[Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Sichuan Province in 2015].

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Sichuan Province in 2015 in the aim of providing scientific basis for malaria control. Methods: The epidemiological data of malaria in Sichuan Province reported through the Infectious Disease Reporting and Management System of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 were collected and analyzed. Results: In 2015,290 malaria cases were reported in Sichuan Provinc, consisting of 158 falciparum malaria cases (54.5%),107 vivax malaria cases (36.9%),14 ovale malaria cases (4.8%), one quartan malaria case(0.3%), and 10 mixed infections of vivax malaria and falciparum malaria (3.5%). Five cases of falciparum malaria died. The reported cases were all imported, with a major source of Africa (271, 93.4%), in which Ethiopia (83) and Angola (49) were two major sources. The cases were reported continuously from January to December, with the majority(139, 47.9%) being reported in December, August, June and July. The cases distributed mainly in Guangan, Chengdu, Nanchong, Mianyang, Deyang, Luzhou and Suining(243, 83.8%). Among the 209 cases who first visited medical units after onset, 118 cases were diagnosed as malaria, the misdiagnosis rate at first visit was 43.5%(91/209). Conclusion: The malaria cases reported in Sichuan Province in 2015 are all imported from overseas, mainly infected with P. falciparum and P. vivax, and imported mostly from Africa. There is a high rate of misdiagnosis in medical units in Sichuan Province.

[Study on the Lateral Growth of Ag Nanowires and Its Inhibition].

Ag nanowires (Ag NWs) are synthesized by polyol method under the conditions of different temperature of reaction solution, different addition amount and injection rate of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The structure and the process of lateral growth of Ag NWs were observed and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (UV-VIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). It showed that the lateral growth of Ag NWs and longitudinal growth of Ag NWs occurrs at the same time by UV-VIS. And in the later stage of synthesis of Ag NWs, the peak in UV-VIS, which indicated the lateral growth of Ag NWs, red-shifted obviously from 384 nm to 388 nm. This rapid redshift implied that the diameters of Ag NWs increased quickly. In other words, rapid lateral growth of Ag NWs occurred in the later stage of synthesis of Ag NWs. According to the SEM of Ag NWs, in the early stage of the reaction (15~23 min), the diameter of Ag NWs increased by only 20 nm, but in the later stage of reaction (23~30 min), the diameter of Ag NWs increased by nearly 150 nm. The result of SEM observation is consistent with the analysis of UV-VIS. It was also found that the lateral growth of Ag NWs is related not only to the sizes of seeds but also to the thicknesses of the outer Ag layers. Tiny Ag particles with diameters of several nanometers adsorbed onto the side facets of Ag NWs and acted as adsorption points for Ag source. The lateral growth of Ag NWs was caused by the continuous multipoint adsorption of Ag source on the side of Ag NWs. Decreasing the temperature of the reaction solution (from 165 to 155 degree), reducing the injection rate (from 67 to 49 mL·h-1) and the addition amount of PVP in the later stage could inhibit the lateral growth of Ag NWs and increase the aspect ratios of Ag NWs remarkably. The diameters of Ag NWs decreased from 200 nm to 100 nm, but their lengths still maintained above 100 µm.

Age-related changes in cellular electrophysiology and calcium handling for atrial fibrillation.

This study was to investigate whether or not the dysfunction of atrial repolarization and abnormality of the intracellular Ca(2+) handling protein was augmented with ageing. Four groups of dogs were studied, adult and aged dogs in sinus rhythm (SR) and atrial fibrillation (AF) induced by rapid atrial pacing. We used whole cell patch clamp recording techniques to measure L-type Ca(2+) current in cardiomyocytes dispersed from the left atria. Expressions of the Ca(2+) handling protein were measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods. Cardiomyocytes from old atria showed longer action potential (AP) duration to 90% repolarization, lower AP plateau potential and peak L-type Ca(2+) current densities at both age groups in SR. AF led to a higher maximum diastolic potential, an increase of amplitude of phase 0, decreases of AP duration to 90% repolarization, plateau potential and peak L-type Ca(2+) current densities. Compared to the adult group, mRNA and protein expressions of the L-type calcium channel a1c were decreased, whereas expressions of calcium adenosine triphosphatase were increased in the aged group. Compared to SR group, expressions of Ca(2+) handling protein except for phospholamban were significantly decreased in both age groups with AF. We conclude that these ageing-induced electrophysiological and molecular changes showed that general pathophysiological adaptations might provide a substrate conducive to AF.

