The first imported case of monkeypox in Taiwan.

he first imported case of monkeypox in Taiwan was diagnosed in an Asian man with HIV-1 infection and asymptomatic COVID-19, returning from Germany. Atypical presentations included asynchronous skin lesions, anogenital lesions and prominent inguinal lymphadenopathy. Whole genomic sequence alignment indicate that the Taiwan strain clustered together with human monkeypox virus West African clade B.1, currently circulating in Europe. Prompt diagnosis and infection control measures are crucial to mitigate the spread of monkeypox.

Treatment Outcomes of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Taiwan: Tackling Loss to Follow-up.

Background: The proportion of treatment success among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) enrolled between 1992 and 1996 was 51.2%, and that among patients enrolled between 2000 and April 2007 was 61%. To address the challenge of MDR-TB, the Taiwan MDR-TB Consortium (TMTC) was established in May 2007. To assess the performance of the TMTC, we analyzed the data of patients enrolled in its first 5 years. Methods: Comprehensive care was provided at no cost to patients, who were usually hospitalized for 1 month initially. Treatment regimens consisted of 4-5 drugs and the duration of treatment was 18-24 months. A case manager and a directly observed therapy provider were assigned to each patient. Psychosocial support was provided to address emotional stress and stigma. Financial support was offered to avoid the financial hardship faced by patients and their families. We assessed treatment outcomes at 30 months using internationally recommended outcome definitions. Results: Of the 692 MDR-TB patients, 570 (82.4%) were successfully treated, 84 (12.1%) died, 18 (2.6%) had treatment failure, and 20 (2.9%) were lost to follow-up. Age ≥65 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.78 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.14-14.63]), cancer (aOR, 11.82 [95% CI, 5.55-25.18]), and chronic kidney disease (aOR, 3.62 [95% CI, 1.70-7.71]) were significantly associated with death. Resistance to fluoroquinolone (aOR, 10.89 [95% CI, 3.97-29.88]) was significantly associated with treatment failure. Conclusions: The TMTC, which operates under a strong collaboration between the public health authority and clinical teams, has been a highly effective model of care in the management of MDR-TB.

Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the clinical severity and treatment outcome in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a potential role in the emergence of multidrug-resistance.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: A globally increasing trend of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), the rising prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in many countries, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in recent years pose a serious challenge for TB control. METHODS: We investigated pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without type 2 DM (DMTB and TB, respectively) treated at the Chest Hospital, Taiwan, between November 2004 and October 2005. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-two new patients (60 DMTB, 132 TB) were regularly treated for a full course (≥ 6 months) and prospectively followed for more than 1 year. The DMTB patients had more severe infections (far-advanced: 45.0%vs. 22.7%, p < 0.01), higher mycobacterial loads (sputum smear: 2.9 ± 1.3(+)vs. 1.9 ± 1.7(+), p < 0.01), higher treatment failure rates (17%vs. 2%, p < 0.01), and longer delayed clearance of mycobacteria than did the TB patients (2.5 ± 3.0 months vs. 1.6 ± 1.4 months, p < 0.01). After one year, three DMTB patients and one TB patient had MDR-TB (5.0%vs. 0.8%, p = 0.056). Bacterial genotyping revealed that the proportion of mycobacterial strains was not significantly different in DMTB and TB patients (Beijing strain: 46.7%vs. 40.6%, Non-Beijing strain: 53.3%vs. 59.4%, p = 0.632). CONCLUSION: DMTB patients have more severe TB infections, which require longer treatment and are more likely to develop MDR-TB than are patients with TB alone.

Factors Affecting Patients' Acceptance of and Satisfaction with Cloud-Based Telehealth for Chronic Disease Management: A Case Study in the Workplace.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding patients' acceptance of and satisfaction with telehealth use is important for workplace health promotion. In this study, we used a questionnaire to measure patients' usage behavior and satisfaction with cloud-based telehealth services in the workplace. We empirically investigated the factors that influence patients' usage and satisfaction based on data collected from 101 participants. METHODS: As its main research framework, this study utilized a revised version of the technology acceptance model 2 that was based on the telehealth services provided for chronic disease management. Through integrating a cross-sectional research design with an author-developed structured questionnaire that was assessed using reliability and validity tests, an anonymous survey was conducted on selected participants. The proposed research model and hypotheses were validated through path analysis using SPSS. RESULTS: We found that users believe telehealth services can promote their workplace health management; that job relevance, result demonstrability, and perceived ease of use (PEOU) positively affect the perceived usefulness (PU), which implies that cognitive instrumental processes have the most significant impact on the PU of cloud-based telehealth; and that both PEOU and PU positively affect the intention to use (IU), but PU has a bigger influence than PEOU on users' intentions to continue using telehealth. In particular, the IU and actual usage behavior were critical to the patients' satisfaction with telehealth services. CONCLUSION: This research contributes to the rapid developing field of technology acceptance research by examining workplace telemedicine engagement. Our results will provide researchers with useful advice and a user-centered strategy for promoting workplace health management, which benefits both health care providers and corporate managers.

