Long non-coding RNA KB-1460A1.5 promotes ferroptosis by inhibiting mTOR/SREBP-1/SCD1-mediated polyunsaturated fatty acid desaturation in glioma.

Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death caused by the iron-dependent peroxidation of phospholipids and is related to cell metabolism, redox homeostasis and various signalling pathways related to cancer. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) KB-1460A1.5 acts as a tumour suppressor gene to regulate tumour growth in gliomas, but its molecular network regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we found that KB-1460A1.5 can induce ferroptosis in glioma and enhance sensitivity to RSL3, a ferroptosis inducer. TMT proteomics and nontargeted metabolomics suggest that KB-1460A1.5 affects polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolic processes. GC‒MS-based medium- and long-chain fatty acid-targeted metabolomics confirmed that upregulation of KB-1460A1.5 decreased the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), oleic acid (OA) and palmitoleic acid (PO) in glioma cells. The addition of OA and PO restored KB-1460A1.5-induced cellular ferroptosis. Molecularly, KB-1460A1.5 inhibited the mTOR signalling pathway to suppress the expression of downstream sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), thereby attenuating the stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1)-mediated desaturation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Finally, an animal model of subcutaneous glioma confirmed that KB-1460A1.5 could inhibit tumour progression, SREBP1/SCD1 expression, and ferroptosis. In conclusion, increasing the expression level of KB-1460A1.5 in glioma can promote the induction of oxidative stress and ferroptosis in cancer cells through SREBP1/SCD1-mediated adipogenesis, demonstrating therapeutic potential in preclinical models.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Regulate Surgical Brain Injury by Activating the cGAS-STING Pathway.

Surgical brain injury (SBI), induced by neurosurgical procedures or instruments, has not attracted adequate attention. The pathophysiological process of SBI remains sparse compared to that of other central nervous system diseases thus far. Therefore, novel and effective therapies for SBI are urgently needed. In this study, we found that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were present in the circulation and brain tissues of rats after SBI, which promoted neuroinflammation, cerebral edema, neuronal cell death, and aggravated neurological dysfunction. Inhibition of NETs formation by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor or disruption of NETs with deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) attenuated SBI-induced damages and improved the recovery of neurological function. We show that SBI triggered the activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING), and that inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway could be beneficial. It is worth noting that DNase I markedly suppressed the activation of cGAS-STING, which was reversed by the cGAS product cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGMP-AMP, cGAMP). Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of DNase I in SBI was also abolished by cGAMP. NETs may participate in the pathophysiological regulation of SBI by acting through the cGAS-STING pathway. We also found that high-dose vitamin C administration could effectively inhibit the formation of NETs post-SBI. Thus, targeting NETs may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for SBI treatment, and high-dose vitamin C intervention may be a promising translational therapy with an excellent safety profile and low cost.

Whole genome sequencing analysis of Limosilactobacillus reuteri from the intestinal tract of mice recovering from ulcerative colitis and preliminary study on anti-inflammatory effects of its derived peptides.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri is an indigenous inhabitant of the animal gut known for its probiotic effects on the host. In our previous study, a large number of L. reuteri strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of mice recovering from ulcerative colitis, from which we randomly selected L. reuteri RE225 for whole genome sequencing to explore its probiotic properties. The results of next-generation sequencing and third-generation single molecule sequencing showed that L. reuteri RE225 contained many genes encoding functional proteins associated with adhesion, anti-inflammatory and pathogen inhibition. And compared to other L. reuteri strains in NCBI, L. reuteri RE225 has unique gene families with probiotic functions. In order to further explore the probiotic effect of the L. reuteri RE225, the derived peptides were identified by LC-MS/MS, and the peptides with tumor necrosis factor-α binding ability were screened by reverse molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis. Finally, cell experiments demonstrated the anti-inflammatory ability of the peptides. Western blotting and qPCR analyses confirmed that the selected peptides might alleviate LPS-induced inflammation in NCM460 cells by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation.

Analysis of antimicrobial biological activity of a marine Bacillus velezensis NDB.

