​Comprehensive mendelian randomization analysis of plasma proteomics to identify new therapeutic targets for the treatment of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and thus calls for development of more effective therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets for coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) by investigating the causal relationship between plasma proteins and these conditions. METHODS: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was performed to evaluate more than 1600 plasma proteins for their causal associations with CHD and MI. The MR findings were further confirmed through Bayesian colocalization, Summary-data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR), and Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies (TWAS) analyses. Further analyses, including enrichment analysis, single-cell analysis, MR analysis of cardiovascular risk factors, phenome-wide Mendelian Randomization (Phe-MR), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction were conducted to verify the roles of selected causal proteins. RESULTS: Thirteen proteins were causally associated with CHD, seven of which were also causal for MI. Among them, FES and PCSK9 were causal proteins for both diseases as determined by several analytical methods. PCSK9 was a risk factor of CHD (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.13-1.38, P = 7.47E-06) and MI (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.21-1.54, P = 2.30E-07), whereas FES was protective against CHD (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.59-0.79, P = 6.40E-07) and MI (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.54-0.77, P = 5.38E-07). Further validation through enrichment and single-cell analysis confirmed the causal effects of these proteins. Moreover, MR analysis of cardiovascular risk factors, Phe-MR, and PPI network provided insights into the potential drug development based on the proteins. CONCLUSIONS: This study investigated the causal pathways associated with CHD and MI, highlighting the protective and risk roles of FES and PCSK9, respectively. FES. Specifically, the results showed that these proteins are promising therapeutic targets for future drug development.

Investigation of Flame Structures of Double-Base Propellant and Modified Double-Base Propellant Containing Nitramine Using OH-PLIF and Kinetic Simulation.

The combustion behavior of various propellant samples, including double-base propellants, pressed nitramine powders, and modified double-base propellants containing nitramine, was examined using OH-PLIF technology. The combustion process took place within a combustion chamber, and images capturing the flame at the moment of stable combustion were selected for further analysis. The distribution and production rate of OH radicals in both the double-base propellant and the nitramine-modified double-base propellant were simulated using Chemkin-17.0 software. The outcomes from both the experimental and simulation studies revealed that the concentration of OH radicals increased with a higher content of NG in the double-base propellant. In the modified double-base propellant containing RDX, the OH radical concentration decreased as the RDX content increased, with these tendencies of change aligning closely with the simulation results.

Mussel-Inspired Two-Dimensional Halide Perovskite Facilitated Dopamine Polymerization and Self-Adhesive Photoelectric Coating.

Polydopamine (PDA) is a good adhesion agent for lots of gels inspired by the mussel, whereas hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) usually exhibit extraordinary optoelectronic performance. Herein, mussel-inspired chemistry has been integrated with two-dimensional HOIPs first, leading to the preparation of new crystal (HDA)2PbBr4 (1) (DA = dopamine). The organic cation dopamine can be introduced into PDA resulting in a thin film of (HPDA)2PbBr4 (PDA-1). The dissolved inorganic components of layered perovskite in DMF solution together with H2O2 addition can facilitate DA polymerization greatly. More importantly, PDA-1 can inherit an excellent semiconductor property of HOIPs and robust adhesion of the PDA hydrogel resulting in a self-adhesive photoelectric coating on various interfaces.

Decomposition mechanism of 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-trinitroaminobenzene under thermal and shock stimuli using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations.

To obtain atomic-level insights into the decomposition behavior of 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-trinitroaminobenzene (TNTNB) under different stimulations, this study applied reactive molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate the effects of thermal and shock stimuli on the TNTNB crystal. The results show that the initial decomposition of the TNTNB crystal under both thermal and shock stimuli starts with the breakage of the N-NO2 bond. However, the C6 ring in TNTNB undergoes structural rearrangement to form a C3-C5 bicyclic structure at a constant high temperature. Then, the C3 and C5 rings break in turn. The main final products of TNTNB under shock are N2, CO2, and H2O, while NO,  N2, H2O and CO are formed instead at 1 atm under a constant high temperature. Pressure is the main reason for this difference. High pressure promotes the complete oxidation of the reactants.

