Easy S-Alkylation of Arylthioureas and 2-Mercaptobenzothiazoles Using Tetraalkylammonium Salts under Transition-Metal-Free Conditions.

A highly-efficient and practical method for S-alkylation of arylthioureas was reported. Using tetraalkylammonium salts as alkylation reagents, a series of 68 S-substituted aryl-isothioureas were obtained in good to excellent yields under transition-metal-free conditions. The protocol features simple performance, broad functional group tolerance, good to excellent yields, and easily available starting materials, showing potential synthetic value for the preparation of diverse biologically or pharmaceutically active compounds.

Iodine promoted cyclization of N,N'-diphenylthiocarbamides with enaminones: a protocol for the synthesis of poly-substituted 2-iminothiazolines.

An iodine promoted cyclization reaction between N,N'-diphenylthiocarbamides and enaminones was achieved, providing a series of poly-substituted 2-iminothiazolines. This protocol is transition metal free and simple to perform, with a broad functional group tolerance and good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions, showing potential synthetic value for the preparation of a diversity of biologically and pharmaceutically active compounds.

A Membrane-Targeted Peptide Inhibiting PtxA of Phosphotransferase System Blocks Streptococcus mutans.

Streptococcus mutans, the primary cause of dental caries, takes up carbohydrates through the phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). This study aimed to identify a novel membrane-targeted antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that could also target the L-ascorbate-specific PtxA component of the S. mutans PTS system. C10-KKWW was identified and selected using virtual screening of a lipopeptide library, a minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) assay, cytotoxicity assays and a hemolysis assay. Surface plasmon resonance confirmed that C10-KKWW had a high binding affinity for PtxA. Combining with scanning electron microscopy and cell permeability assay, it was shown that the effects of C10-KKWW could be attributed to both membrane and PtxA. Wild type (WT) S. mutans, a ptxA deletion mutant (ΔptxA), and a mutant-complemented strain (CptxA), were cultured consistently in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium, tryptone-vitamin medium supplemented with 15 mM L-ascorbate (TVL), or for 5 h in BHI supplemented with 7.4 mM sodium L-ascorbate. Compared to ∆ptxA, in WT S. mutans and CptxA, C10-KKWW had a stronger MIC (3.9 µg/mL), and distinctively decreased biofilm viability. The extracellular concentrations of L-ascorbate/sodium L-ascorbate were not changed before and after WT treated with C10-KKWW. L-ascorbate-induced operon genes, or other PTS genes, were significantly suppressed by C10-KKWW. In conclusion, C10-KKWW has been developed; it acts through interaction with the bacterial membrane and interferes with L-ascorbate translocation to inhibit S. mutans growth and eradicate its biofilm. C10-KKWW may be especially effective at optimal oral ascorbate levels. A combination of C10-KKWW with sodium L-ascorbate might also be a novel strategy for dental caries treatment.

[Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of berberine and jateorhizine in Coptidis Rhizoma powder and their monomeric compounds in type 2 diabetic rats].

This article focused on a comparative analysis on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of berberine (BER) and jateorhizine(JAT) in Coptidis Rhizoma powder (HL-P) and their monomeric compounds (BER + JAT, BJ) in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats to explore the beneficial. effect of HL-P in the treatment of T2D. The T2D rats were treated with HL-P, BER, JAT and BJ, respectively for 63 d. The pharmacokinetic parameters, dynamic changes in blood glucose level and blood lipid values were measured. The results showed that, compared with other corresponding group, t(max), T(½ka) of BER and JAT in HL-P group were reduced, while C(max), AUC(inf), AUC(last), V(L)/F were significantly increased; compared with model group, blood glucose levels were decreased significantly in HL-P group since the 18th day, while those in BER or BJ group were reduced since the 36th day, however, blood glucose levels showed no obvious changes in JAT group; compared with model group, FFA values in all treatment group were decreased significantly. Moreover, TG, HDL and LDL value in HL-P group, LDL value in BER group and HDL value in BJ group were improved significantly. The above results showed that Coptidis Rhizoma powder showed excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics and excellent activity of lowering blood glucose and lipid. It provided a scientific basis for oral application of Coptidis Rhizoma powder in the treatment of T2D.

Association between vitamin B1 intake and hyperuricemia in adults.