Increased resistin may suppress reactive oxygen species production and inflammasome activation in type 2 diabetic patients with pulmonary tuberculosis infection.

Although it has been known for decades that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are more susceptible to severe tuberculosis (TB) infection, the underlying immunological mechanisms remain unclear. Resistin, a protein produced by immune cells in humans, causes insulin resistance and has been implicated in inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in leukocytes. Recent studies suggested that IL-1ß production in patients with Mycobacteria tuberculosis infection correlates with inflammasome activation which may be regulated by ROS production in the immune cells. By investigating the level of resistin in different patient groups, we found that serum resistin levels were significantly higher in severe TB and DM-only groups when compared with mild TB cases and healthy controls. Moreover, elevation of serum resistin correlated with impairment of ROS production of neutrophils in patients with both DM and TB. In human macrophages, exogenous resistin inhibits the production of ROS which are important in the mycobacterium-induced inflammasome activation. Moreover, macrophages with defective ROS production had poor IL-1ß production and ineffective control of mycobacteria growth. Our results suggest that increased resistin in severe TB and DM patients may suppress the mycobacterium-induced inflammasome activation through inhibiting ROS production by leukocytes.

Higher plasma homocysteine is associated with lower vitamin B6 status in critically ill surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia might be at least partially due to compromised B vitamin status in critically ill patients and has been linked with critical illness. This study was conducted to examine the association between plasma homocysteine with B vitamins and clinical outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. METHODS: Thirty-two patients in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) were enrolled. Disease severity (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score), hematological values, serum and erythrocyte folate, serum vitamin B12, plasma, and erythrocyte pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) were determined within 24 hours of admission and again after 7 days. RESULTS: The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in the patients was either 46.9% (plasma homocysteine ≥12 µmol/L) or 31.3% (plasma homocysteine ≥15 µmol/L) on day 1 in the SICU and increased to 62.5% (plasma homocysteine ≥12 µmol/L) and 37.5% (plasma homocysteine ≥15 µmol/L) on day 7 after admission to the SICU. Plasma homocysteine, serum folate, and vitamin B12 significantly increased by day 7, whereas plasma and erythrocyte PLP remained constant throughout the study. Plasma homocysteine was not correlated with serum folate and vitamin B12. However, plasma and erythrocyte PLP on day 1 were adversely associated with day 1 levels of plasma homocysteine after adjusting for potential confounders. Plasma homocysteine on day 1 or changes (Δ day 7-day 1) did not show any association with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Lower plasma PLP might be a significant factor for increased plasma homocysteine in critically ill surgical patients. The association between plasma homocysteine and clinical outcomes was not found.

Higher plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is associated with better blood glucose responses in critically ill surgical patients with inadequate vitamin B-6 status.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Stress, inflammation, and clinical conditions may increase the utilization and metabolic turnover of vitamin B-6 and lower the body pool of vitamin B-6. There is the possibility that hyperglycemia in critically ill patients might be at least partially due to compromised vitamin B-6 status. The purpose of this study was to compare blood glucose responses between critically ill surgical patients with adequate and deficient vitamin B-6 status. METHODS: The study was designed as a cross-sectional observational study. Thirty-four patients in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) were enrolled. The severity of illness (APACHE II score), the length of ventilation dependency, and the lengths of SICU and hospital stay were recorded. The levels of serum hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, prealbumin, C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, C-peptide and creatinine were determined. Vitamin B-6 intake was recorded for 7 days. Vitamin B-6 status was assessed by direct measures [plasma and erythrocyte pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxal (PL) and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA), and urinary 4-PA] and indirect measures [erythrocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransaminase activity coefficient]. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were classified into the deficient vitamin B-6 group (plasma PLP < 20 nmol/L), while there were 20 patients in the adequate vitamin B-6 group. The mean serum glucose concentration of both groups indicated patients was in the hyperglycemic state (serum glucose > 126 mg/dL). However, mean serum glucose concentration significantly decreased by day 7 in the adequate vitamin B-6 group, whereas patients still remained in the hyperglycemic state (serum glucose > 126 mg/dL) in the deficient vitamin B-6 group. There were significantly correlations of relatively higher plasma PLP at admission (day 1) with the reduction of blood glucose concentration (r(s) = 0.72, p = 0.029) on day 7 in the deficient vitamin B-6 group. However, erythrocyte PLP concentration was positively associated with blood glucose level (r(s) = 0.88, p = 0.002) at admission in the deficient vitamin B-6 group after adjusting for age, gender, APACHE II score, diabetic history and insulin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Surgically ill patients with adequate plasma PLP concentration at admission showed improved blood glucose response at day 7. Higher plasma PLP at admission was a major contributing factor in the reduction of glucose concentration in critically ill surgical patients with deficient vitamin B-6 status.