Airway epithelial ITGB4 deficiency induces airway remodeling in a mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Airway epithelial cells (AECs) with impaired barrier function contribute to airway remodeling through the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal trophic units (EMTUs). Although the decreased expression of ITGB4 in AECs is implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, how ITGB4 deficiency impacts airway remodeling remains obscure. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the effect of epithelial ITGB4 deficiency on the barrier function of AECs, asthma susceptibility, airway remodeling, and EMTU activation. METHODS: AEC-specific ITGB4 conditional knockout mice (ITGB4-/-) were generated and an asthma model was employed by the sensitization and challenge of house dust mite (HDM). EMTU activation-related growth factors were examined in ITGB4-silenced primary human bronchial epithelial cells of healthy subjects after HDM stimulation. Dexamethasone, the inhibitors of JNK phosphorylation or FGF2 were administered for the identification of the molecular mechanisms of airway remodeling in HDM-exposed ITGB4-/- mice. RESULTS: ITGB4 deficiency in AECs enhanced asthma susceptibility and airway remodeling by disrupting airway epithelial barrier function. Aggravated airway remodeling in HDM-exposed ITGB4-/- mice was induced through the enhanced activation of EMTU mediated by Src homology domain 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2/c-Jun N-terminal kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent transcription factor/FGF2 (SHP2/JNK/c-Jun/FGF2) signaling pathway, which was partially independent of airway inflammation. Both JNK and FGF2 inhibitors significantly inhibited the aggravated airway remodeling and EMTU activation in HDM-exposed ITGB4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS: Airway epithelial ITGB4 deficiency induces airway remodeling in a mouse model of asthma through enhanced EMTU activation that is regulated by the SHP2/JNK/c-Jun/FGF2 pathway.

circ_rac GTPase-Activating Protein 1 Facilitates Stemness and Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein 1 Recruitment to Promote Sirtuin-3-Mediated Replication Timing Regulatory Factor 1 Deacetylation.

Circular RNAs have been identified as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for various tumors. The expression of circ_rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (circRACGAP1) is reported to drive the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study further explored the potential mechanism of circRACGAP1-mediated development of NSCLC. The circRACGAP1 level was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Sphere formation, CD133-positive cell percentage, and expression of octamer-binding transcription factor 4, Sox2, Nanog, and CD133 were detected to evaluate stemness of NSCLC. Migration and invasion were determined using wound healing and transwell assays. Protein expression was measured using Western blotting. The molecular mechanism was evaluated using RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, and coimmunoprecipitation assays. In vivo tumor growth and metastasis were determined in nude mice. circRACGAP1 was highly expressed in NSCLC and was associated with stemness marker Sox2 expression. The stemness, metastasis, and epithelial mesenchymal transformation were repressed in circRACGAP1-depleted NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, circRACGAP1 recruited RNA-binding protein polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 to enhance the stability and expression of sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), which subsequently led to replication timing regulatory factor 1 (RIF1) deacetylation and activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. circRACGAP1 overexpression counteracted SIRT3 or RIF1 knockdown-mediated inhibition in stemness and metastasis of NSCLC cells. The in vivo tumor growth and metastasis were repressed by circRACGAP1 depletion. Patients with NSCLC with a higher serum exosomal circRACGAP1 level had a lower overall survival rate. In conclusion, circRACGAP1 facilitated stemness and metastasis of NSCLC cells through the recruitment of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 to promote SIRT3-mediated RIF1 deacetylation. Our results uncover a novel regulatory mechanism of circRACGAP1 in NSCLC and identify circRACGAP1 as a promising therapeutic target.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles carrying miR-655-3p inhibit the development of esophageal cancer by regulating the expression of HIF-1α via a LMO4/HDAC2-dependent mechanism.