Evidence That DDR1 Promotes Oligodendrocyte Differentiation during Development and Myelin Repair after Injury.

Oligodendrocytes generate myelin sheaths vital for the formation, health, and function of the central nervous system. Mounting evidence suggests that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are crucial for oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the CNS. It was recently reported that discoidin domain receptor 1 (Ddr1), a collagen-activated RTK, is expressed in oligodendrocyte lineage. However, its specific expression stage and functional role in oligodendrocyte development in the CNS remain to be determined. In this study, we report that Ddr1 is selectively upregulated in newly differentiated oligodendrocytes in the early postnatal CNS and regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Ddr1 knock-out mice of both sexes displayed compromised axonal myelination and apparent motor dysfunction. Ddr1 deficiency alerted the ERK pathway, but not the AKT pathway in the CNS. In addition, Ddr1 function is important for myelin repair after lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Taken together, the current study described, for the first time, the role of Ddr1 in myelin development and repair in the CNS, providing a novel molecule target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.

Prognostic Value of Pretreatment Glasgow Prognostic Score/Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score in Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To explore prognostic value of pretreatment Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) and modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) in ovarian cancer patients.The PubMed, EMBASE (via OVID), and Web of Science databases were comprehensively searched for eligible studies. The hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were combined to evaluate the association of pretreatment GPS/mGPS with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of ovarian cancer patients. STATA 12.0 version software was applied for statistical analysis.A total of eight retrospective studies involving 2260 were included into this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that patients with elevated pretreatment GPS or mGPS had poorer OS (HR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.38-1.91, P＜.001) and PFS (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02-1.93, P = .039) than patients with pretreatment GPS or mGPS 0. Subgroup analysis based on the type of score (GPS or mGPS) and tumor stage for OS were also performed and the results were consistent with above findings.Pretreatment GPS/mGPS might serve as promising prognostic indexes for ovarian cancer patients. More prospective studies with high-quality are needed to verify our findings.

[Progress on the development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and antibody drugs].

The raging global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) not only poses a major threat to public health, but also has a huge impact on the global health care system and social and economic development. Therefore, accelerating the development of vaccines and antibody drugs to provide people with effective protection and treatment measures has become the top priority of researchers and medical institutions in the field. At present, several vaccines and antibody drugs targeting SARS-Cov-2 have been in the stage of clinical research or approved for marketing around the world. In this manuscript, we summarized the vaccines and antibody drugs which apply genetic engineering technologies to target spike protein, including subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and several neutralizing antibody drugs, and discussed the trends of vaccines and antibody drugs in the future.

Mycoplasma bovis subverts autophagy to promote intracellular replication in bovine mammary epithelial cells cultured in vitro.

Mycoplasma species are the smallest prokaryotes capable of self-replication. To investigate Mycoplasma induced autophagy in mammalian cells, Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) and bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) were used in an in vitro infection model. Initially, intracellular M. bovis was enclosed within a membrane-like structure in bMEC, as viewed with transmission electron microscopy. In infected bMEC, increased LC3II was verified by Western blotting, RT-PCR and laser confocal microscopy, confirming autophagy at 1, 3 and 6 h post-infection (hpi), with a peak at 6 hpi. However, the M. bovis-induced autophagy flux was subsequently blocked. P62 degradation in infected bMEC was inhibited at 3, 6, 12 and 24 hpi, based on Western blotting and RT-PCR. Beclin1 expression decreased at 12 and 24 hpi. Furthermore, autophagosome maturation was subverted by M. bovis. Autophagosome acidification was inhibited by M. bovis infection, based on detection of mCherry-GFP-LC3 labeled autophagosomes; the decreases in protein levels of Lamp-2a indicate that the lysosomes were impaired by infection. In contrast, activation of autophagy (with rapamycin or HBSS) overcame the M. bovis-induced blockade in phagosome maturation by increasing delivery of M. bovis to the lysosome, with a concurrent decrease in intracellular M. bovis replication. In conclusion, although M. bovis infection induced autophagy in bMEC, the autophagy flux was subsequently impaired by inhibiting autophagosome maturation. Therefore, we conclude that M. bovis subverted autophagy to promote its intracellular replication in bMEC. These findings are the impetus for future studies to further characterize interactions between M. bovis and mammalian host cells.