[Association of single nucleotide polymorphism of KCNE1 and KCNE4 gene with atrial fibrillation in Xinjiang Uygur and Han population].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the KCNE1 gene G38S and the KCNE4 gene E145D and atrial fibrillation in Uygur and Han populations living in Xinjiang. METHODS: KCNE1 gene G38S and the KCNE4 gene E145D genotype and frequency were determined using PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 488 atrial fibrillation patients (237 Uygur and 251 Han residents) and 488 age-and-gender matched controls (237 Uygur and 251 Han residents). RESULTS: Genotype and allele frequency of KCNE1 gene G38S were similar between atrial fibrillation group and control group in the Han population (P = 0.556, P = 0.946). In the Uygur population, there was a statistical difference between atrial fibrillation group and control group (P = 0.018, P = 0.003). Logistic regression analysis revealed the KCNE1 38 G was one of the independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in the Uygur population (OR = 1.634, 95%CI: 1.192-2.240, P = 0.002). The KCNE4 gene E145D, genotype and allele frequency were significantly different between atrial fibrillation group and control group in the Uygur population and Han population (P = 0.041, P = 0.015;P = 0.032, P = 0.013) . Logistic regression analysis revealed the KCNE4 145D was one of the independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in the Uygur population and Han population (OR = 1.636, 95%CI:1.173-2.281, P = 0.004; OR = 1.491, 95%CI:1.076-2.065, P = 0.016) . CONCLUSIONS: KCNE1 G38S is not associated with atrial fibrillation in the Han population while the KCNE1 G38S is associated with atrial fibrillation in the Uygur population. KCNE4 gene E145D is associated with atrial fibrillation in both Uygur population and Han population.

[Aging-related ionic remodeling of L-type voltage dependent calcium channel in left atria of canine].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate aging-related ionic remodeling of L-type voltage dependent calcium channel (LVDCC) in left atria of canine. METHODS: Seven adult (2.0 - 2.5 years) and 10 aged (> 8 years) dogs were used. The current of LVDCC was recorded by patch clamp technique in the whole cell mode. The action potential duration (APD(90)), amplitude of action potential plateau (APA), I(Ca-L) peak current density of LVDCC were recorded. The mRNA and protein expressions of α1c subunit (Ca(V1.2)), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SECRA(2)), Calpain-I, ryanodine receptor (RYR(2)) were detected by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: I(Ca-L) peak current density [(-8.11 ± 0.54) pA/pF vs. (-14.04 ± 0.82) pA/pF, P < 0.05] was significantly reduced and action potential duration to 90% repolarization (APD(90)) significantly prolonged [(340.5 ± 10.1) ms vs. (320.0 ± 7.9) ms, P < 0.05] in aged group than in adult group. The mRNA gene expression level of Ca(V1.2) was significantly lower (0.90 ± 0.35 vs. 2.38 ± 0.40, P < 0.05) while mRNA expression of RYR(2) was significantly higher (4.39 ± 4.68 vs. 1.49 ± 1.69, P < 0.05) in the aged dogs than in the adult dogs. mRNA expression of SECRA(2) and Calpain-I was similar between the two groups. Similarly, the protein expression level of Ca(V1.2) was significantly lower (0.13 ± 0.10 vs. 0.29 ± 0.12, P < 0.05) while the protein expression level of RYR(2) was significantly higher (0.18 ± 0.21 vs. 0.08 ± 0.36, P < 0.05) in the aged dogs than in the adult dogs. Again, protein expression of SECRA(2), PLN(1) and Calpain-I was similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that aging could induce mRNA and protein expression changes of Ca(V1.2) and RYR(2) of LVDCC which might serve as the molecular basis of I(Ca-L) remodeling in aged dogs and might be linked to the increased likelihood of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) in aged dogs.

[Investigation on Anopheles species and their composition in villages at different altitudes of Motuo County, Tibet Autonomous Region].