OBJECTIVE: This study clarified the function of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC)-derived extracellular vesicle (EV)-enclosed miR-655-3p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: A Chi-square test and the Kaplan-Meier estimator were used to analyze the prognosis of ESCC in relation to the expression of miR-655-3p. ESCC cells were incubated with PBS or hUCMSC-derived EVs (hUCMSC-EVs) in the conditions of gene modification, after which the malignant behaviors of ESCC cells were assessed and the molecular interactions were determined. The effect of hUCMSC-derived EV-miR-655-3p was also investigated in a nude mouse model of ESCC. RESULTS: Low expression of miR-655-3p indicated poor prognosis of ESCC. hUCMSC-EVs suppressed the malignant behaviors of ESCC cells and the growth and liver metastasis of transplanted tumors. Inhibition of miR-655-3p in hUCMSCs impaired the therapeutic effect of hUCMSC-EVs. LMO4, targeted by miR-655-3p, activated the transcription of HIF-1α by sequestering HDAC2 from HIF-1α promoter. Knockdown of LMO4 suppressed ESCC cell activities, while overexpression of HIF-1α counteracted the tumor suppressive effect of LMO4 knockdown. CONCLUSION: miR-655-3p enclosed in hUCMSC-derived EVs inhibits ESCC progression partially by inactivating HIF-1α via the LMO4/HDAC2 axis.

Early stage of antibody-mediated rejection after lung transplantation： A case report and literature review. / 肺移植术后早期抗体介导排斥反应1ä¾‹åŠæ–‡çŒ®å¤ä¹ .

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a rare and serious complication after lung transplantation, with no characteristic of pathological manifestation, no systematic standard treatment, and the poor efficacy and prognosis. We reported a case of early AMR after lung transplantation and the relevant literature has been reviewed. A male patient presented with symptoms of cold 99 days after transplantation and resolved after symptomatic treatment. He admitted to the hospital 14 days later because of a sudden dyspnea and fever. Anti-bacteria, anti-fungi, anti-virus, and anti-pneumocystis carinii treatment were ineffective, and a dose of 1 000 mg methylprednisolone did not work too. The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly and tracheal intubation was done to maintain breathing. Serum panel reactive antibody and donor specific antibody showed postive in humen leukocyte antigen (HLA) II antibody. Pathological examination after transbronchial transplantation lung biopsy showed acute rejection. Clinical AMR was diagnosed combined the donor-specific antibody with the pathological result. The patient was functionally recovered after combined treatment with thymoglobuline, rituximab, plasmapheresis, and immunoglobulin. No chronic lung allograft dysfunction was found after 3 years follow up. We should alert the occurrence of AMR in lung transplantation recipient who admitted to hospital with a sudden dyspnea and fever while showed no effect after common anti-infection and anti-rejection treatment. Transbronchial transplantation lung biopsy and the presence of serum donor-specific antibody are helpful to the diagnosis. The treatment should be preemptive and a comprehensive approach should be adopted.

[Tumor infiltrating T lymphocyte components in malignant pleural effusion of lung adenocarcinoma and their killing activities to autologous tumor cells].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the components of tumor infiltrating T lymphocyte (TIL) cells in malignant pleural effusion of lung adenocarcinoma, and evaluate their killing activities to autologous tumor cells. 
 Methods: Malignant pleural effusions were collected from 17 patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and flow cytometer was used to analyze TIL cell components. TIL and tumor cells were separated through adherent culture. The tumor cells were identified via intramuscular injection of adherent cells into nude mice and the killing effect of cultured lymphocytes on autologous tumor cells was studied.
 Results: Of the TIL in malignant pleural effusions, T cells accounted for 60.6%-79.3%, while T helper cells were significantly higher than T killer cells (36.63%±1.90% vs 24.64%±2.32%, P<0.001). There were also natural killer (NK) cells and NK T cells in the effusions. Tumor cells were successfully isolated and cultured. The killing activity of cultured TIL to autologous tumor cells was 39.14%±12.04%, and the killing activity of TIL with high proliferation rate to autologous tumor cells was higher than that of low proliferation group (50.51%±3.80% vs 29.04%±5.77%, P<0.001).
 Conclusion: T lymphocytes are the major components of TIL in malignant pleural effusions derived from lung adenocarcinoma, and T helper cells are more than T killer cells. The killing activity of TIL with strong proliferation ability to autologous tumor cells is higher than that of TIL with weak proliferation ability. Therefore, cells from malignant pleural effusions could be used for cellular immunotherapy against tumor.

