway (BN) → BN); group B: allogeneic transplantation + cyclosporine A (CsA); group C: allogeneic transplantation (Lewis → BN). Flow cytometry was used to analyze peripheral blood CD4(+)CD45RC percentage on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 following transplantation, and were compared to graft rejection pathological grades and receptor survival times. The average survival of groups A and B exceeded 100 days, which was significantly longer than that of group C (3.56 ± 34.3 days). With the exception of the first day, rejection grades were significantly higher in groups C and B compared to group A, and group C rejection grades were significantly higher than those of group B. Three days after transplantation, the CD4(+)CD45RC(+) to CD4(+)CD45RC(-) ratio of group C was significantly higher than that of groups A and B. In group B, the CD4(+)CD45RC(+) to CD4(+)CD45RC(-) ratio was negatively correlated to the rejection grade (r = -0.565, P < 0.01), whereas this relationship was positive in group C (r = 0.745, P < 0.01). In conclusion, peripheral blood Th1 was highly expressed during rejection in rat liver grafts. Peripheral blood Th2 tended to increase early under rejection inhibition with CsA, and its high expression level may correlate with long-term acceptance or tolerance of transplanted livers.

Clinical observation of posterior decompression, fusion and fixation in the treatment of spinal gout: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of posterior decompression, fusion and fixation in the treatment of spinal gout. Spinal gout is a disease of gouty arthritis involving the spine, which can affect all segments of the spine. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of spinal gout are not clear, and there are no definite methods for the treatment of spinal gout. METHODS: This was a case series of seven patients (seven men) who underwent posterior decompression, fusion and fixation in the treatment of spinal gout between January 2016 and January 2020. Physical examination, radiography, CT, MRI, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and visual analog scale (VAS) score were used to evaluate the effect of this procedure. All patients were followed up every 3 months. The evaluation time point was 12 months after the operation. Comparisons of the functional indexes of the patients before and after the operation were performed using SPSS 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS: The JOA score was 13.43 ± 6.55 and the VAS score was 7.43 ± 1.51 preoperatively. The JOA score was 24.43 ± 3.74 and the VAS score was 0.86 ± 0.90 postoperatively at 12 months after surgery. At 12 months after surgery, the JOA and VAS score showed significant improvements when compared with those before surgery (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively). None of the patients had re-surgery of the gout due to actively and reasonably controlling uric acid. No loosening or displacement of screws was reported. There was only one screw tail cap loosening. Radiographic examination revealed that there was no obvious accumulation of gout or surrounding bone destruction, and the segmental instability was significantly improved. There was no progressive aggravation of neurological symptoms of the seven patients. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior approach decompression, fusion and fixation can stabilize the vertebral body, remove gout and directly relieve local spinal cord compression. The method is a reliable surgical choice for the treatment of spinal gout.

Theoretical study of the stability and electronic structure of Al(BH4)n=1→4 and Al(BF4)n=1→4 and their hyperhalogen behavior.

Using density functional theory (DFT), we have systematically calculated the equilibrium geometries, electronic structure, and electron detachment energies of Al(BH(4))(n=1→4) and Al(BF(4))(n=1→4) at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory. The electron affinities of Al(BH(4))(n) not only exhibit odd-even alternation, just as seen in (BH(4))(n), but also, for n = 3 and 4, show a remarkable behavior: whereas the electron affinities of BH(3) and BH(4) are, respectively, 0.06 and 3.17 eV, those of Al(BH(4))(3) and Al(BH(4))(4) are 0.71 and 5.56 eV. Results where H is replaced by F are also very different. The electron affinities of BF(3) and BF(4) are, respectively, -0.44 and +6.86 eV, and those of Al(BF(4))(3) and Al(BF(4))(4) are 1.82 and 8.86 eV. The results demonstrate not only marked difference when H is replaced by F but also substantially enhanced electron affinities by almost 2 eV when BH(4) and BF(4) units are allowed decorate a metal atom, confirming the recently observed hyperhalogen behavior of superhalogen building blocks.

LncRNA-HEIH suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and metastasis by up-regulating miR-199a-3p.

The article "LncRNA-HEIH suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and metastasis by up-regulating miR-199a-3p, by M.-M. Wu, W.-D. Shen, C.-W. Zou, H.-J. Chen, H.-M. Guo, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24 (11): 6031-6038-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202006_21497-PMID: 32572917" has been withdrawn from the authors due to some technical issues in the data retrieval. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/21497.

