[Application of near infrared spectroscopy to predict contents of various lactones in chromatographic process of Ginkgo Folium].

This study established a method for rapid quantification of terpene lactone, bilobalide, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B in the chromatographic process of Ginkgo Folium based on near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS). The effects of competitive adaptive reweighting sampling(CARS), random frog(RF), and synergy interval partial least squares(siPLS) on the performance of partial least squares regression(PLSR) model were compared to the reference values measured by HPLC. Among them, the correlation coefficients of prediction(Rp) of validation sets of terpene lactone, bilobalide, and ginkgolide C were all higher than 0.98, and the relative standard errors of prediction(RSEPs) were 5.87%, 6.90% and 6.63%, respectively. Aiming at ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B with relatively low content, the genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine(GA-ELM) was used to establish the optimized quantitative analysis model. Compared with CARS-PLSR model, the CARS-GA-ELM models of ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B exhibited a reduction in RSEP from 15.65% to 8.52% and from 21.28% to 10.84%, respectively, which met the needs of quantitative ana-lysis. It has been proved that NIRS can be used for the rapid detection of various lactone components in the chromatographic process of Ginkgo Folium.

Algae-Derived Anti-Inflammatory Compounds against Particulate Matters-Induced Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review.

Air pollution has recently become a subject of increasing concern in many parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that nearly 4.2 million early deaths are due to exposure to fine particles in polluted air, which causes multiple respiratory diseases. Algae, as a natural product, can be an alternative treatment due to potential biofunctional properties and advantages. This systematic review aims to summarize and evaluate the evidence of metabolites derived from algae as potential anti-inflammatory agents against respiratory disorders induced by atmospheric particulate matter (PM). Databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were systematically searched for relevant published full articles from 2016 to 2020. The main key search terms were limited to "algae", "anti-inflammation", and "air pollutant". The search activity resulted in the retrieval of a total of 36 publications. Nine publications are eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. A total of four brown algae (Ecklonia cava, Ishige okamurae, Sargassum binderi and Sargassum horneri) with phytosterol, polysaccharides and polyphenols were reported in the nine studies. The review sheds light on the pathways of particulate matter travelling into respiratory systems and causing inflammation, and on the mechanisms of actions of algae in inhibiting inflammation. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. More research is needed to investigate the potential of algae as anti-inflammatory agents against PM in in vivo and in vitro experimental models, as well as clinically.

[Rapid determination of active components in Ginkgo biloba leaves by near infrared spectroscopy combined with genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine].

Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) combined with band screening method and modeling algorithm can be used to achieve the rapid and non-destructive detection of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) production process. This paper focused on the ginkgo leaf macroporous resin purification process, which is the key technology of Yinshen Tongluo Capsules, in order to achieve the rapid determination of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in effluent. The abnormal spectrum was eliminated by Mahalanobis distance algorithm, and the data set was divided by the sample set partitioning method based on joint X-Y distances(SPXY). The key information bands were selected by synergy interval partial least squares(siPLS); based on that, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS), successive projections algorithm(SPA) and Monte Carlo uninformative variable(MC-UVE) were used to select wavelengths to obtain less but more critical variable data. With selected key variables as input, the quantitative analysis model was established by genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine(GA-ELM) algorithm. The performance of the model was compared with that of partial least squares regression(PLSR). The results showed that the combination with siPLS-CARS-GA-ELM could achieve the optimal model performance with the minimum number of variables. The calibration set correlation coefficient R_c and the validation set correlation coefficient R_p of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were all above 0.98. The root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC), the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) and the relative standard errors of prediction(RSEP) were 0.030 0, 0.029 2 and 8.88%, 0.041 4, 0.034 8 and 8.46%, 0.029 3, 0.027 1 and 10.10%, respectively. Compared with the PLSR me-thod, the performance of the GA-ELM model was greatly improved, which proved that NIRS combined with GA-ELM method has a great potential for rapid determination of effective components of TCM.