Repression of Noxa by Bmi1 contributes to deguelin-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Deguelin, a natural rotenoid isolated from several plants, has been reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of this regulation remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that deguelin inhibited the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells both in vitro and in vivo by downregulation of Bmi1 expression. Our data showed that Bmi1 is highly expressed in human NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of Bmi1 significantly suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and colony formation. Deguelin treatment attenuated the binding activity of Bmi1 to the Noxa promoter, thus resulting in Noxa transcription and apoptosis activation. Knockdown of Bmi1 promoted Noxa expression and enhanced deguelin-induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of Bmi1 down-regulated Noxa protein level and deguelin-induced apoptosis. Overall, our study demonstrated a novel apoptotic mechanism for deguelin to exert its anti-tumour activity in NSCLC cells.

LncRNA MALAT1 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of esophageal cancer through Ezh2-Notch1 signaling pathway.

To investigate effect of long noncoding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of esophageal cancer (EC) and role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2)-Notch1 signaling pathway in the process. The expression of MALAT1 was determined in four EC cell lines by real-time PCR. TE-1 and EC109 cells were transfected with sh-MALAT1 to inhibit expression of MALAT1 or transfected with pcDNA3.1-Ezh2 to overexpress Ezh2. Invasion and migration assays were conducted to analyze cell metastasis, and expressions of Ezh2-Notch1 signaling-related proteins as well as EMT related proteins were determined using both real-time PCR and western blot. MALAT1 was significantly up-regulated in all EC cell lines compared with the normal cells. Silencing MALAT1 using shRNA could significantly inhibit cell viability (reduced almost 30% of cell viability compared with the control), invasion (reduced almost 30% of cell migration compared with the control), and migration (reduced almost 50% of cell migration compared with the control) of both TE-1 and EC109 cells (P<0.05). Meanwhile, expression of Ezh2, Notch1, Hes1, MMP-9, and Vimentin was significantly decreased and expression of E-cadherin was significantly increased when cells were transfected with sh-MALAT1 compared with the nontransfected cells (P<0.05). However, when cells were cotransfected with both sh-MALAT1 and pcDNA3.1-Ezh2, the protein expression changes induced by sh-MALAT1 were recovered. MALAT1 could affect EMT and metastasis of EC cells through Ezh2-Notch1 signaling pathway. This study can give deeper understandings of the role of MALAT1 in EC and may provide some new directions for treatment of patients with EC.

Targeting MCL-1 sensitizes human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies in China and is an exceptionally drug-resistant tumor with a 5-year survival rate less than 15%. Cisplatin is the most commonly used conventional chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of ESCC, but some patients have a poor response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. New strategies that could enhance chemosensitivity to cisplatin are needed. METHODS: We used reverse transcription-RCR (RT-PCR), immunoblot, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, anchorage-dependent and -independent growth assays, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay, RNA interference and in vivo tumor growth assay to study the expression of MCL-1 in ESCCs and the response of ESCC cells to cisplatin. RESULTS: The present study showed that MCL-1 expression was significantly increased in ESCC tissues compared to normal adjacent tissues and was associated with depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. Knockdown of MCL-1 produced significant chemosensitization to cisplatin in association with caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage in KYSE150 and KYSE510 cells. The selective MCL-1 inhibitor UMI-77 caused dissociation of MCL-1 from the proapoptotic protein BAX and BAK, and enhanced KYSE150 and KYSE510 cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis accompanied by caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that MCL-1 contributes to the development of ESCC and is a promising therapeutic target for chemosensitization of ESCC cells to cisplatin. This might provide a scientific basis for developing effective approaches to treat the subset of ESCCs patients with MCL-1 overexpression.