Studies investigating the relationship between dietary vitamin B1 intake and risk of Hyperuricemia (HU) are scarce, the present study aimed to examine the association of dietary vitamin B1 intake and HU among adults. This cross-sectional study included 5750 adults whose data derived from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from March 2017 to March 2020. The dietary intake of vitamin B1 was assessed using 24-h dietary recall interviews. The characteristics of study participants were grouped into five levels according to the levels of vitamin B1 quintile. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of HU, according to the vitamin B1 intake quintile for male and female separately. The dose-response relationship was determined by the restricted cubic spline (RCS). Smoothed curve fitting was used to assess serum uric acid concentration versus dietary vitamin B1 intake in the study population. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 18.90% (20.15% and 17.79% for males and females, respectively) in the United States from March 2017 to March 2020. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that in the male population, the HU ratio (OR) of vitamin B1 intake in Q2 to Q5 compared with the lowest quintile (Q1) was 0.75 (95% CI 0.52, 1.09), 0.70 (95% CI 0.48, 1.02), 0.66 (95% CI 0.44, 0.99) and 0.55 (95% CI 0.34, 0.90). The P for trend was 0.028. In women, the ORs for vitamin B1 intake Q2 to Q5 were 0.87 (95% CI 0.64, 1.19), 0.97 (0.68-1.38), 1.05 (0.69-1.60) and 0.75 (0.42-1.34), respectively. The P for trend was 0.876. The RCS curve revealed a linear relationship between vitamin B1 intake and the risk of hyperuricemia in men (P nonlinear = 0.401). Smoothed curve fitting demonstrated a negative association between vitamin B1 intake and serum uric acid concentration in men, whereas there was no significant association between dietary vitamin B1 intake and the risk of hyperuricemia in women. In the US adult population, dietary vitamin B1 intake was negatively associated with hyperuricemia in males.

[Relation between expression of cerebral beta-APP in the chronic alcoholism rats and death caused by TSAH].

OBJECTIVE: By observing the cerebral beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) expression in the chronic alcoholism rats with slight cerebral injury, to discuss the correlation of chronic alcoholism and death caused by traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage (TSAH). METHODS: Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into watering group, watering group with strike, alcoholism group and alcoholism group with strike. Among them, the alcohol was used for continuous 4 weeks in alcoholism groups and the concussion was made in groups with strike. In each group, HE staining and immunohistochemical staining of the cerebral tissues were done and the results were analyzed by the histopathologic image system. RESULTS: In watering group, there was no abnormal. In watering group with strike, mild neuronic congestion was found. In alcoholism group, vascular texture on cerebral surface was found. And the neurons arranged in disorder with dilated intercellular space. In alcoholism group with strike, diffuse congestion on cerebral surface was found. And there was TSAH with thick-layer patches around brainstem following irregular axonotmesis. The quantity of beta-APP IOD in alcoholism group was significantly higher in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem than those in watering group with strike and alcoholism group with strike. CONCLUSION: The cerebral tissues with chronic alcoholism, due to the decreasing tolerance, could cause fatal TSAH and pathological changes in cerebral tissues of rats under slight cerebral injury.

Position-independent normal-mode splitting in cavities filled with zero-index metamaterials.

We study the normal-mode splitting when an oscillator is placed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity embedded with an impedance-matched or an impedance-mismatched zero-index medium (ZIM). Because of the (nearly) uniform localized fields in the ZIM, the normal-mode splitting remains (almost) invariant no matter where the oscillator is. When a split ring resonator is coupled to a transmission-line- based effective ZIM at various locations, nearly position-independent mode splitting is observed.

Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity expression in aging hippocampal neurons.

To investigate the activity of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-GAL) in the hippocampus of aging rats. Hippocampi of 6-, 18-, and 24-month-old rats were observed by histochemical staining for SA-beta-GAL and cytochemical staining for SA-beta-GAL in cultured hippocampal neurons. The activity of SA-beta-GAL doubled in hippocampal pyramidal cells of the CA3 region in rats between 6 and 18 months (14.57+/-2.74% vs. 31.66+/-14.12% SA-beta-GAL-positive, respectively), and reached 50.76+/-14.41% positive at 24 months. The activity of SA-beta-GAL also increased as a function of time upon prolonged culture of cultured hippocampal neurons with 95% of cells being SA-beta-GAL-positive at 20 days in vitro. Interestingly, no SA-beta-GAL-positive cells were found in neurons of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, a neurogenic region of the brain, at any age examined. SA-beta-GAL can be used as a senescence biomarker in determining senescent neurons in hippocampal pyramidal cells of the CA3 region in advanced aging.

Berberine Inhibits Gluconeogenesis in Skeletal Muscles and Adipose Tissues in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats via LKB1-AMPK-TORC2 Signaling Pathway.