Prototheca spp. induce an inflammatory response via mtROS-mediated activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures.

Emergence of bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca algae is the impetus to better understand these infections. Both P. bovis and P. ciferrii belong to Prototheca algae, but they differ in their pathogenicity to induce inflammatory responses. The objective was to characterize and compare pathogenesis of inflammatory responses in bMECs induced by P. bovis versus P. ciferrii. Mitochondrial ultrastructure, activity and mtROS in bMECs were assessed with transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-18, were measured by ELISA and real-time PCR, whereas expressions of various proteins in the NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways were detected with immunofluorescence or Western blot. Infection with P. bovis or P. ciferrii damaged mitochondria, including dissolution and vacuolation of cristae, and decreased mitochondrial activity, with P. bovis being more pathogenic and causing greater destruction. There were increases in NADPH production and mtROS accumulation in infected bMECs, with P. bovis causing greater increases and also inducing higher cytokine concentrations. Expressions of NF-κB-p65, p-NF-κB-p65, IκBα and p-IκBα proteins in the NF-κB pathway, as well as NLRP3, Pro Caspase1, Caspase1 p20, ASC, Pro IL-1ß, and IL-1ß proteins in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, were significantly higher in P. bovis-infected bMECs. However, mito-TEMPO significantly inhibited production of cytokines and decreased expression of proteins in NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways in bMECs infected with either P. bovis or P. ciferrii. In conclusion, P. bovis or P. ciferrii infections induced inflammatory responses in bMECs, with increased mtROS in damaged mitochondria and activated NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways, with P. bovis causing a more severe reaction.

Enantioselective synthesis of 3-aryl-phthalides through a nickel-catalyzed stereoconvergent cross-coupling reaction.

A nickel-catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of racemic 3-bromo-phthalides and arylboronic acids was realized for the synthesis of diverse chiral 3-aryl-phthalides in moderate to excellent reaction yields. The reaction proceeded in a stereoconvergent manner and high enantioselectivities were observed for most examined examples. A number of functional groups like aldehyde, ester and bromide were well tolerated. Heteroaromatic boronic acids were also competent coupling partners in this reaction.

Encapsulating aluminum nanoparticles into carbon nanotubes for combustion: a molecular dynamics study.

Metal nanoparticles are easily deactivated by migration-aggregation in combustion. Encapsulated nanoparticles are one of the tools for coping with the stability challenges of metal nanoparticles. The self-assembly details of aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) encapsulated into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results show that ANPs can completely self-roll into CNTs to form a stable core-shell structure by inertial force and van der Waals force. Inside the tubes, ANPs move toward the cap at a velocity of 2.27 Å ps-1. However, it increases to 3.17 Å ps-1 when near the cap of CNTs. The initiation of the ANPs' oxidation and degradation can be effectively checked by coating CNTs. The diffusion of the Al atoms in the encapsulated ANPs occurred earlier than their oxidation in combustion, verified by using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. The morphological evolutions of the nanostructures in the initial combustion of the encapsulated ANPs are predicted. The interplay between the encapsulated ANPs' responses and external stimuli is classified into core-shell separation, shell damage, and core-shell burst, which provides insights into the oxidation mechanism of encapsulated nanoparticles.

Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of Klebsiella pneumoniae mastitis on two large Chinese dairy farms.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic and environmental mastitis-causing pathogen, with potential for contagious transmission. Repetitive element sequence-based PCR was used to determine genetic diversity and explore potential transmission and reservoirs for mastitis caused by K. pneumoniae on 2 large Chinese dairy farms. A total of 1,354 samples was collected from the 2 dairy farms, including milk samples from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis, bedding, feces, feed, teat skin, and milking liners. Environmental samples were collected from all barns and milking parlors and extramammary samples from randomly selected dairy cows on both farms. In total, 272 and 93 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from Farms A and B, respectively (with ~8K and 2K lactating cows, respectively). Isolation rates from clinical mastitis (CM), subclinical mastitis (SCM), and environmental or extramammary samples were 34, 23 and 37%, respectively for Farm A and 42, 3, and 34% for Farm B. The K. pneumoniae isolated from CM milk and extramammary or environmental sources had high genetic diversity (index of diversity >90%) on the 2 farms and from SCM on Farm A. However, on Farm B, 9 SCM isolates were classified as 2 genotypes, resulting in a relatively low index of diversity (Simpson's index of diversity = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.08-0.70). Genotypes of K. pneumoniae causing mastitis were commonly detected in feces, bedding, and milking liners (Farm A), or from teat skin, sawdust bedding, and feed (Farm B). Based on its high level of genetic diversity, we inferred K. pneumoniae was an opportunistic and environmental pathogen causing outbreaks of CM on these 2 large Chinese dairy farms. Nevertheless, that only a few genotypes caused SCM implied some strains had increased udder adaptability and a contagious nature or a common extramammary source. Finally, control of intramammary infections caused by K. pneumoniae on large Chinese dairy farms must consider farm-level predictors, as the 2 outbreaks had distinct potential environmental sources of infection.

Mycoplasma bovis-generated reactive oxygen species and induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures.

Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of bovine mastitis in China and worldwide. We hypothesized that M. bovis damages bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC), with the degree of damage varying among field isolates. Our objective was to evaluate 2 novel sequence type (ST) field strains of M. bovis (ST172 and ST173) for their ability to induce oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, pathomorphological changes, and apoptosis in bMEC, as a model for pathogenesis of M. bovis-induced bovine mastitis. Cytotoxicity (as indicated by release of lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) from bMEC depended on multiplicity of infection (MOI), with a high MOI (1:1,000) being required to induce cytotoxicity. Morphological changes in bMEC, including shrinkage, loss of cell integrity, and heavy staining (hematoxylin and eosin) of cytoplasm were apparent 24 h after infection with ST172 or ST173 M. bovis, with more severe changes being induced by the latter strain. Adhesion and invasion assays both had curvilinear patterns, peaking 12 h after infection with MOI of 1:1,000. Both production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proportion of apoptotic cells increased with time after infection. Increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios and activation of caspase-3 implied involvement of mitochondria-dependent pathways of apoptosis. Furthermore, intracellular ROS generation, apoptosis, and cleaved caspase-3 were mitigated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a ROS scavenger. Both interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 were significantly upregulated by ST172 and ST173 M. bovis, with little change in expression of tumor necrosis factor-α. One ST173 M. bovis isolate had the greatest cytotoxicity of all of our field isolates, with the highest LDH release, adhesion, invasion, ROS production, and apoptosis. In conclusion, our hypothesis was supported: M. bovis damaged bMEC by generating ROS and initiating a mitochondria-dependent pathway of apoptosis, with the degree of damage varying among field isolates. This study provided new knowledge regarding pathogenesis of M. bovis-induced bovine mastitis.

Compact, low-cost, and highly sensitive optical fiber hydrophone based on incident angle sensing.

A compact, low-cost, and highly sensitive optical fiber hydrophone (OFH) based on an incident-angle sensing mechanism (IA-OFH) was demonstrated. An off-center positioned collimator was used for light emitting and receiving, which is very sensitive to the incident angle due to the very small beam divergence of the collimator. Moreover, owing to the angle-sensitive detection (without using any optical interference effect), precise control on the light wavelength and the cavity length is no longer needed, which can greatly simplify the device fabrication and the interrogation system. A quartz IA-OFH with a detection limit of 0.7 mPa/Hz1/2, a dynamic range of ∼110 dB, and a response bandwidth over 1.0 MHz was experimentally demonstrated.