OBJECTIVE: To study the anopheline species and composition in villages at different altitudes, Muotuo County. METHODS: Six villages with different altitudes were selected as the investigation spots, i.e. Gande, Zhucun, Damu, Motuo, Didong and Beibeng with an altitude 1 966 m, 1 510 m, 1 408 m, 1 178 m, 853 m and 831 m, respectively. Human-baited net traps, cow-baited traps and light traps were set up to collect adult mosquitoes. The trapped mosquitoes were counted and identified according to morphological criteria. Following the classification, the mosquitoes were killed by chloroform and dried on silica-gel, and transported to the laboratory where they were stored at -20 degrees C. Species of Anopheles maculatus complex were identified with multiple PCR method. RESULTS: 5 410 anopheline mosquitoes were collected. Two mosquitoes were captured in high altitude village, one was Anopheles gigas bailieyi, while the other was damaged and unable to identify. There were 541 (36.9%) An. pseudowillmori, 906 An. willmori (61.7%) and 21 An. peditaeniatus (1.4%) collected in semi-high altitude villages; 260 (76.3%) An. pseudowillmori, 2 An. willmori (0.6%) and 79 An. peditaeniatus (23.2%) trapped in middle altitude village; and 3265 (90.7%) An. pseudowillmori, 19 An. willmore (0.5%) and 315 An. peditaeniatus (8.8%) trapped in low altitude villages. CONCLUSION: An. pseudowillmori, An. willmore and An. peditaeniatus make the main anopheline composition. The proportion of An. willmore is higher than An. pseudowillmori in semi-high altitude villages, while An. pseudowillmori take the absolute predominance in middle and low altitude villages.

The effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for improving sleep quality among nursing staff during the COVID-19 outbreak: a before and after study.

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have demonstrated that first-line nurses involved in the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) crisis may experience sleep disturbances. As breathing relaxation techniques can improve sleep quality, anxiety, and depression, the current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training (DBRT) for improving sleep quality among nurses in Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental (before and after) intervention strategy, with 151 first-line nurses from four wards in Leishenshan hospital. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) to evaluate the effectiveness of DBRT before and after the intervention. Data were examined using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene's test, and paired t-test. RESULTS: A total of 140 nurses completed the DBRT sessions. First-line nurses achieved significant reductions in global sleep quality (p < 0.01), subjective sleep quality (p < 0.001), sleep latency (p < 0.01), sleep duration (p < 0.001), sleep disturbances (p < 0.001), habitual sleep efficiency (p = 0.015), daytime dysfunction (p = 0.001), and anxiety (p = 0.001). There were no significant reductions in the use of sleeping medication (p = 0.134) and depression (p = 0.359). CONCLUSION: DBRT is a useful non-pharmacological treatment for improving sleep quality and reducing anxiety among first-line nurses involved in the COVID-19 outbreak. The study protocol was clinically registered by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2000032743.

[Safety and efficacy of intraoperative defibrillation threshold measured by defibrillation safety margin in 52 patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the safety and efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) intraoperative defibrillation threshold (DFT) measured by defibrillation safety margin (DSM). METHODS: Fifty-two patients underwent ICD implantation were enrolled in this study (25 single chamber ICD, 23 double chamber ICD, 4 three chamber ICD). DFT was measured by DSM method. All patients were followup regularly. RESULTS: DFT was (13.27 ± 2.95) J and DSM was (17.40 ± 2.89) J in this patient cohort. There were no serious intraoperative complications. Malignant ventricular arrhythmia occurred in 38 patients post ICD, 469 episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) were spontaneously terminated, 265 episodes were sustained VT and 245 (92.5%) episodes were successfully terminated by 1 antitachycardia pace treatment (ATP), 13 (4.89%) episodes successfully terminated by 2 ATP, and ATP failed to terminate VT in 7 (2.64%) episodes and VTs were terminated by low energy cardioversion. All 141 episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) were successfully identified, and 14 episodes spontaneously terminated before discharging, 127 VF episodes (91.34%) were terminated by 1 energy shock, defibrillation energy was (12.84 ± 3.18) J, 11 (12.2%) VF episodes were terminated by 2 energy shocks, defibrillation energy was (16.36 ± 2.34) J. CONCLUSION: It is safe and feasible to use defibrillation threshold measured by DSM for patients receiving ICD implantation.