A new strain of Bacillus velezensis NDB was isolated from Xiangshan Harbor and antibacterial test revealed antibacterial activity of this strain against 12 major pathogenic bacteria. The whole genome of the bacterium was sequenced and found to consist of a 4,214,838 bp circular chromosome and a 7410 bp circular plasmid. Furthermore, it was predicted by AntiSMASH and BAGEL4 to have 12 clusters of secondary metabolism genes for the synthesis of the inhibitors, fengycin, bacillomycin, macrolactin H, bacillaene, and difficidin, and there were also five clusters encoding potentially novel antimicrobial substances, as well as three bacteriocin biosynthesis gene clusters of amylocyclicin, ComX1, and LCI. qRT-PCR revealed significant up-regulation of antimicrobial secondary metabolite synthesis genes after 24 h of antagonism with pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed that it can secrete surfactin non-ribosomal peptide synthase and polyketide synthase to exert antibacterial effects. GC-MS was used to analyze methanol extract of B. velezensis NDB, a total of 68 compounds were identified and these metabolites include 16 amino acids, 17 acids, 3 amines, 11 sugars, 11 alcohols, 1 ester, and 9 other compounds which can inhibit pathogenic bacteria by initiating the antibiotic secretion pathway. A comparative genomic analysis of gene families showed that the specificity of B. velezensis NDB was mainly reflected in environmental adaptability. Overall, this research on B. velezensis NDB provides the basis for elucidating its biocontrol effect and promotes its future application as a probiotic.

Temozolomide-based sonodynamic therapy induces immunogenic cell death in glioma.

BACKGROUND: In our previous study, we found for the first time that temozolomide (TMZ), the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma (GBM), can generate a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasound irradiation. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) using TMZ as the sonosensitizer produced more potent antitumor effects than TMZ alone. Here, we further evaluate the effects of TMZ-based SDT on subcellular structures and investigate the immunogenic cell death (ICD)-inducing capability of TMZ-based SDT. METHODS: The sonotoxic effects of TMZ were explored in LN229 and GL261 glioma cells. The morphology of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The nuclear DNA damage was represented by γ-H2AX staining. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were employed to assess ICD-inducing capability of TMZ-based SDT. A cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic (c(RGDyC))-modified nanoliposome drug delivery platform was used to improve the tumor targeting of SDT. RESULTS: TMZ-based SDT had a greater inhibitory effect on glioma cells than TMZ alone. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that TMZ-based SDT caused endoplasmic reticulum dilation and mitochondrial swelling. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR), nuclear DNA damage and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were promoted in TMZ-based SDT group. Most importantly, we found that TMZ-based SDT could promote the "danger signals" produced by glioma cells and induce the maturation and activation of BMDCs, which was associated with the mitochondrial DNA released into the cytoplasm in glioma cells. In vivo experiments showed that TMZ-based SDT could remodel glioma immune microenvironment and provoke durable and powerful anti-tumor immune responses. What's more, the engineered nanoliposome vector of TMZ conferred SDT tumor targeting, providing an option for safer clinical application of TMZ in combination with SDT in the future. CONCLUSIONS: TMZ-based SDT was capable of triggering ICD in glioma. The discovery of TMZ as a sonosensitizer have shown great promise in the treatment of GBM.

A colorimetric, photothermal, and fluorescent triple-mode CRISPR/cas biosensor for drug-resistance bacteria detection.

A multimodal analytical strategy utilizing different modalities to cross-validate each other, can effectively minimize false positives or negatives and ensure the accuracy of detection results. Herein, we establish a colorimetric, photothermal, and fluorescent triple modal CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform (CPF-CRISPR). An MNPs-ssDNA-HRP signal probe is designed to act as a substrate to trigger three signal outputs. In the presence of the DNA target, MNPs-ssDNA-HRP is cleaved by the activated CRISPR/Cas12a, resulting in the release of HRP and generating short DNA strands with 3-terminal hydroxyl on magnetic beads. The released HRP subsequently catalyzed TMB-H2O2 reaction and oxidized TMB is used for colorimetric and photothermal signal detection. Under the catalysis of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), the remaining short DNA strands are used as primers to form poly-T and function as scaffolds to form copper nanoclusters for fluorescent signal output. To verify the practical application of CPF-CRISPR, we employed MRSA as a model. The results demonstrate the platform's high accuracy and sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 101 CFU/mL when combined with recombinase polymerase amplification. Therefore, by harnessing the programmability of CRISPR/Cas12a, the biosensor has the potential to detect various drug-resistant bacteria, demonstrating significant practical applicability.