Regulation of Mcl-1 by constitutive activation of NF-κB contributes to cell viability in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with a 5-year survival rate less than 15%. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ESCC becomes critical to develop more effective treatments. METHODS: Mcl-1 expression was measured by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and Western blotting. Human Mcl-1 promoter activity was evaluated by reporter gene assay. The interactions between DNA and transcription factors were confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) in vitro and by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay in cells. RESULTS: Four human ESCC cell lines, TE-1, Eca109, KYSE150 and KYSE510, are revealed increased levels of Mcl-1 mRNA and protein compare with HaCaT, an immortal non-tumorigenic cell line. Results of reporter gene assays demonstrate that human Mcl-1 promoter activity is decreased by mutation of kappaB binding site, specific NF-kappaB inhibitor Bay11-7082 or dominant inhibitory molecule DNMIkappaBalpha in TE-1 and KYSE150 cell lines. Mcl-1 protein level is also attenuated by Bay11-7082 treatment or co-transfection of DNMIkappaBalpha in TE-1 and KYSE150 cells. EMSA results indicate that NF-kappaB subunits p50 and p65 bind to human Mcl-1-kappaB probe in vitro. ChIP assay further confirm p50 and p65 directly bind to human Mcl-1 promoter in intact cells, by which regulates Mcl-1 expression and contributes to the viability of TE-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provided evidence that one of the mechanisms of Mcl-1 expression in human ESCC is regulated by the activation of NF-kappaB signaling. The newly identified mechanism might provide a scientific basis for developing effective approaches to treatment human ESCC.

Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI) is associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in population with chronic kidney disease: evidence from NHANES (2001-2018).

Objective: To examine the correlation between SIRI and the probability of cardiovascular mortality as well as all-cause mortality in individuals with chronic kidney disease. Methods: A cohort of 3,262 participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database were included in the study. We categorized participants into five groups based on the stage of chronic kidney disease. A weighted Cox regression model was applied to assess the relationship between SIRI and mortality. Subgroup analyses, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and ROC curves were conducted. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis was employed to elucidate the detailed association between SIRI and hazard ratio (HR). Results: This study included a cohort of 3,262 individuals, of whom 1,535 were male (weighted proportion: 42%), and 2,216 were aged 60 or above (weighted proportion: 59%). Following adjustments for covariates like age, sex, race, and education, elevated SIRI remained a significant independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality (HR=2.50, 95%CI: 1.62-3.84, p<0.001) and all-cause mortality (HR=3.02, 95%CI: 2.03-4.51, p<0.001) in CKD patients. The restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a nonlinear relationship between SIRI and cardiovascular mortality, with SIRI>1.2 identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients. Conclusion: Heightened SIRI independently poses a risk for both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease patients, with potentially heightened significance in the early stages (Stage I to Stage III) of chronic kidney disease.

Airway epithelial overexpressed cathepsin K induces airway remodelling through epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit activation in asthma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Airway epithelial cells (AECs) regulate the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal trophic units (EMTUs) during airway remodelling through secretion of signalling mediators. However, the major trigger and the intrinsic pathogenesis of airway remodelling is still obscure. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The differing expressed genes in airway epithelia related to airway remodelling were screened and verified by RNA-sequencing and signalling pathway analysis. Then, the effects of increased cathepsin K (CTSK) in airway epithelia on airway remodelling and EMTU activation were identified both in vitro and in vivo, and the molecular mechanism was elucidated in the EMTU model. The potential of CTSK as an an effective biomarker of airway remodelling was analysed in an asthma cohort of differing severity. Finally, an inhibitor of CTSK was administered for potential therapeutic intervention for airway remodelling in asthma. KEY RESULTS: The expression of CTSK in airway epithelia increased significantly along with the development of airway remodelling in a house dust mite (HDM)-stressed asthma model. Increased secretion of CTSK from airway epithelia induced the activation of EMTUs by activation of the PAR2-mediated pathway. Blockade of CTSK inhibited EMTU activation and alleviated airway remodelling as an effective intervention target of airway remodelling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Increased expression of CTSK in airway epithelia is involved in the development of airway remodelling in asthma through EMTU activation, mediated partly through the PAR2-mediated signalling pathway. CTSK is a potential biomarker for airway remodelling, and may also be a useful intervention target for airway remodelling in asthma patients.