Erratum to "Withdrawal notice to the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for improving sleep quality among nursing staff during the COVID-19 outbreak: a before and after study" [Sleep Medicine X (2) (2020) 100026].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2020.100026.].

[Differential expression of collagen and matrix metalloproteinases between left and right atria in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.].

The present study aimed to investigate the mRNA expression levels of collagen, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in the left and right atria in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF). Forty five patients with valvular heart disease were sampled in this study, including 18 patients with sinus rhythm (SR), 27 patients with CAF. Clinical data of these patients were collected, and the left and right atrial appendages were obtained from these patients during heart valvular replacement surgery. The mRNA levels of collagen type I, collagen type III, MMP1, MMP9, TMP1 of the atria were then measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results obtained were as follows. Compared to those in SR group, in atria of CAF group, the mRNA levels of collagen type I, MMP1 and MMP9 increased (P<0.05), while the mRNA level of TMP1 decreased (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the mRNA levels of collagen type I, collagen type III, MMP1, MMP9 and TMP1 between the left and right atria of SR group (P>0.05). In CAF group, the mRNA level of MMP1 in the right atrium was higher than that in the left atrium (P<0.05), however, the mRNA level of MMP9 in the left atrium was higher than that in the right atrium (P<0.01). In both the left and right atria, the mRNA of collagen type I was positively correlated with the corresponding atrial diameter; the mRNA of MMP1 and MMP9 was positively correlated with the mRNA of collagen type I, and was negatively correlated with the mRNA of TMP1. These results suggest that the increased level of collagen type I associated with selective upregulation of MMP1, 9 and downregulation of TMP1, 9 in the atrium might be the molecular basis of atrial interstitial fibrosis in patients with CAF. Moreover, during CAF development, there is difference in the expression of MMPs between the left and right atria.

[Alterations in gene expression of calcium handling proteins in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the role of calcium-overloading in initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: The right atrial appendages were obtained from 14 patients with AF and 12 patients with sinus rhythm. The mRNA expression of proteins influencing the calcium homeostasis was measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and normalized to the mRNA level of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase. The left atrial diameter (LAD), mitral valvular area (MVOA), and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure were obtained by echocardiography before surgery. RESULTS: Compared to sinus rhythm group, the mRNA levels of L-type calcium channel alc, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+ -ATPase), and ryanodine receptor type-2 (R(Y) R2) were significantly decreased (P < 0.01); the mRNA level of inositol triphosphate receptor type-1 (IP3R1) was significantly increased (P < 0.05). No changes in the mRNA expression of phospholamban and calsequestrin were observed between two groups (P > 0.05). Correlations were found between MVOA and mRNA levels of LVDC-Calc, SR Ca2+ -ATPase (r = 0.719, P = 0.004; r = 0.625, P = 0.017). The mRNA level of SR Ca2+ -ATPase was negatively correlated with LAD (r = -0.573, P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium loading may be responsible for the occurrence and maintenance of AF, and abnormal regulation in the mRNA expression may be the molecular mechanism of intracellular Ca2+ overload. The progressive nature of AF involves structural change.

[Evaluation of implementing effects of Global Fund Malaria Program Round 1 in Junlian County, Sichuan Province].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementing effects of the first round malaria control project supported by the Global Fund on malaria control in Sichuan Province, so as to provide the evidence for intensifying the control strategy of malaria. METHODS: Based on the requirements of the malaria project of Globe Fund, the comprehensive malaria control measures including case identification, health education and training for doctors were carried out. RESULTS: In 2007, the malaria incidence was 0.12/10 000, while it was 1.66/10 000 in 2002, with a reduction rate of 92.77%. The number of malaria endemic towns reduced from 13 to 2. The awareness rate of knowledge about malaria of the local residents rose from 26.86% to 79.83% (χ2 = 403.00, P < 0.01), with an increase rate of 197.21%. The awareness rate of knowledge about malaria of the students rose from 36.87% to 99.22% (χ2 = 359.62, P < 0.01), with an increase rate of 169.11%. CONCLUSIONS: With the support of Globe Fund, the transmission of malaria has been effectively controlled. The capacity of malaria control and the malaria control knowledge of the inhabitants have been enhanced. The implementation of the project has significant effects on malaria control in Sichuan Province.