The effect and potential molecular mechanisms of berberine on gluconeogenesis in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues were investigated. After adaptive feeding for one week, 8 rats were randomly selected as the normal group and fed on a standard diet. The remaining 32 rats were fed on a high-fat diet and given an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ) for 2 weeks to induce the diabetic models. The diabetic rat models were confirmed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8 each), which were all fed on a high-fat diet. Berberine (3 g/kg per day) or metformin (183 mg/kg per day) was intragastrically administered to the diabetic rats for 12 weeks, serving as berberine group and metformin group respectively. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-ß-D-ribofuranoside [AICAR, an agonist of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 0.5 mg/kg per day] was subcutaneously injected to the diabetic rats for 12 weeks, serving as AICAR group. The remaining 8 diabetic rats served as the model group, which was given a 0.5% carboxyl methylcellulose solution by oral gavage. Fasting serum insulin (FINS), OGTT as well as lipid parameters were tested by commercial kit. The protein levels of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), transducer of regulated CREB activity 2 (TORC2), phosphorylated transducer of regulated CREB activity 2 (p-TORC2), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues were examined by Western blotting. The results showed that berberine significantly decreased the body weight, plasma glucose, insulin levels, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of diabetic rats compared with those in the model group. Meanwhile, the serum total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were markedly decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was significantly increased after the treatment with berberine. In addition, we found that berberine significantly increased the expression of p-AMPK and LKB1, while decreasing the p-TORC2 levels in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues. Moreover, the expression of PEPCK and G6Pase was significantly down-regulated after the treatment with berberine compared to the model group. It was suggested that the mechanism by which berberine inhibited peripheral tissue gluconeogenesis may be attributed to the activation of the LKB1-AMPK-TORC2 signaling pathway.

Efficacy of Electro-acupuncture in Treatment of Functional Constipation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Functional constipation (FC) is a chronic disease that significantly affects the life quality of patients. Acupuncture has been used for the treatment of FC for many years, but its effectiveness has not been scientifically assessed. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of electro-acupuncture (EA) in relieving the symptoms, mental states and quality of life (QOL) of FC patients. A total of 96 FC patients were randomly allocated into EA, mosapride & sham EA group (MS) and mosapride control group (MC). In the EA group, patients were treated with 16 sessions of needling at Quchi (LI11) and Shangjuxu (ST37) bilaterally, 5 times a week in the first 2 weeks, and 3 times a week in the last 2 weeks. In the MC group, patients were treated with 5 mg mosapride citrate three times a day for 4 weeks. In the MS group, patients underwent sham EA and the same mosapride citrate treatment as in the MC group. The primary outcome was the number of weekly spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs). The secondary outcomes included stool consistency, intensity of defecating difficulty, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the validated Patient Assessment of Constipation-Quality of Life (PAC-QOL). The results showed that as compared with the baseline, EA significantly improved the weekly SBMs, stool consistency and intensity of defecating difficulty (P<0.05). It also partly ameliorated the PAC-QOL, SF-36, SDS and SAS scores when compared with MC or MS group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between MS and MC groups in bowel function outcomes and QOL scores. It was concluded that EA could effectively improve bowel function, mental states and QOL of FC patients.

[Analysis of 10 cases died from the acute infectious disease with the severe adrenalitis, necrosis and hemorrhage].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the potential mechanisms and the role of adrenalitis with extensive hemorrhage and necrosis in acute critical infectious diseases. Methods Forensic autopsy cases from 1987 to 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. And 10 cases of them were involved in the primary and critical infection with acute inflammation, hemorrhage and necrosis of adrenal glands. Results Clinical diagnoses of 10 cases were respiratory tract infection (n=6), septic shock (n=2), acute esophagitis (n=1), and undefined causes (n=1), and the quickly aggravating conditions resulted in death ultimately. However, systematic autopsy confirmed that 7 cases died of acute lymphocytic pancarditis, 2 cases acute and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and 1 case epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis with septicemia. And severe complications of all cases included hemorrhagic necrotizing adrenalitis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure (MOF). Conclusions Hemorrhagic necrotizing adrenalitis should be considered as one of the important pathological changes in fatal MOF resulting from severe infection and trauma etc. More attention should be paid in clinical treatment.