Airway epithelial-derived exosomes induce acute asthma exacerbation after respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Acute asthma exacerbation refers to the progressive deterioration of asthma symptoms that is always triggered by virus infection represented by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). After RSV infection, exaggerated Th2-mediated pulmonary inflammation is the critical pathological response of asthmatic patients with acute exacerbation. Significantly, airway epithelial cells, being the primary targets of RSV infection, play a crucial role in controlling the pulmonary inflammatory response by releasing airway epithelial cell-derived exosomes (AEC-Exos), which potentially influence the development of asthma. However, the specific role of AEC-Exos in acute asthma exacerbation after RSV infection remains obscure. The purpose of this study was to determine the distinct function of AEC-Exos in exacerbating acute asthma following RSV infection. Blockade of exosomes by GW reduce the enhanced pulmonary inflammation significantly. Specifically, the enhanced Th2 inflammation was induced by AEC-Exos thorough transportation of hsa-miR-155-5p-Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway during acute asthma exacerbation. Targeted inhibition of hsa-miR-155-5p blocks the exaggerated Th2 inflammation effectively in mice with acute asthma exacerbation. In summary, our study showed that during acute asthma exacerbation after RSV infection, AEC-Exos promote the enhanced Th2 inflammation through transportation of increased hsa-miR-155-5p, which was mediated partly through SIRT1-mediated pathway. hsa-miR-155-5p is a potential biomarker for early prediction of acute asthma exacerbation.

Analysis of necroptosis-related prognostic genes and immune infiltration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: IPF is an undetermined, progressive lung disease. Necroptosis is a type of programmed apoptosis, which involved in the pathogenesis of lung diseases like COPD and ARDS. However, necroptosis in IPF have not been adequately studied. This study aimed to investigate the necroptosis in IPF and the relationship between necroptosis and immune infiltration, to construct a prognostic prediction model of IPF based on necroptosis-related genes. Methods: GSE110147 was downloaded from the GEO database and utilized to analyze the expression of necroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (NRDEGs). Then NRDEGs were used to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks in the STRING database, and Cytoscape software was used to identify and visualize hub genes. Necroptosis-related prognosticgenes were explored in GSE70866, and a prognostic prediction model was constructed. The ImmuCellAI algorithm was utilized to analyze the landscape of immune infiltration in GSE110147. The single-cell RNA sequencing dataset GSE122960 was used to explore the association between necroptosis and type II alveolar epithelial cells (AT II) in IPF. The GSE213001 and GSE93606 were used for external validation. The expression of prognostic genes was quantified using RT-qPCRin the IPF A549 cell model, and was further verified by western blotting in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. Results: It was observed that necroptosis-related signaling pathways were abundantly enriched in IPF. 29 NRDEGs were screened, of which 12 showed consistent expression trends in GSE213001. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression of NRDEGs was positively correlated with the infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells, and negatively correlated with the infiltration of anti-inflammatory immune cells. NRDEGs, including MLKL, were highly expressed in AT II of fibrotic lung tissue. A necroptosis-related prediction model was constructed based on 4 NRDEGsby the cox stepwise regression. In the validation dataset GSE93606, the prognostic prediction model showed good applicability. The verification results of RT-qPCR and western blotting showed the reliability of most of the conclusions. Conclusions: This study revealed that necroptosis existed in IPF and might occur in AT II. Necroptosis was associated with immune infiltration, suggesting that necroptosis of AT II might involve in IPF by activating immune infiltration and immune response.

A comprehensive analysis of the role of QPRT in breast cancer.

To explore the clinical role of QPRT in breast cancer. The gene expression, methylation levels and prognostic value of QPRT in breast cancer was analyzed using TCGA data. Validation was performed using the data from GEO dataset and TNMPLOT database. Meta analysis method was used to pool the survival data for QPRT. The predictive values of QPRT for different drugs were retrieved from the ROC plot. The expression differences of QPRT in acquired drug-resistant and sensitive cell lines were analyzed using GEO datasets. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were conducted for those genes which were highly co-expressed with QPRT in tissue based on TCGA data and which changed after QPRT knockdown. Timer2.0 was utilized to explore the correlation between QPRT and immune cells infiltration, and the Human Protein Atlas was used to analyse QPRT's single-cell sequencing data across different human tissues. The expression of QPRT in different types of macrophages, and the expression of QPRT were analysed after coculturing HER2+ breast cancer cells with macrophages. Additionally, TargetScan, Comparative Toxicogenomics and the connectivity map were used to research miRNAs and drugs that could regulate QPRT expression. Cytoscape was used to map the interaction networks between QPRT and other proteins. QPRT was highly expressed in breast cancer tissue and highly expressed in HER2+ breast cancer patients (P < 0.01). High QPRT expression levels were associated with worse OS, DMFS, and RFS (P < 0.01). Two sites (cg02640602 and cg06453916) were found to be potential regulators of breast cancer (P < 0.01). QPRT might predict survival benefits in breast cancer patients who received taxane or anthracycline. QPRT was associated with tumour immunity, especially in macrophages. QPRT may influence the occurrence and progression of breast cancer through the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway, Wnt signalling pathway, and cell cycle-related molecules.