LncRNA-HEIH suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and metastasis by up-regulating miR-199a-3p.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the functional changes of long non-coding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA)-HEIH on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Huh7 and Hep3B cells. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The expression changes of HEIH in 18 pairs of HCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were detected by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). According to its expression changes in HCC cells silenced by short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) transfection in vitro, these cells were divided into sh-HEIH group and sh-NC group. The effects of lowly expressed HEIH on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of HCC cells were examined through functional assays. Western blotting was adopted to determine the expression changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) proteins, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-3. In addition, the role of HEIH downstream effector micro RNA (miR)-199a-3p in HCC was explored. RESULTS: Compared with adjacent normal tissues, HEIH was highly expressed in HCC tissues (p<0.01). HEIH silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration, but induced the apoptosis of Huh7 cells (p<0.05). The expressions of vimentin and MMP-2 in sh-HEIH group were remarkably lower than those in sh-NC group (p<0.05). Furthermore, miR-199a-3p was identified as the downstream effector of HEIH. The expression of miR-199a-3p increased markedly in Huh7 and Hep3B cells with silenced HEIH expression (p<0.01). Moreover, when miR-199a-3p expression was inhibited, the effects of HEIH on Huh7 and Hep3B cells were weakened, manifested as notably enhanced cell proliferation and migration capabilities (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA-HEIH suppresses HCC cell growth and metastasis by up-regulating miR-199a-3p. Our findings suggest that HEIH may be a promising target for HCC treatment.

[The role of PACAP protein in chronic sinusitis with or without nasal polyps].

Objective:To investigate the expression of PACAP protein in chronic rhinosinusitis without/with nasal polyps and refractory chronic rhinosinusitis.Method: Fifty-three patients with nasal polyps,70 cases with chronic sinusitis, 28 patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis and 20 control cases were enrolled for this study. The expression of PACAP protein was detected by immunochemistry.Result: ①PACAP protein were expressed in nasal epithelium，glandular epithelium and goblet cells；②The positive intensity of PACAP was" +", " +++", "－-+",and " ++" in nasal polyps, chronic rhinosinusitis, refractory chronic rhinosinusitis, and control group, respectively.Conclusion:PACAP protein mainly locates in nasal epithelium，glandular epithelium and goblet cells. Reduced expression of PACAP may be related with onset of chronic rhiniosinusitis without/with nasal polyps.

One-step synthesis and luminescence properties of tetragonal double tungstates nanocrystals.

A versatile one-step thermolysis protocol is demonstrated to produce a uniform dispersion of tetragonal double tungstates NaRE(WO4)2 (RE = rare earth) nanocrystals (NCs). Oriented attachment in the [001] direction occurred. Doping with luminescent RE(3+) ions resulted in highly luminescent NCs showing characteristic line emission of the dopant as well as a blue emission assigned to surface adsorbed organic species.

Organelle pH studies using targeted avidin and fluorescein-biotin.

BACKGROUND: Mammalian organelles of the secretory pathway are of differing pH. The pH values form a decreasing gradient: the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is nearly neutral, the Golgi is mildly acidic and the secretory granules are more acidic still ( approximately pH 5). The mechanisms that regulate pH in these organelles are still unknown. RESULTS: Using a novel method, we tested whether differences in H(+) 'leak' and/or counterion conductances contributed to the pH difference between two secretory pathway organelles. A pH-sensitive, membrane-permeable fluorescein-biotin was targeted to endoplasmic-reticulum- and Golgi-localized avidin-chimera proteins in HeLa cells. In live, intact cells, ER pH (pH(ER)) was 7.2 +/- 0.2 and Golgi pH (pH(G)) was 6.4 +/- 0.3 and was dissipated by bafilomycin. Buffer capacities of the cytosol, ER and Golgi were all similar (6-10 mM/pH). ER membranes had an apparent H(+) permeability three times greater than that of Golgi membranes. Removal of either K(+) or Cl(-) did not affect ER and Golgi H(+) leak rates, or steady-state pH(G) and pH(ER). CONCLUSIONS: The Golgi is more acidic than the ER because it has an active H(+) pump and fewer or smaller H(+) leaks. Neither buffer capacity nor counterion permeabilities were key determinants of pH(G), pH(ER) or ER/Golgi H(+) leak rates.

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate restores gastric damages and suppressive autophagy induced by hydrogen peroxide.