Metabolic assessment of the human pons by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the normal mean reference normal value for metabolic ratios in the pons of healthy adult Chinese subjects by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty healthy Chinese subjects, ranging in age from 21 to 60 years, were divided into four groups, each containing 20 subjects per decade. The pons of every subject was scanned on single-voxel 1HMRS by using the point-resolved proton spectroscopy sequence (PRESS) with echo time (TE)=144 ms and repetition time (TR)=1500 ms. RESULTS: The total mean ratios of N-acetylasparate/creatine-phosphocreatine (NAA/Cr), NAA/choline-containing compounds (Cho) and Cho/Cr in subjects ranging from 21 to 60 years were 2.13+/-0.07, 1.22+/-0.11 and 1.81+/-0.09 respectively. The highest metabolite ratios were seen in the 41-50 year group. There was no significant difference with respect to age or gender. CONCLUSIONS: The ratios of NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho or Cho/Cr in the pons did not correlate with the age or gender of healthy subjects.

[The recent development on age estimation].

The main methods of age estimation at present mostly rely on characteristic physical and chemical changes of skeleton, soft tissue, cells, biomacromolecules and the other substances. Because physiological changes of tissues and organs during growth are extremely complicated, all methods have their limitations. In practical, it is necessary to combine several methods together in order to improve the accuracy of age estimation. This article reviewed recent development on age estimation domestically and abroad and discussed advantage and disadvantage of different methods.

Synthesis of Aryl Silacarboxylates via Palladium-Catalyzed C-O Bond Formation of Silacarboxylic Acids and Aryl Iodides.

The first palladium-catalyzed C-O bond formation method for the synthesis of silacarboxylates by silacarboxylic acids with a broad range of aryl iodides and iodo-N-heterocycles is reported. Electron-deficient, electron-rich, and sterically hindered aryl iodides were well-tolerated to furnish the corresponding aryl silacarboxylates in moderate to excellent yields. Active functional groups, such as -NH2, -CHO, and allyl-, showed good tolerance, even in the large-scale synthesis. Double and triple esterification were also demonstrated to be effective.

[Role of SMU.2055 gene in regulating acid resistance of Streptococcus mutans UA159].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of SMU.2055 gene on acid resistance of Streptococcus mutans. METHODS: A SMU.2055-dificient mutant strain of S. mutans was constructed using homologous recombination technique. The growth of the wild-type and mutant strains was monitored in both normal and acidic conditions. The lethal pH level, glycolysis, proton permeability, cell permeability and biofilm formation of the two strains were compared. RESULTS: PCR and sequence analyses verified the successful construction of the SMU.2055-dificient mutant strain. The growth and biofilm formation capacity of the mutant strain were obviously lowered in both normal and acidic conditions. The mutant strain also showed increased lethal pH level, proton permeability, and cell permeability with impaired H+-ATPase activity in acidic conditions, but its minimum glycolytic pH remained unaffected. CONCLUSION: The SMU.2055-deficient S. mutans mutant exhibits a lowered acid resistance, which affects the growth, lethal pH, proton permeability, H+-ATPase activity, cell permeability and biofilm formation but not the minimum glycolytic pH of the mutant strain.

Alterations of trace elements (Zn, Se, Cu, Fe) and related metalloenzymes in rabbit blood after severe trauma.

To investigate the status of the trace elements (TEs) and related metalloenzymes activities in the injury and repair process after severe trauma, we established a rabbit model of severe trauma whose Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 22. Concentrations of blood selenium (Se) and serum copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and ferritin were measured on D0 (before injury), and day (D) 1, D2, D3, D6, D9, D14, D21, D28 after trauma, respectively. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), the contents of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum biochemical profile were detected synchronously. In addition, the morphologic changes of major organs were observed at different time intervals. Results showed that blood Se and serum Zn, Fe contents decreased significantly within 2 weeks after injury. Serum Cu concentration was significantly reduced on D1 but normalized quickly. Serum ferritin level increased during the first week while following an obvious decrease thereafter. The blood GPx activity dropped markedly from D1 to D6, the serum Cu/Zn-SOD activity decreased on D1 and then increased significantly within 2 weeks, and the blood MPO-positive stained cells increased within a week after trauma and followed by a decrease from D14 to D21. The serum MDA increased significantly on D6. Seven of 34 rabbits died in 4-6 days after injury. Biochemistry values and pathological features revealed these rabbits died of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Our experiment suggested that the circulating TEs status is dramatically modified in response to trauma, which might be a factor in MODS.