Spatial distribution of gut microbiota in mice during the occurrence and remission of hyperuricemia.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that anserine can alleviate hyperuricemia by changing the fecal microbiota of hyperuricemic mice. TOPIC: However, the fecal microbiota could not fully represent the distribution of the whole gut microbiota. Knowing the spatial distribution of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota is therefore important for understanding its action in the occurrence and remission of hyperuricemia. METHODS: This study provides a comprehensive map of the most common bacterial communities that colonize different parts of the mouse gastrointestinal tract (stomach, duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon) using a modern methodological approach. RESULTS: The stomach, colon, and cecum showed the greatest richness and diversity in bacterial species. Three clusters of bacterial populations were observed along the digestive system: (1) in the stomach, (2) in the duodenum and ileum, and (3) in the colon and cecum. A high purine solution changed the composition and abundance of the digestive tract microbiota, and anserine relieved hyperuricemia by restoring the homeostasis of the digestive tract microbiota, especially improving the abundance of probiotics in the digestive tract. IMPLICATION: This could be the starting point for further research on the regulation of hyperuricemia by gut microbiota with the ultimate goal of promoting health and welfare. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Humans and Livestock, Pakistan, 2015-2017.

We detected Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections in 4 provinces of Pakistan during 2017-2018. Overall, seroprevalence was 2.7% in humans and 36.2% in domestic livestock. Antibody prevalence in humans was highest in rural areas, where increased contact with animals is likely.

Enhanced Expression of PD-L1 on Microglia After Surgical Brain Injury Exerts Self-Protection from Inflammation and Promotes Neurological Repair.

Neuroinflammation and brain edema are major complications in the pathophysiology of surgical brain injury (SBI). Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune inhibitory receptor ligand, has been increasingly investigated for inhibition of T cell-mediated immunity and braking inflammatory response. However, the negative immunomodulatory capacity of PD-L1 and their possible mechanism in SBI is not yet clear. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and the role of PD-L1 in a mouse model of SBI induced inflammation and to further study the potential therapeutic effects of PD-L1 on SBI. Here we showed that PD-L1 expression was markedly elevated in the surrounding peri-resection brain tissue post-SBI in vivo. PD-L1 was up-regulated through ERK signal pathway in LPS-treated BV-2 cells in vitro. Furthermore, blockade of the PD-L1 checkpoint using PD-L1 antibody significantly enhanced brain edema, exacerbated apoptosis and increased neurodeficits post-SBI. Moreover, activated PD-1/PD-L1 with PD-L1 protein significantly attenuated the inflammation responses and brain edema post-SBI. These results suggest that enhanced expression of PD-L1 post-SBI exerts self-protection from inflammation and promotes neurological repair. PD-L1 signal may have therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disorders.

Novel Inhalable Ciprofloxacin Dry Powders for Bronchiectasis Therapy: Mannitol-Silk Fibroin Binary Microparticles with High-Payload and Improved Aerosolized Properties.

Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) is a chronic respiratory disease associated with the high morbidity and mortality. Long-term intermittent therapy by inhalable antibiotics has recently emerged as an effective approach for NCFB treatment. However, the effective delivery of antibiotics to the lung requires administering a high dose to the site of infection. Herein, we investigated the novel inhalable silk-based microparticles as a promising approach to deliver high-payload ciprofloxacin (CIP) for NCFB therapy. Silk fibroin (SF) was applied to improve drug-payload and deposit efficiency of the dry powder particles. Mannitol was added as a mucokinetic agent. The dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations of CIP microparticles were evaluated in vitro in terms of the aerodynamic performance, particle size distribution, drug loading, morphology, and their solid state. The optimal formulation (highest drug loading, 80%) exhibited superior aerosolization performance in terms of fine particle fraction (45.04 ± 0.84%), emitted dose (98.10 ± 1.27%), mass median aerodynamic diameter (3.75 ± 0.03 µm), and geometric standard deviation (1.66 ± 0.10). The improved drug loading was due to the electrostatic interactions between the SF and CIP by adsorption, and the superior aerosolization efficiency would be largely attributed to the fluffy and porous cotton-like property and low-density structure of SF. The presented results indicated the novel inhalable silk-based DPI microparticles of CIP could provide a promising strategy for the treatment of NCFB.

MicroRNA-124-3p represses cell growth and cell motility by targeting EphA2 in glioma.

MiR-124-3p and EphA2 are aberrantly expressed in glioma tissue specimens. In the present study, we firstly investigated that miR-124-3p inhibits EphA2 expression mediated by binding its 3'-UTR to regulate the progression of human glioma. The U87MG and LN229 cells were transfected with miR-124-3p mimics and/or siRNA-EphA2, and then the role of miR-124-3p and EphA2 in the colony-formation, cell-cycle, migration and invasion of glioma cells in vitro were examined. Proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition were examined using western blot. The results showed that miR-124-3p was significantly downregulated in glioma tissues, whereas a marked upregulation of EphA2 expression was found. Colony-formation and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that EphA2 downregulation or miR-124-3p mimics caused growth and cell-cycle inhibition in glioma. Transwell migration and invasion assays demonstrated that EphA2 downregulation or miR-124-3p mimics suppressed the migration and invasion of glioma cells. EphA2 downregulation or miR-124-3p mimics reduced the level of vimentin in U87MG and LN229 cells. In conclusion, miR-124-3p was found to suppress the growth, migration and invasion of glioma cells in vitro via EphA2. Furthermore, we validated miR-124-3p enforced its biological modulation via targeting EphA2 through the rescue experiment. Conclusively, our study proclaimed that miR-124-3p can counteract the malignant phenotypes of glioma cells by the inhibitory effect of the EphA2.

Aß inhibits mesenchymal stem cell-pericyte transition through MAPK pathway.

Multiple independent reports have demonstrated pericyte loss in both the hippocampus and cortex in human Alzheimer's disease (AD). The differentiation and recruitment of pericytes are the essential steps in vasculature development. However, the role of amyloid beta (Aß) in pericyte differentiation has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the interaction between Aß and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward pericytes in culture. Our results showed that mice overexpressing Aß-precursor protein (APP/PS1) exhibited the loss of pericytes compared with the control group mice, evidenced by the lack of desmin expression in the cortex of 12-month-old mice. Interestingly, we further found that both Aß40 and Aß42 inhibited the expressions of pericyte markers (α-SMA, desmin, and PDGFRß) in cultured MSCs which can be differentiated into mature pericytes. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effects of Aßs on MSC-pericyte transition is mediated by the activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK signal pathway. These new insights into the roles of Aß in pericyte differentiation may help to develop more effective strategies for the treatment of AD.

Forkhead box P3 regulates ARHGAP15 expression and affects migration of glioma cells through the Rac1 signaling pathway.

Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) plays a crucial role in the development and function of regulatory T cells and was recently identified as a tumor suppressor in different cancer types. Forkhead box P3 is expressed in normal brain tissues, but is strongly downregulated or absent in glioblastomas. In order to understand the FOXP3 adjustment mechanisms in glioma cells, we performed a DNA microarray in U87 cells overexpressing FOXP3 and validated the differences using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry in vitro and in vivo. We found that FOXP3 can regulate the expression of ARHGAP15. Expression of FOXP3 was also correlated with ARHGAP15 in glioma samples. Overexpression of FOXP3 inhibited glioma cell migration through ARHGAP15 upregulation and Rac1 inactivation. Silencing of FOXP3 promoted migration through ARHGAP15 downregulation and Rac1 activation. ARHGAP15, a GTPase-activating protein for Rac1, inhibits small GTPase signaling in a dual negative manner. We found that there is a correlation between expression of ARHGAP15 and glioma level. The small GTPase Rac1 plays an important role in cell migration. In addition, we found that FOXP3 regulates expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin and N-cadherin, which is important given that epithelial-mesenchymal transition is critically involved in tumor spreading and dissemination. Thus, FOXP3 or ARHGAP15 may serve as a new molecular target for antimetastatic therapies in treating glioma.