Advanced glycation end products induce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via downregulating Sirt 1 and upregulating TGF-ß in human endothelial cells.

In the present study, we examined the advanced glycation end products- (AGEs-) induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results demonstrated that AGE-BSAs significantly reduced the cluster of differentiation 31 (CD 31) expression, whereas they promoted the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), α-smooth muscle antibody (α-SMA), and collagen I at both mRNA and protein levels in HUVECs. And the AGE-BSAs also promoted the receptors for AGEs (RAGEs) and receptor I for TGF-ß (TGFR I) markedly with a dose dependence, whereas the Sirt 1 was significantly downregulated by the AGE-BSA at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the Sirt 1 activity manipulation with its activator, resveratrol (RSV), or its inhibitor, EX527, markedly inhibited or ameliorated the AGE-mediated TGF-ß upregulation. And the manipulated Sirt 1 activity positively regulated the AGE-induced CD31, whereas it negatively regulated the AGE-induced FSP-1. Thus, Sirt 1 was confirmed to regulate the AGE-induced EndMT via TGF-ß. In summary, we found that AGE-BSA induced EndMT in HUVECs via upregulating TGF-ß and downregulating Sirt 1, which also negatively regulated TGF-ß in the cell. This study implied the EndMT probably as an important mechanism of AGE-induced cardiovascular injury.

[Therapeutic effects of titanium elastic nails for the treatment of clavicular fractures in elder children].

OBJECTIVE: To research the application and clinical effect of titanium elastic nails (TEN) for the treatment of closed clavicular fracture in elder children. METHODS: From October 2010 to December 2012,16 elderly children with clavicular fracture of elder children were treated with internal fixation, including 9 boys and 7 girls with an average age of 14.2 yeats old ranging from 9 to 17 years. The mean time between injury and surgery was 2 to 6 days. Thirteen patients had a transverse fractures; 3 patients had a oblique fractures, excluding the long-oblique patients. Neer function score after 3 months follow-up and the shoulder activity degree after 3 weeks followed were compared respectively between the injured side and healthy side. Fracture reduction and healing were followed up by X-rays to analyze internal fixation with TEN technique. RESULTS: All patients were healed well after surgery. There were 2 cases with soft tissue irritation. No cases of infection, TEN broken, delayed healing or skin bursting were observed. All patients were followed up for 3 to 10 months,with an average of 7.2 months. There were no significant differences (t=2.12, P>0.05) between the healthy side (98.75±2.70) and injured side(96.69±6.22)of Neer score at 3 months during followed up. The shoulder activity at 3 weeks during followed up was different between both sides (P<0.05). The intramedullary nail was removed after X-rays at 12-18 weeks during followed up showed good bone healing,and the shoulder function was recovered well. CONCLUSION: Internal fixation with TEN for the treatment of clavicular fracture has advantages of a limited invasion, beauty, safety and reliability. This technique provides an ideal fixation option for the treatment of clavicular fracture in elder children.

Altered expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and microRNA-1 and -133 in patients with age-associated atrial fibrillation.

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) cation channels mediate pacemaker currents in the atrium. The microRNA (miR) families miR-1 and miR-133 regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in myocardial function, including HCN channels. It was hypothesized that age­dependent changes in HCN2, HCN4, miR­1 and miR­133 expression may contribute to age­associated atrial fibrillation, and therefore the correlation between expression levels, among adult (≤65 years) and aged patients (≥65 years), and sinus rhythm was determined. Right atrial appendage samples were collected from 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses were performed in order to determine target RNA and protein expression levels. Compared with aged patients with sinus rhythm, aged patients with atrial fibrillation exhibited significantly higher HCN2 and HCN4 channel mRNA and protein expression levels (P<0.05), but significantly lower expression levels of miR­1 and miR­133 (P<0.05). In addition, aged patients with sinus rhythm exhibited significantly higher expression levels of HCN2 and HCN4 channel mRNA and protein (P<0.05), but significantly lower expression levels of miR­1 and ­133 (P<0.05), compared with those of adult patients with sinus rhythm. Expression levels of HCN2 and HCN4 increased with age, and a greater increase was identified in patients with age­associated atrial fibrillation compared with that in those with aged sinus rhythm. These electrophysiological changes may contribute to the induction of ectopic premature beats that trigger atrial fibrillation.