It is well known that gastric barrier is very important for protecting host from various insults. Simultaneously, autophagy serving as a prominent cytoprotective and survival pathway under oxidative stress conditions is being increasingly recognized. Thus, this study was conducted for investigating the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on gastric barrier function and autophagy under oxidative stress induced by intragastric administration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The gastric tight junction proteins [zonula occludens-1 (ZO1), occludin, and claudin1], autophagic proteins [microtubule-associated protein light chain 3I(LC3I), LC3II, and beclin1], and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway (p65 and IκB kinase α/ß) were determined by Western blot. The results showed that H2O2 exposure disturbed gastric barrier function with decreased expression of ZO1, occludin, and claudin1, and reduced gastric autophagy with decreased conversion of LC3I into LC3II in mice. However, treatment with PDTC restored these adverse effects evidenced by increased expression of ZO1 and claudin1 and increased conversion of LC3I into LC3II. Meanwhile, H2O2 exposure decreased normal human gastric epithelial mucosa cell line (GES-1) viability in a concentration-dependent way. However, after being exposed to H2O2, GES-1 exhibited autophagic response which was inconsistent with our in vivo results in mice, while PDTC failed to decrease autophagy in GES-1 induced by H2O2. Simultaneously, the beneficial effect of PDTC on gastric damage and autophagy in mice might be independent of inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, PDTC treatment restores gastric damages and reduced autophagy induced by H2O2. Therefore, PDTC may serve as a potential adjuvant therapy for gastric damages.

Metabolic profiles in the response to supplementation with composite antimicrobial peptides in piglets challenged with deoxynivalenol.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) causes various toxic effects in human and animals. However, our previous studies have shown that composite antimicrobial peptides (CAP) can have a protective effect in piglets challenged with DON. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the CAP GLAM 180# on the metabolism of piglets challenged with DON using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach. A total of 28 individually housed piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire) weaned at 28 d of age were randomly assigned into 4 treatment groups (7 pigs/treatment) based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement that were fed, respectively, a basal diet (NC), basal diet + 0.4% CAP (basal + CAP), basal diet + 4 mg/kg DON (basal + DON), and basal diet + 4 mg/kg DON + 0.4% CAP (DON + CAP). A 7-d adaptation period was followed by 30 d of treatment. Blood samples were then collected for metabolite analysis by proton NMR (H-NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The combined results of H-NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS/MS showed that DON increased ( < 0.05) the serum concentrations of low-density lipoprotein, glycoprotein, urea, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and lactate as well as those of almost all essential AA and some nonessential AA but decreased the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), unsaturated lipids, citrate, choline, and fumarate compared with those in NC treatment ( < 0.05). There was a significant interaction effect ( < 0.05) of supplementation with DON and CAP on some metabolites showed that the serum concentrations of HDL, unsaturated lipids, Pro, citrate, and fumarate were greater ( < 0.05) whereas those of glycoprotein, urea, TMAO, Gly, and lactate were lower in the DON + CAP treatment compared with those in the basal + DON treatment ( < 0.05). These findings indicated that DON causes disturbances in AA, lipid, and energy metabolism and that CAP could partially attenuate the above metabolic disturbances induced by DON.

Oral administration of putrescine and proline during the suckling period improves epithelial restitution after early weaning in piglets.

Polyamines are necessary for normal integrity and the restitution after injury of the gastrointestinal epithelium. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of putrescine and proline during the suckling period on epithelial restitution after early weaning in piglets. Eighteen neonatal piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire) from 3 litters (6 piglets per litter) were assigned to 3 groups, representing oral administration with an equal volume of saline (control), putrescine (5 mg/kg BW), and proline (25 mg/kg BW) twice daily from d 1 to weaning at 14 d of age. Plasma and intestinal samples were obtained 3 d after weaning. The results showed that oral administration of putrescine or proline increased the final BW and ADG of piglets compared with the control (P < 0.05). Proline treatment decreased plasma D-lactate concentration but increased the villus height in the jejunum and ileum, as well as the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). The protein expressions for zonula occludens (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-3 (P < 0.05) but not mRNA were increased in the jejunum of putrescine- and proline-treated piglets compared with those of control piglets. The voltage-gated K+ channel (Kv) 1.1 protein expression in the jejunum of piglets administrated with putrescine and the Kv1.5 mRNA and Kv1.1 protein levels in the ileum of piglets administrated with proline were greater than those in control piglets (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that polyamine or its precursor could improve mucosal proliferation, intestinal morphology, as well as tight junction and potassium channel protein expressions in early-weaned piglets, with implications for epithelial restitution and barrier function after stress injury.

Increased prevalence of hypertension and long-term arsenic exposure.