Triterpenoids from Cyclocarya paliurus that Enhance Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Four previously undescribed compounds, including three rarely occurring seco-dammarane triterpenoid glycosides and a pentacyclic triterpenic acid, were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Juglandaceae), along with eleven known triterpenoids. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR and HRESIMS, as well as chemical methods. Among them, several triterpenoids enhanced insulin stimulated glucose uptake in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, compound 1 dose-dependently increased glucose uptake through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p38 pathway. Collectively, triterpenoids from C. paliurus could be developed as insulin sensitizers, which might have therapeutic potential for insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.

[On-line detection of concentration process of Ganmaoling granules by near infrared spectroscopy combined with automatic control system].

Our research was designed for on-line detection of multi-index in the concentration process of Ganmaoling granules by integration of near infrared spectroscopy and automatic control system. First, on-line detection system was set up in the concentration tank for Ganmaoling granules production. Spectra were scanned and values of chlorogenic acid, linarin, solid content and relative density were measured. Models of partial least squares regression were built and imported into near infrared workstation. By connecting the control system, real-time multi-index values were determined automatically in the concentration process. Results showed that correlation coefficients of chlorogenic acid, linarin, solid content and relative density models were 0.963, 0.989, 0.993 and 0.918, respectively. Relative standard errors of prediction were 3.71%, 4.28%, 4.17% and 0.24%, respectively, indicating a good performance and high accuracy of the models. Real-time data collection during the whole process was measured by the near infrared detecting system in the control system. In conclusion, the near infrared detection system is able to perform real-time automatic determination of multiindex in the concentration process of Ganmaoling granules with significant advantages.

[Determination of 10 mycotoxin contaminants in Panax notoginseng by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

To ensure the quality and safety of Panax notoginseng, a method for the simultaneous determination of 10 mycotoxins in Panax notoginseng was developed using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified by HLB multifunction cleanup column. The separation was performed on a Phenomenex Kinetex XB-C18 column by gradient elution using methanol and 5 mmol·L(-1) ammonium acetate as mobile phase. The targeted compounds were detected in MRM mode by mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI) source operated in both positive and negative ionization modes. The linear relationships of the 10 mycotoxins were good in their respective linear ranges. The correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.9981 to 1.0000. The LOQs of the 10 mycotoxins were between 0.15 and 8.6 µg·kg(-1). The average recoveries ranged from 73.8% to 107.0% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.10%-10.9%. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was sensitive and accurate, and suitable for the mycotoxins quantification in Panax notoginseng.

[Application of near infrared spectroscopy combined with particle swarm optimization based least square support vactor machine to rapid quantitative analysis of Corni Fructus].

A novel method was developed for the rapid determination of multi-indicators in corni fructus by means of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) based least squares support vector machine was investigated to increase the levels of quality control. The calibration models of moisture, extractum, morroniside and loganin were established using the PSO-LS-SVM algorithm. The performance of PSO-LS-SVM models was compared with partial least squares regression (PLSR) and back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN). The calibration and validation results of PSO-LS-SVM were superior to both PLS and BP-ANN. For PSO-LS-SVM models, the correlation coefficients (r) of calibrations were all above 0.942. The optimal prediction results were also achieved by PSO-LS-SVM models with the RMSEP (root mean square error of prediction) and RSEP (relative standard errors of prediction) less than 1.176 and 15.5% respectively. The results suggest that PSO-LS-SVM algorithm has a good model performance and high prediction accuracy. NIR has a potential value for rapid determination of multi-indicators in Corni Fructus.