Network analysis of genes associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression.

This study aims to identify possible genes associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) by bioinformatics tool and further explore the function of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable family 4 gene (IGHV4)-28 in the ESCC progression.The ESCC-related genes in Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analyzed by bioinformatics tools, which finally identified IGHV4-28. The expression levels of IGHV4-28 in TE-4 and EC9706 cells were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Then oe-IGHV4-28 or sh-IGHV4-28 was transfected into TE-4 and EC9706 cells to verify the effect on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis rate. In vivo, a nude mouse model of ESCC was developed, whereby the tumor volume and weight were calculated to evaluate the impact of IGHV4-8 on tumor growth.Bioinformatics analysis using TCGA database showed that IGHV4-28, IGLV6-57, and KPRP were all associated with ESCC progression. Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis showed overexpression of IGHV4-28 is substantially associated with the survival rate of patients with ESCC. IGHV4-28 was highly expressed in TE-4 and EC9706 cell lines and overexpression of IGHV4-28 enhanced cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, as well as decreased apoptosis rate. Moreover, nude mice transplanted with IGHV4-28-silencing TE-4 cells showed restrained tumor weight and volume.In summary, IGHV4-28 was increasingly expressed in ESCC and may serve as a therapeutic target in the treatment of ESCC.

FGF15 Protects Septic Mice by Inhibiting Inflammation and Modulating Treg Responses.

Background: Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) through its FGF-receptor (FGFR)-4 inhibits hepatic inflammation. The current study aimed at investigating whether FGF15 could inhibit septic inflammation and its compensative regulatory T cell (Treg) responses in a mouse sepsis model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and in vitro transwell co-culture. Methods: Following the sham or CLP procedure, male CLP C57BL/6 mice were intravenously injected with vehicle saline or FGF15 beginning at 2 h post the procedure every 12 h for three days. Some mice were euthanized and their serum and liver samples were collected for examination of cytokines and Tregs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot and flow cytometry. The remaining mice were monitored for their survival up to 14 days post procedure. Moreover, the purified hepatic CD4+ T cells were co-cultured in transwell plates with unmanipulated NCTC 1469 cells or the cells that had been transfected with the control or FGFR4-specific siRNA and treated with, or without, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 24 h, followed by treatment with vehicle PBS or FGF15 for 48 h. Results: Compared with the CLP group of mice, treatment with FGF15 significantly prolonged the mean survival days of mice (12 vs 1.17 in the CLP group, P = 0.022), mitigated hepatic inflammation and reduced the frequency of apoptotic cells in the liver of mice. FGF15 treatment decreased the percentages of hepatic Tregs, hepatic IL-2, TGF-ß and FOXP3 expression in septic mice, accompanied by decreasing serum IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Similarly, FGF15 treatment also attenuated the LPS-increased frequency of Tregs, FOXP3 and IL-2 expression and IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion in vitro after co-culture with NCTC 1469 cells, but not co-cultured FGFR4-silenced NCTC 1649 cells. Conclusion: FGF15 treatment through FGFR4 ameliorated hepatic inflammation and its compensative Treg responses, which were associated with protecting from septic death in mice.