Inhibition of LDHA Deliver Potential Anticancer Performance in Renal Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which functions as a crucial enzyme in transforming from pyruvate into lactate, has been reported to be overexpressed in various advanced cancer and its silencing has turned out to be tumor suppressive. Previous studies have showed that the expression of LDHA was higher in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) than that in corresponding normal renal tissue. However, the function of LDHA in RCC, and its possible mechanism in tumor progression, has not been investigated. METHODS: MTT and cell cycle assay were performed to explore the growth of the renal cells. Transwell assay for the migration and invasion and tube formation were conducted to detect the metastatic properties of the renal cancer. RESULTS: Here, we show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of LDHA inhibits cell proliferation by decreasing cell cycle and promoting apoptosis in renal cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, LDHA siRNA treatment altered the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins, including p21, cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bax. In addition, LDHA siRNA treatment leads to markedly diminished migratory and invasive ability by reducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the view that LDHA, as an oncogene, might be a potential therapeutic target in RCC.

Protective effects of taurine in traumatic brain injury via mitochondria and cerebral blood flow.

In mammalian tissues, taurine is an important natural component and the most abundant free amino acid in the heart, retina, skeletal muscle, brain, and leukocytes. This study is to examine the taurine's protective effects on neuronal ultrastructure, the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, and on cerebral blood flow (CBF). The model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was made for SD rats by a fluid percussion device, with taurine (200 mg/kg) administered by tail intravenous injection once daily for 7 days after TBI. It was found that CBF was improved for both left and right brain at 30 min and 7 days post-injury by taurine. Reaction time was prolonged relative to the TBI-only group. Neuronal damage was prevented by 7 days taurine. Mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and II showed greater activity with the taurine group. The improvement by taurine of CBF may alleviate edema and elevation in intracranial pressure. Importantly taurine improved the hypercoagulable state.

Repair of Neurological Function in Response to FK506 Through CaN/NFATc1 Pathway Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

Tacrolimus (FK506), an immunophilin ligand, has been widely shown to be neuroprotective in a posttraumatic period. The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1) pathway plays an important role in regenerating neurological function following traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the precise mechanism underlying FK506-induced repair of neurological functions remains unclear. In the present study, a total of 210 SD rats were enrolled and randomly divided into sham group, TBI group and FK506 group. The rats in the TBI and FK506 groups were inflicted with moderate TBI left lateral fluid percussion impact. A modified neurological severity score (mNSS) system was used to evaluate the severity of effects on nerve function. mNSS levels were significantly lower in the FK506 group than in the TBI group. The zaccumulation of cerebral water content was lower, cerebral Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) mRNA level was lower, the number of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43)-positive cells was higher, and the distribution of vesicles containing excitatory neurotransmitters was altered in the injured cortex in the FK506 group. Moreover, the cortical mRNA and serum protein expression levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were decreased in FK506 group, especially at 6 h and at 1 day after TBI. At days 1-28 after TBI, the expression of cleaved-caspase 3, which indicates apoptosis, was lower in the FK506 group than in the TBI group. Mechanistically, FK506 significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of calcium-regulated phosphatase (calcineurin, CaN) and inhibited the activation of NFATc1. These results demonstrate that FK506 relieved inflammatory responses by regulating the NFATc1 signaling pathway and promoting the synaptic reconstruction of neurons and glial cells by regulating cell apoptosis, thereby facilitated improvements in neurological function.

Lactosaminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for asialoglycoprotein receptor targeted anticancer drug delivery.