All-optical switch and logic gates based on hybrid silicon-Ge2Sb2Te5 metasurfaces.

We numerically propose a hybrid metasurface (MS) to realize all-optical switch and logic gates in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) band. Such MS consists of one silicon rod and one Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) rod pair. Utilizing the transition from an amorphous state to a crystalline state of GST, such MS can produce an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) analogue with active control. Based on this, we realize all-optical switching at 1770 nm with a modulation depth of 84%. Besides, three different logic gates, NOT, NOR and OR, can also be achieved in this metadevice simultaneously. Thanks to the reversible and fast phase transition process of GST, this device possesses reconfigurable ability as well as fast response time, and has potential applications in future optical networks.

Prevalence of Potential Virulence Genes in Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Cows with Clinical Mastitis on Large Chinese Dairy Farms.

Klebsiella spp. is a common cause of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows. However, relatively less information is available about distribution of virulence factors of Klebsiella spp. isolated from cows with CM. Objectives of this study were, therefore, to determine the prevalence of hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype, capsule serotypes, and potential virulence genes in Klebsiella spp. from cows in China with CM. A total of 241 Klebsiella spp. isolates were recovered from cows with CM on 123 dairy farms (each had >500 lactating cows) located in 13 provinces of China. Of the isolates, 124 (51%) and 117 (49%) were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca, respectively. The prevalence of HMV was 16% for K. pneumoniae and 11% for K. oxytoca; entB (78%), fimH1 (55%), kfu (31%), and mrkD (24%) were the prevalent virulence genes among K. pneumoniae, whereas entB (50%), fimH1 (30%), and mrkD (22%) were prevalent in K. oxytoca. Prevalence of the lac gene was higher for K. pneumoniae (78%) than for K. oxytoca (13%), whereas the nif gene was more prevalent in K. oxytoca than in K. pneumoniae (12% and 1%, respectively). Fifty-six K. pneumoniae isolates were confirmed as K57, the most prevalent capsule serotype (45%). Twenty-one (18%), 20 (10%), and 9 (8%) of 117 K. oxytoca isolates were positive for K57, K5, and K54 serotypes, respectively. As the predominant serotype, K. pneumoniae K57 isolates had a higher prevalence of the HMV phenotype and fimH1 than non-K57 K. pneumoniae. In conclusion, virulence factors were commonly detected for both K. oxytoca and K. pneumoniae causing CM in Chinese dairy herds. HMV isolates were commonly identified, irrespective of species. In addition, as the predominant capsule in bovine K. pneumoniae, the K57 serotype may be better adapted to the udder environment; therefore, further studies targeting pathogenicity to mammary tissue should contribute new knowledge for vaccine development using this serotype.

Global Survey of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Air.

Despite its emerging significant public health concern, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban air has not received significant attention. Here, we profiled relative abundances (as a fraction, normalized by 16S rRNA gene) of 30 ARG subtypes resistant to seven common classes of antibiotics, which are quinolones, ß-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and vancomycins, in ambient total particulate matter (PM) using a novel protocol across 19 world cities. In addition, their longitudinal changes in PM2.5 samples in Xi'an, China as an example were also studied. Geographically, the ARGs were detected to vary by nearly 100-fold in their abundances, for example, from 0.07 (Bandung, Indonesia) to 5.6 (San Francisco, USA). The ß-lactam resistance gene blaTEM was found to be most abundant, seconded by quinolone resistance gene qepA; and their corresponding relative abundances have increased by 178% and 26%, respectively, from 2004 to 2014 in Xi'an. Independent of cities, gene network analysis indicates that airborne ARGs were differentially contributed by bacterial taxa. Results here reveal that urban air is being polluted by ARGs, and different cities are challenged with varying health risks associated with airborne ARG exposure. This work highlights the threat of urban airborne transmission of ARGs and the need of redefining our current air quality standards in terms with public health.

Reactive molecular dynamics simulation of thermal decomposition for nano-aluminized explosives.