[Studies on the chemical constituents of Dendrobium fimbriatum].

AIM: To investigate the chemical constituents of Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. METHODS: Various chromatographic techniques were employed for isolation and purification of the constituents. The structures were elucidated by IR, MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and 2D-NMR. RESULTS: Eight compounds were obtained and identified by spectral analysis as fimbriatone, confusarin, crepidatin, physcion, rhein, ayapin, scopolin methyl ether and n-octacostyl ferulate. CONCLUSION: Fimbriatone is a new compound, physcion and rhein are firstly isolated from Genus Dendrobium. The others are found from this species for the first time. Fimbriatone showed potential inhibitory effects on BGC cell line.

[Pharmacognostical identification of "guijiu ([symbol: see text])" in Shosoin of Japan].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the botanical origin of the Guijiu in Shosoin of Japan from Tang Dynasty, and trace its medicinal history. METHOD: Anatomical characteristics of the underground parts of Guijiu in Shosoin were compared with those of Hosta plantaginea and H. ventricosa, and research on the medicinal history of Guijiu was made based on its original identification results and describes in herbals. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Guijiu in Shosoin of Japan was derived from the underground parts of H. plantaginea and is one of Guijiu used in Tang Dynasty and earlier on.

[Studies on chemical constituents of Pholidota yunnanensis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents from Pholidota yunnanensis. METHOD: Various chromatographic techniques were employed for isolation and purification of the constituents. The structures were elucidated by chemical and spectral analyses. RESULT: Seven compounds were obtained and they were identified by spectroscopic analysis as n-nonacosane, cyclopholidone, n-dotriacontanoic acid, n-octacostyl ferulate, cyclopholidonol, cycloneolitsol and beta-sitosterol, respectively. CONCLUSION: n-octacostyl ferulate and cycloneolitsol were isolated from genus Pholidota for the first time.

[Ecological behavior comparison between Anopheles pseudowillmori and A. willmori in villages with malaria outbreaks in Motuo County, Tibet Autonomous Region].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the ecological behaviors of Anopheles pseudowillmori and A. willmori in medium or high altitude areas of Motuo County, Tibet Autonomous Region, and their transmission potential for malaria. METHODS: The methods of human net traps, cow baited trap, house baited trap, pig baited trap and CDC light traps were adopted for investigating the mosquito density, biting activity at night and in or out door preference of biting. All mosquitoes morphologically identified as A. maculatus group were labeled in accordance with the capture time, place and method, and PCR were used to identify the species. The resting habits were investigated with the morning capture and daytime collecting methods, and the larvae collected in different wa- ter bodies were reared to adults to study the breeding place. RESULTS: A total of 1,053 A. maculatus group were collected, and of which, 331 (31.43%) were identified as A. pseudowillmori, and 722 (68.57%) as A. willmori. The number of A. willmori were higher than A. pseudowillmori in both outer and inner doors (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) , while no statistically significant difference was found of the constituent ratio of the anopheles between outer and inner doors. The multiparous ratios of A. pseudowillmori and A. willmori were 65.90% and 69.86%, respectively, (P > 0.05). The A. pseudowillmori preferred to biting outer doors (P < 0.05), while A. willmori preferred both outer and inner doors (P > 0.05). Both mosquitoes had one biting activity peak in the night, and the biting activity peak of A. willmori was from 21 to 22 o'clock, while the peak of A. pseudowillmori was from 24 to next morning 1 o' clock. CONCLUSION: In the Anopheles, the constituent ratio and density of A. willmori are higher than those of A. pseudowillmori in semi-high altitudes area of Motuo County, Tibet, and there are obvious differences of ecological behaviors between A. willmori and A. pseudowillmori, and A. willmori has the more capacity of transmitting malaria than A. pseudowillmori.