[Determination of four effective components from total flavonoids of Scutellaria barbata by high performance liquid chromatography].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a HPLC method for simultaneous determination of 4 effective components from total flavonoids of Scutellaria barbata (FSB). METHODS: The HPLC method was developed on an Agilent Zorbax C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase was composed of 1% HAc and CH3OH:CH3CN (80:20) with a linear gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and UV detection wave length was set at 280 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 30°C. RESULT: The linear range of 4 effective components (scutellarin, isoscutellarein-8-O-glucuronide, isoscutellarein and luteolin) was 0.14-11.20 µg, 0.03-2.40 µg, 0.007-0.560 µg and 0.027-2.160 µg, respectively. The average recovery for 4 effective components was (101.9 ± 1.4)%, (103.5 ± 0.6)%, (98.1 ± 2.9)% and (100.5 ± 2.3)%, respectively. The contents of 4 flavonoids were determined, with scutellarin 7.3%-14.3%, isoscutellarein-8-O-glucuronide 2.4%-9.3%, isoscutellarein 0.3%-0.5%, and luteolin 0.2%-0.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The method can be used effectively to evaluate the quality of FSB.

[Comprehensive quality control method for total flavonoid of Fructus Aurantii].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a comprehensive quality control method for total flavonoid of Fructus Aurantii. METHODS: RP-HPLC and spectrophotometry were applied for the quantitative and fingerprint analysis of total flavonoid of Fructus Aurantii. The contents of naringin and neohesperidin were determined on an Agilent SB-C18column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase was composed of 0.02 % H3PO4 and CH3CN (80:20). The flow rate was 1 ml/min with DAD detected at 280 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 35°C. The fingerprints were developed on an Agilent SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase was composed of 0.5 % HAc and CH3OH with a linear gradient elution. The ratio of 0.5 % HAc and CH3OH was: 0 min, 80:20; 10 min, 60:40; 35 min, 30:70; 50 min, 0:100. The flow rate was 1 ml/min with DAD detected at 320 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 30 degree. Meanwhile, the contents of total flavonoid were determined at 283 nm. RESULT: The contents range of naringin, neohesperidin and total flavonoid were 38.3 %- 47.2%, 21.0 %- 28.5% and 79.9%-88.6 %, respectively. The fingerprints of the effective fractions showed 12 common peaks and the fingerprint similarity was all above 98.0 % compared with the standard chromatogram. CONCLUSION: The method reported in this paper can be used effectively for the quality control of total flavonoid of Fructus Aurantii.

Development of the fingerprint for the quality of Radix Linderae through ultra-pressure liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

An ultra-pressure LC (UPLC) method has been developed and validated for the quality evaluation of a traditional Chinese medicine (Radix Linderae) by chemical fingerprint analysis with chromatograms collected at two wavelengths (260 and 320 nm). Eleven characteristic peaks in the fingerprints were identified by comparing their retention times, UV spectra and ESI-MS/MS data with those of the reference substances or the data in the literatures. Both correlation coefficient of similarities in chromatograms and relative peak areas of common peaks were calculated for quality expression of the Radix Linderae samples collected from different areas in China. The results showed high variation of relative peak area and correlation coefficients among the samples collected from various habitats, which indicated that the quality consistency of Radix Linderae is still a problem worthy of serious concern.

Cycloartane triterpenoids from Actaea vaginata with anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.

Five undescribed cycloartane triterpenoids, including two cycloartane trinor-triterpenoids, were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of the whole plant of Actaea vaginata (Ranunculaceae), together with thirteen known cycloartane triterpenoids. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques and quantum chemical calculations for intramolecular noncovalent interactions with reduced density gradient method. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production model in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, and some showed potent inhibitory effects with IC50 values ranging from 5.0 to 24.4 µM. Further mechanism studies showed that one compound dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, and decreased the expression of iNOS, through inhibiting NF-κB activation.

[Effect of griffithin on anticancer activity and apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro].

To study the anticancer activity of griffithin from Streptocaulon griffithii Hook. f. and its effect on apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro, the inhibitory effect of griffithin on cell proliferation was studied by MTT assay, the cell apoptosis was observed by AO/EB double decoration assay and flow cytometry. Griffithin exhibited high anticancer activity on four human cancer cell lines, with IC50 ranged from 0.17 - 0.43 microg x mL(-1). Griffithin also induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells. Griffithin had anticancer activity and induced apoptosis of cancer cells.