Aluminized explosives have important applications in civil construction and military armaments, but their thermal decomposition mechanisms are not well characterized. Here, the thermal decomposition of TNT, RDX, HMX and CL-20 on Al nanoparticles is examined by reactive dynamics simulations using a newly parameterized reactive force field with low gradient correction (ReaxFF-lg). Partially passivated Al nanoparticles were constructed and mixed with TNT, RDX, HMX and CL-20 crystals and then the mixed systems are heated to a high temperature in which the explosives are fully decomposed. The simulation results show that the aluminized explosives undergo three main steps of thermal decomposition, which were denoted "adsorption period" (0-20 ps), "diffusion period" (20-80 ps) and "formation period" (80-210 ps). These stages in sequence are the chemical adsorption between Al and surrounding explosive molecules (R-NO2-Al bonding), the decomposition of the explosives and the diffusion of O atoms into the Al nanoparticles, and the formation of final products. In the first stage, the Al nanoparticles decrease the decomposition reaction barriers of RDX (1.90 kJ g-1), HMX (1.95 kJ g-1) and CL-20 (1.18 kJ g-1), respectively, and decrease the decomposition reaction barrier of TNT from 2.99 to 0.29 kJ g-1. Comparing with the crystalline RDX, HMX and CL-20, the energy releases are increased by 4.73-4.96 kJ g-1 in the second stage. The number of produced H2O molecules increased by 25.27-27.81% and the number of CO2 molecules decreased by 47.73-68.01% in the third stage. These three stages are further confirmed by the evolutive diagram of the structure and temperature distribution for the CL-20/Al system. The onset temperatures (To) of generating H2O for all the aluminized explosives decrease, while those of generating CO2 for aluminized HMX and CL-20 increase, which are in accord with the experiment of aluminized RDX.

Molecular dynamic simulation for thermal decomposition of RDX with nano-AlH3 particles.

Molecular dynamic simulation of a high explosive, RDX, mixed with AlH3 nanoparticles was performed by a newly parameterized ReaxFF force field. Testing of the ReaxFF shows that the mean absolute errors of the densities and bond lengths between calculated and experimental values are less than 7% and 3%, respectively. Using the ReaxFF, effects of AlH3 nanoparticles with different radii on the thermal decomposition of RDX were revealed. A new mechanism of the generation and the consumption of H2 was discovered in the explosion. The H2 is released by AlH3 firstly and then it reacts with NO2 and CO2 from the decomposition of RDX, leading to an increase of H2O, NO and CO. Meanwhile, the size effect of AlH3 upon the reaction was also revealed. As a result, the number of produced H2O and CO2 molecules increases by 10.38% and 56.85%, respectively, when the radius of AlH3 nanoparticles decreases from 1.10 to 0.68 nm. This showed that RDX decomposes more completely with smaller AlH3 nanoparticles, which was further demonstrated by the analysis of reaction residues and diffusion coefficients.

mRNA-Seq reveals accumulation followed by reduction of small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs in yeast exposed to antiviral ribavirin.

Ribavirin is an antiviral drug that is used to treat a wide range of human viral infections. However, the side effects are reported, and the mechanisms on eukaryotic cells are still largely unknown. Here we report our observation of accumulation followed by reduction of small nuclear (sn)RNAs and small nucleolar (sno)RNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to ribavirin. The three strains reported to contain dsRNA virus-like particle(s) were exposed to 100 µM of ribavirin, and snRNAs and snoRNAs from a total of 31 snR genes were differentially detected between the samples exposed to ribavirin and the respective negative controls by mRNA-Seq. Our results suggest that polyadenylated snRNAs and snoRNAs accumulated at 1 h but reduced to the subbasal levels at 4 h of ribavirin exposure. The tendency was reproducible across the three tested strains. Our study showed ribavirin affected snRNAs and snoRNAs in yeast. There may be a need to scrutinize the relationships between the side effects and such non-coding RNAs in humans who are treated with ribavirin.