The Core Role of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio to Predict All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Research of the 2005-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Objective: To further supplement the previous research on the relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and construct clinical models to predict mortality. Methods: A total number of 2,827 observers were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database in our research. NLR was calculated from complete blood count. According to the quartile of baseline NLR, those observers were divided into four groups. A multivariate weighted Cox regression model was used to analyze the association of NLR with mortality. We constructed simple clinical prognosis models by nomograms. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to depict cause-specific mortality. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to make explicit relationships between NLR and mortality. Results: This study recruited 2,827 subjects aged ≥ 18 years from 2005 to 2014. The average age of these observers was 51.55 ± 17.62, and 57.69% were male. NLR is still an independent predictor, adjusted for age, gender, race, drinking, smoking, dyslipidemia, and other laboratory covariates. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of NLR for predicting all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were 0.632(95% CI [0599, 0.664]) and 0.653(95% CI [0.581, 0.725]), respectively, which were superior to C-reactive protein (AUCs: 0.609 and 0.533) and WBC (AUCs: 0.522 and 0.513). The calibration and discrimination of the nomograms were validated by calibration plots and concordance index (C-index), and the C-indexes (95% CIs) of nomograms for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 0.839[0.819,0.859] and 0.877[0.844,0.910], respectively. The restricted cubic spline showed a non-linear relationship between NLR and mortality. NLR > 2.053 might be a risk factor for mortality. Conclusion: There is a non-linear relationship between NLR and mortality. NLR is an independent factor related to mortality, and NLR > 2.053 will be a risk factor for prognosis. NLR and nomogram should be promoted to medical use for practicality and convenience.

A Comprehensive Mass Spectrometry-Based Workflow for Clinical Metabolomics Cohort Studies.

As a comprehensive analysis of all metabolites in a biological system, metabolomics is being widely applied in various clinical/health areas for disease prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. However, challenges remain in dealing with the metabolomic complexity, massive data, metabolite identification, intra- and inter-individual variation, and reproducibility, which largely limit its widespread implementation. This study provided a comprehensive workflow for clinical metabolomics, including sample collection and preparation, mass spectrometry (MS) data acquisition, and data processing and analysis. Sample collection from multiple clinical sites was strictly carried out with standardized operation procedures (SOP). During data acquisition, three types of quality control (QC) samples were set for respective MS platforms (GC-MS, LC-MS polar, and LC-MS lipid) to assess the MS performance, facilitate metabolite identification, and eliminate contamination. Compounds annotation and identification were implemented with commercial software and in-house-developed PAppLineTM and UlibMS library. The batch effects were removed using a deep learning model method (NormAE). Potential biomarkers identification was performed with tree-based modeling algorithms including random forest, AdaBoost, and XGBoost. The modeling performance was evaluated using the F1 score based on a 10-times repeated trial for each. Finally, a sub-cohort case study validated the reliability of the entire workflow.

Formation, contents, functions of exosomes and their potential in lung cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide due to diagnosis in the advanced stage and drug resistance in the subsequent treatments. Development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods is urged to improve the disease outcome. Exosomes are nano-sized vehicles which transport different types of biomolecules intercellularly, including DNA, RNA and proteins, and are implicated in cross-talk between cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have been revealed to strongly influence the tumor microenvironment, antitumor immunoregulatory activities, tumor progression and metastasis. Potential of TEXs as biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment prediction is supported by numerous studies. Moreover, exosomes have been proposed to be promising drug carriers. Here, we review the mechanisms of exosomal formation and uptake, the functions of exosomes in carcinogenesis, and potential clinical utility of exosomes as biomarkers, tumor vaccine and drug delivery vehicles in the diagnosis and therapeutics of lung cancer.

A localization-independent approach for invisible and impalpable ground-glass opacity nodules detection in an in vitro lung specimen: two case reports.

A growing number of ground-glass opacity (GGO) nodules are screened out in lungs. Small GGOs are frequently neither visible nor palpable, thus undetectable during operation. Various nodule localization techniques have been developed to facilitate the intraoperative detection of GGO nodules; however, general localization techniques are infeasible or inappropriate in some cases. The detection of small GGO is a great challenge, even within a surgical specimen in the absence of preoperative localization. A localization-independent approach for GGO detection is urgently needed. Herein, we report two cases with invisible and impalpable small GGO which were not appropriate for preoperative localization. The lesions were anatomically resected under the guidance of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and got an adequate margin distance. A vessel (artery, vein, or bronchus) which had advanced into or immediately adjacent to the nodule was assigned as a reference vessel. By dissecting and tracing the reference vessel from proximal to distal, the GGO lesions were successfully detected in the surgical specimens, to the eventual obtainment of an accurate pathological diagnosis. Via the two case reports, we introduced an easily handled approach, namely dissecting and tracing a reference vessel, for GGO detection. The novel approach was first described. Combined with precise anatomical segmentectomy guided by 3D reconstruction, it provides an alternative scheme for GGO resection with no need for preoperative localization.