[Influence of H2O2 on degradation of residual pesticides and constituents in Radix Sophorae Flavescentis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristic and influential factors of the degradation of residual pesticides and alkaloids in Radix Sophorae Flavescentis by H2O2. METHOD: The spiked samples were treated in H2O2 in different reaction time, concentration and pH value. The pesticide residuals were determined by GC-MS, and the contents of alkaloids were determined by HPLC. RESULT: H2O2 had highly activity in degrading organophosphorus and pyrethroid, but had less activity to organochlorines. The degradation processes of organophosphorus and pyrethroid followed first-order kinetics equations, and were influenced by the pH value, the concentration of H2O2 and reaction time. The contents of alkaloids in Radix Sophorae Flavescentis changed not obviously after treatment with 3 mL x L(-1) H2O2 less than 6 hours under neutral condition. CONCLUSION: H2O2 is a useful reagent for the degradation of organophosphorus and pyrethroid in crude drug.

[The effect of preparation method on the quality of shen-mai injection].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different preparation method on the quality of Shen-mai injection. METHOD: The Shen-mai injection samples were prepared using three different methods. Fingerprints of Shen-mai extracts red ginseng, and its intermediates were obtained using an HPLC analytical procedure. The contents of ginsenoside Rg1, Rc and Rb1, and the gross saponins of Shen-mai extract were quantitatively mensured with HPLC procedures. RESULT: There was significant difference in fingerprints and chemical contents of the injections prepared by the three different methods. CONCLUSION: The quality of Shen-mai injection was greatly influenced by the preparation method. HPLC fingerprinting method can be applied for the determination of the Shen-mai preparations.

Enantioselective assay of S+ - and R- -propafenone in human urine by using RP-HPLC with pre-column chiral derivatization.

The enantioselective assay for S(+)- and R(-)-propafenone (PPF) in human urine that developed in this work involves extraction of propafenone from human urine and using S(+)-propafenone as internal standard, chiral derivatization with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-beta-D-glucopranosyl isothiocyanate, and quantitation by an RP-HPLC system with UV detection (lambda=220 nm). A baseline separation of propafenone enantiomers was achieved on a 5-microm reverse phase ODS column, with a mixture of acetic acid (25:12:0.02,v/v) as mobile phase. There was good linear relationship from 24.9 ng/ml to 1875.0 ng/ml for both of enantiomers. The regression equations of the standard curves based on C(S-PPF) (or C(R-PPF)) versus ratio of A(S-PPF)/A(S) (or A(R-PPF)/A(S)) were y=0.0032x-0.081, (r=0.999) for S-PPF and y=0.0033x+0.0039, (r=0.998) for R-PPF, respectively. The method's limit of detection was 12.5 ng/ml for both enantiomers, and the method's limit of quantitation was 28.2+/-0.52 ng/ml for S-PPF, 30.4+/-methanol:water:glacial 0.53 ng/ml for R-PPF (RSD<8%, n=5). The analytical method yielded average recovery of 98.9% and 100.4% for S-PPF and R-PPF, respectively. The relative standard deviation was no more than 6.11% and 6.22% for S-PPF and R-PPF, respectively. The method enabled study of metabolism of S(+)- and R(-)-propafenone in human urine. The results from 7 volunteers administered 150 mg racemic propafenone indicated that propafenone enantiomers undergo stereoselective metabolism and that in the human body, S(+)-propafenone is metabolized more extensively than R(-)-propafenone.

