Synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of 4-azabenzoxazole analogues as H3 antagonists.

The synthesis and SAR of a novel series of 4-azabenzoxazole histamine H(3) antagonists is described. Introduction of substituted phenyl, pyridyl and fused heterocyclic groups to the 6-position of the 4-azabenzoxazole core gave a series of compounds with good H(3) antagonist activity in both ex vivo and in vivo assays.

Fused bicycles as arylketone bioisosteres leading to potent, orally active thiadiazole H3 antagonists.

A structure-activity relationship study was undertaken to address the lack of oral exposure of the H3 antagonist 1, which incorporated an arylketone. Among a number of sub-series, the 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one analog 21 showed an improved PK profile in rat and mouse and was active in an obesity model. The pyrimidin-4-one proved to be a novel and useful ketone bioisostere.

Discovery of a series of potent arylthiadiazole H(3) antagonists.

A series of 2-piperidinopiperidine-5-arylthiadiazoles was synthesized and subjected to a structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation. The potency of this series was improved to the single digit nanomolar range. The key analogs were shown to be free of P450 issues, and they also maintained good ex vivo activity and brain penetration.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2-(1,4'-bipiperidin-1'-yl)thiazolopyridine as H3 receptor antagonists.

A series of 2-(1,4'-bipiperidine-1'-yl)thiazolopyridines was synthesized and evaluated as a new lead of non-imidazole histamine H(3) receptor antagonists. Introduction of diversity at the 6-position of the pyridine ring was designed to enhance in vitro potency and decrease hERG activity. The structure-activity relationships for these new thiazolopyridine antagonists are discussed.

Discovery of a potent thiadiazole class of histamine h3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of diabetes.

A series of novel 2-piperidinopiperidine thiadiazoles were synthesized and evaluated as new leads of histamine H3 receptor antagonists. The 4-(5-([1,4'-bipiperidin]-1'-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)morpholine (5u) displayed excellent potency and ex vivo receptor occupancy. Compound 5u was also evaluated in vivo for antidiabetic efficacy in STZ diet-induced obesity type 2 diabetic mice for 2 or 12 days. Non-fasting glucose levels were significantly reduced as compared with vehicle-treated mice. In addition, 5u dose dependently blocked the increase of HbA1c after 12 days of treatment.

Novel histamine H3 receptor antagonists based on the 4-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]piperidine scaffold.

We report the discovery of novel histamine H(3) receptor antagonists based on 4-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]piperidine. The most potent compounds in the series (e.g., 7) result from the attachment of a substituted aniline amide to the main pharmacophore piperidine via a two-methylene linker.

Reduction of CYP450 inhibition in the 4-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]piperidine series of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.

A novel series of histamine H3 receptor antagonists based on the 4-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]piperidine template displaying low CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitory profiles has been identified. Structural features responsible for the reduction of P450 activity, a typical liability of 4-substituted imidazoles, have been established.

Desloratadine inhibits constitutive and histamine-stimulated nuclear factor-kappaB activity consistent with inverse agonism at the histamine H1 Receptor.

BACKGROUND: The human histamine H1 receptor is constitutively active and exhibits basal activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), an important modulator of allergic inflammation. Certain H1 antihistamines have recently been shown to inhibit basal NF-kappaB activity by stabilizing the H1 receptor in an inactive state, a phenomenon called 'inverse agonism'. METHODS: We evaluated the effect of the new H1 antihistamine, desloratadine, on basal and histamine-stimulated NF-kappaB activity and compared it with the activities of other H1 antihistamines. RESULTS: Transiently transfected COS-7 cells co-expressing NF-kappaB-luciferase and the H1 receptor exhibited constitutive NF-kappaB activity. H1 antihistamines reduced basal NF-kappaB activity (rank order of potency: desloratadine > pyrilamine > cetirizine > loratadine > fexofenadine). Histamine stimulated basal NF-kappaB activity 8-fold, which was blocked by H1 antihistamines (rank order of potency: desloratadine > cetirizine > pyrilamine > loratadine > fexofenadine). Neither histamine nor antihistamines had any effect on NF-kappaB activity in the absence of the H1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Desloratadine, acting through the histamine H1 receptor, inhibited basal NF-kappaB activity and can thus be classified as an inverse agonist. Inhibition of basal and histamine-stimulated NF-kappaB activity may help to explain previously reported inhibitory effects of desloratadine on allergic inflammatory mediators.

Identification of a dual histamine H1/H3 receptor ligand based on the H1 antagonist chlorpheniramine.

Combining the first generation H(1) antihistamine chlorpheniramine (1) with H(3) ligands of the alkylamine type has led to the identification of compound 9d, a dual ligand of both the H(1) and H(3) receptors.