BACKGROUND: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have several attractive properties as a drug delivery system, such as ordered porous structure, large surface area, controllable particle size as well as interior and exterior dual-functional surfaces. The purpose of this study was to develop novel lactosaminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Lac-MSNs) for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) targeted anticancer drug delivery. RESULTS: Lac-MSNs with an average diameter of approximately 100 nm were prepared by conjugation of lactose with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane modified MSNs. Characterization of Lac-MSNs indicated a huge Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (1012 m(2)/g), highly ordered 2D hexagonal symmetry, an unique mesoporous structure with average pore size of 3.7 nm. The confocal microscopy and flow cytometric analysis illustrated Lac-MSNs were effectively endocytosed by ASGPR-positive hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and SMMC7721. In contrast, non-selective endocytosis of Lac-MSNs was found in ASGPR-negative NIH 3T3 cells. The cellular uptake study showed the internalization process was energy-consuming and predominated by clathrin-mediated pathway. Model drug docetaxel (DTX) was loaded in the mesopores of Lac-MSNs by wetness impregnation method. In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that DTX transported by Lac-MSNs effectively inhibited the growth of HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells in a time- and concentration- dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that Lac-MSNs could be a promising inorganic carrier system for targeted intracellular anti-cancer drug delivery.

[Preparation and release behaviour of mesoporous silica/ethylcellulose sustained-release mini-matrix].

Hot-melt extrusion was applied to prepare mesoporous silica/ethylcellulose mini-matrix for sustained release, and fenofibrate was used as a model drug, ethylcellulose and xanthan gum were chosen as sustained-release agent and releasing moderator, respectively. This novel matrix obtained the controlled release ability by combining mesoporous silica drug delivery system and hot-melt extrusion technology. And mesoporous silica particle (SBA-15) was chosen as drug carrier to increase the dissolution rate of fenofibrate in this martix. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, small angle X-ray powder diffraction and N2 adsorption-desorption were introduced to determine the particle morphology, particle size and pore structure of the synthesized SBA-15. The results showed that SBA-15 had a very high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area, a narrow pore size distribution, large pore volume and a ordered two-dimensional hexagonal structure of p6mm symmetry. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction results demonstrated that fenofibrate dispersed in an amorphous state inside the pores of the mesoporous silica which contributed to the improvement in the dissolution rate. The drug release of mini-matrices was influenced by ethylcellulose viscosity grades and xanthan gum concentration, which increased with the increasing of xanthan gum concentration and decreasing of ethylcellulose viscosity. Mini-matrix containing 22% xanthan gum exhibited a good sustained release performance, and the drug release behavior followed the first-order kinetics.

Epidemiological surveys revealed the risk of TAMV spill-over from ticks to hosts.

BACKGROUND: Tick-borne viral diseases have become an increasingly important public health concern. Tamdy virus (TAMV) is a tick-borne virus of the genus Orthonairovirus in the family Nairoviridae. While some studies have suggested that TAMV is a pathogen associated with human febrile illness, its epidemiology and the risk of TAMV spill-over remain poorly understood. METHODS: Ticks were collected in Xinjiang, China, and grouped into pools. RT-PCR assays were used to detect TAMV RNA in these pools. The seroprevalence of TAMV was investigated using Immunofluorescence assays, Western blotting, and Luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assays. RESULTS: TAMV RNA was detected in 17 out of 363 tick pools, resulting in a minimum infection rate (MIR) of 4.7%. Hyalomma asiaticum and Dermacentor nuttalli were identified as major tick vectors of TAMV. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that TAMV strains from Xinjiang are closely related to strains from other countries. Seroprevalence studies showed that TAMV exposure has been occurring in Xinjiang since at least 2006. Antibody responses to TAMV were detected in 1.1% (26/2296) of animals, including domestic animals and wild rodents. The seropositivity rates were as follows: sheep (1.7%), dog (2.3%), Marmota monax (0.8%), Meriones meridianus (3.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The research findings reveal that TAMV can be transmitted by ticks to various animal species, posing a significant public health risk. The wide distribution of TAMV and its tick vectors emphasise the importance of early preparedness and control measures. This study highlights the necessity for maintaining vigilance in addressing emerging zoonotic diseases transmitted by ticks.