[Determination of amlodipine in CYP3A4 cDNA-expressed cells by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a RP-HPLC method for the determination of amlodipine after metabolism by cytochrome P450 cDNA-expressed cells. METHODS: The determination was performed on a C(18) reversed phase column with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile phosphates buffer (45:55, v/v, pH 4.5) with UV detection (lambda250nm). Propranolol was used as the internal standard. RESULT: The standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.2 - 30.0 microg/ml (r=0.9993), and the limits of determination was 20 ng/ml (S/N >or=3), the limits of quantity was 0.2 microg/ml (recovery 104.0%, RSD 11.4%, n=5). The recovery for this assay was (98.2+/-2.4)%, precision for inter-assay and intra-assay was <10 % and 6 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: The HPLC method established is simple, accurate and suitable for the determination of amlodipine in cytochrome p450 cDNA-expressed cells.

[Spectral analysis of maorenshen (Actinidia valvata) and its confusable materials].

This article reports the spectral analysis of Maorenshen (Actinidia valvata) and its confusable materials Actinidia chinennsis and Actinidia polygama by fluorescence test, ultraviolet spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Strong green or blue fluorescence was observed at UV 254 nm in aqueous solutions of Actinidia chinesis and Actinidia polygama, and was barely seen in that of Maorenshen. There were also obvious differences among the ultraviolet spectra and fluorescence spectra of the extracted solutions of the three materials. No obvious absorption band was observed in the UV spectra of ethanol-extracted solution of Maorenshen, an absorption band at 280 nm was observed in the UV spectra of Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia polygama in ethanol extract-solutions. There were also different wavelength and strength in fluorescence spectra among extracted solutions of Maorenshen, Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia polygama. Therefore, it is feasible to identify Maorenshen (Actinidia valvata) and its confusable materials by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry.

[A novel fingerprint method for quality evaluation of Chinese medicinal plants based on analytical data visualization].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate new method for evaluating the quality of Chinese Medicinal Plants (CMP). METHOD: A visualization technique for representing instrumental analytical data was developed by applying the fundamental of Data Visualization, with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and spatial projection transformation, original IR spectral data were projected into a low-dimensional subspace so that the dimensionality of original data space was decreased and tiny fingerprint features were extracted. The data set in the subspace was visualized by means of two-dimensional grayscale images. Consequently, the characteristic fingerprint for appraising the quality of CMP was obtained. RESULT: 42 mulberry root-bark samples from three different quality classes were identified with the proposed method, which showed that the fingerprint images had satisfactory resolution and classification accuracy as high as 90.5%. CONCLUSION: The proposed method is a useful technique for appraising the quality of CMP.

[Simultaneous determination of 4 anthraquinones in Kuhuang injection by RP-HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantitative determination of 4 anthraquinones in Kuhuang injection. METHOD: The chromatographic separation was performed on a Lichrospher C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm,), A linear gradient elution of A (CH3COOH: H2O = 1:100) and B (CH3COOH: H2O: CH3CN = 1:20:80) was used. The flow rate was 0.8 mL x min(-1) and column temperature was set at 35 degrees C. The UV detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. RESULT: The recoveries of rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were 98.9%, 100.5%, 102.5% and 99.0%, respectively. Their linear ranges were 0.0875-1.75 microg for rhein, 0.0825-1.65 microg for emodin, 0.159-3.17 microg for chrysophanol and 0.0525-1.05 microg for physcion, respectively. CONCLUSION: The method was accurate, repeatable and suitable to determine the contents of 4 anthraquinones in Kuhuang injection.

[Study on the solubility changes of Rhizoma Coptidis' main chemical constituents influenced by the proportion of Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the solubility of Rhizoma Coptidis' main chemical constituents and the proportion of Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae. METHOD: 9 samples were selected in which the proportion of Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae were 1:0, 6:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:6 and 0:1, respectively. The samples' water-extracts were analyzed by RP-HPLC. Then solubility changes of eight chemical constituents were calculated, and the regression equations were established. RESULT: Among the eight chemical constituents, one was independent on the change of proportion of Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae, six having linear relationship. A new constituent was detected, and there was nonlinear relationship between its quantity and the proportion of the couple. CONCLUSION: The solubility of Rhizoma Coptidis' main chemical constituents declines almost in the same scale when Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae are used as a couple, and a new constituent has been detected which can't be found in the mono-extraction.