To examine the association between long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic and the prevalence of hypertension, we studied a total of 382 men and 516 women residing in villages where arseniasis was hyperendemic. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or greater, a diastolic blood pressure of 95 mm Hg or greater, or a history of hypertension treated regularly with antihypertensive drugs. The long-term arsenic exposure was calculated from the history of artesian well water consumption obtained through standardized interviews based on a structured questionnaire and the measured arsenic concentration in well water. Residents in villages where long-term arseniasis was hyperendemic had a 1.5-fold increase in age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of hypertension compared with residents in nonendemic areas. Duration of artesian well water consumption, average arsenic concentration in drinking water, and cumulative arsenic exposure were all significantly associated with hypertension prevalence. The higher the cumulative arsenic exposure, the higher the prevalence of hypertension. This dose-response relation remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, proteinuria, body mass index, and serum triglyceride level. The results suggest that long-term arsenic exposure may induce hypertension in humans.

Effects of a carotene-deficient diet on measures of oxidative susceptibility and superoxide dismutase activity in adult women.

The effect of consuming a low carotene diet (approximately 60 micrograms carotene/day) on oxidative susceptibility and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in women living in a metabolic research unit was evaluated. The diet had sufficient vitamins A, E, and C. The women ate the diet supplemented with 1500 micrograms/day beta-carotene for 4 days (baseline), then the unsupplemented diet for 68 days (depletion), followed by the diet supplemented with > 15,000 micrograms/day carotene for 28 days (repletion). Production of hexanal, pentanal, and pentane by copper-oxidized plasma low density lipoproteins from carotene-depleted women was greater than their production of these compounds when repleted with carotene. Erythrocyte SOD activity was depressed in carotene-depleted women; it recovered with repletion. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in plasma of carotene-depleted women were elevated and diminished with repletion. Dietary carotene seems to be needed, not only as a precursor of vitamin A, but also to inhibit oxidative damage and decrease oxidation susceptibility.

Activity-related features of synapse morphology: a study of endbulbs of held.

The myelinated fibers of the auditory nerve can be divided into two separate populations on the basis of sensitivity to sound, average levels of spike activity, and central branching patterns. The synaptic endings of these populations were investigated for the presence of structural specializations that might correlate with levels of neural activity. We applied intracellular recording and staining methods in cats to analyze directly the relationship between spike activity and the structure of synapses using endbulbs of Held, the large synaptic endings in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Endbulbs from fibers having low or high levels of activity were examined and compared using light and electron microscopic methods. All endbulbs exhibited relatively large but incomplete coverage by one-to-several lamellae of glial processes. Endbulbs of high activity fibers were large and contained larger mitochondria than endbulbs of low activity fibers. Furthermore, the synapses of high activity endbulbs were on average smaller but more numerous, possessed greater numbers of associated synaptic vesicles, and exhibited greater curvature of their postsynaptic densities. These structural features are hypothesized to reflect specializations that optimize synaptic transmission.

Effect of a low beta-carotene diet on the immune functions of adult women.

We examined the effect of beta-carotene depletion and repletion on the immune status of nine healthy women who lived in the metabolic suite for 100 d. For the first 4 d all women were fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 mg beta-carotene/d (baseline). During the next 68 d, the basal diet without beta-carotene supplementation was fed to all subjects (depletion), and during the last 28 d the diet of each women was supplemented with 15.0 mg beta-carotene/d (repletion). Neither beta-carotene depletion nor repletion significantly (P < or = 0.05) altered proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured with phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A, in vitro production of soluble interleukin 2 receptor, or the concentration of circulating lymphocytes and their subsets. Thus, in healthy adults consuming adequate vitamin A, beta-carotene depletion had no adverse effect on the indexes tested, nor was there any beneficial effect of modest beta-carotene supplementation.

Decreased systemic thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in normal human subjects fed a salmon-rich diet.

Nine normal male subjects were fed a reference diet typical of that consumed in the United States and a diet containing approximately 450 g salmon (salmon-rich diet). The salmon diet contained approximately 6 g omega 3 fatty acids that comprised 2.0% energy intake/d for each individual. The percent energy contribution of protein, carbohydrate, and fat (19%, 56%, and 25%, respectively) was identical for the two diets. Urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 was significantly lower (0.74 +/- 0.26 ng/24 h) with the salmon diet compared with the reference diet (0.95 +/- 0.31 ng/24 h). In addition, in vitro generation of thromboxane B2 in response to collagen-stimulated aggregation of platelet-rich plasma from subjects consuming the salmon diet was reduced (1.87 +/- 0.79 ng/mL) compared with subjects consuming the reference diet (3.10 +/- 1.81 ng/mL). Urinary 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha excretion in subjects was not significantly different between the salmon diet (0.69 +/- 0.33 ng/24 h) and the reference diet (0.81 +/- 0.44 ng/24 h).