[Role of SMU.2055 gene in cariogenic capacity of Streptococcus mutans].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a SMU.2055-dificient mutant strain of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and evaluate its cariogenic capacity in comparison with wild-type S. mutans. METHODS: The SMU.2055-dificient mutant strain of S. mutans was constructed using homologous recombination technique and observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The absorbance at 600 nm and pH values of the wild-type and mutant strains were monitored to evaluate their growth and acid production. After acid adaption, the two strains were challenged with acid shock and their survival rates were determined. RESULTS: PCR and sequence analyses verified the successful construction of the SMU.2055-dificient mutant strain. Observation with SEM revealed obvious changes in the morphology of the mutant strain, which showed reduced irregular substances between the individual bacteria as compared with the wild-type strain. TEM revealed major alterations in the cellular architecture of the mutant strain with blurry cell membrane and disruption of the membrane integrity. The growth capacity of the mutant strain decreased in both normal and acidic conditions but its acid production capacity remained unaffected. CONCLUSION: SMU.2055 gene is associated with morphology maintenance, growth capacity and acid resistance of S. mutans but is not related to the acid production capacity of the bacterium.

[Analysis of HLA-B locus gene polymorphism in Sichuan Yi ethnic group and Xinjiang Uygur ethnic group].

The polymorphism of HLA-B alleles in Sichuan Yi and Xinjiang Uygur population was investigated using the PCR-SSP method. Twenty one alleles were detected in HLA-B loci in 106 Sichuan unrelated Yi healthy subjects. Of them, B*40, B*15 and B*51 were the most common alleles with an allele frequency of 0.1981, 0.1368, 0.1274, respectively; while B*47, B*44, B*18, B*57 and B*78 were the rare alleles with an allele frequency of 0.0189, 0.0142, 0.0094, 0.0047 and 0.0047, respectively. The distribution of HLA-B allele frequencies in Sichuan Yis was between Southern Han and Northern Han. In 110 Xinjiang unrelated healthy Uygur subjects, 27 alleles were detected in HLA-B loci. Of them, B*35 and B*51 were the most common alleles with an allele frequency of 0.1136 and 0.1136, respectively; while B*41, B*56 and B*78 were the rare alleles with a frequency of 0.0045, 0.0045 and 0.0091, respectively. Frequencies of "Caucasoid origin" HLA alleles such as B*08, B*35 and B*50 in Xinjiang Uygurs were higher than other ethnic groups in China. The result of chi2 tests showed that the distributions of HLA-B alleles in Yi and Uygur ethnic groups were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Heterozygosity (H), discrimination power (DP) and probability of paternity exclusion (EP) of HLA-B locus from Sichuan Yi ethnic group were computed to be 0.8977, 0.9661 and 0.8009; and those from Xinjiang Uygur ethnic group were 0.9372, 0.9857 and 0.8732. The data obtained in this study on the distributions of HLA-B alleles in the Sichuan Yi and Xinjiang Uygur population provide important group genetics information for forensic and paternity tests to estimate the frequency of a DNA profile in these two populations, and can be used in transplant matching, anthropological and disease association studies.

[Inhibitory effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide on lipopolysaccharide-elicited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in vascular endothelial cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in vascular endothelial cells. METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (ECV-304 cells) was stimulated with vehicle (normal saline) or LPS in the presence (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/L) or absence (0.1 mg/L) of CCK-8 (10(-6)-10(-8)mol/L). Nitric oxide (NO) level and cellular nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were determined with spectrophotometrically. The iNOS expression was detected with immunocytochemical technique and Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with normal saline, LPS significantly induced the upregulation of iNOS protein expression in the cultured ECV-304 cells, and NOS activity in ECV-304 cells and NO level in cultured media were increased. CCK-8 obviously inhibited above-mentioned effect of LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Whereas CCK-8 alone did not showed effect on iNOS protein expression, NO level and cellular NOS activity as compared with those values when vehicle was used. CONCLUSION: CCK-8 inhibited LPS-elicited iNOS expression and NO production in ECV-304 cells.

[Changes of cyclin D1 expression following human brain contusion].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationships of Cyclin D1 expression with the posttraumatic intervals (PTI) following the cerebra, brainstem or cerebella contusion in human. METHODS: 88 cases of brain contusions of the closed head injury were investigated with pathological and Cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry methods. The results were analyzed by image analysis technique (IAT). RESULTS: The immunoreactivity of Cyclin D1 was almost disappeared in the core cells of the brain contusion. Cyclin D1-positive cells started to increase in the boundary of the brain contusion in the 1h group. Cyclin D1-positive cells were increased significantly in the 3 h-30 d groups and maintained at a high level in the boundary of the brain contusion of those groups. It is suggested that the Cyclin D1-positive cells were primarily origin from microglia and other glia. A few neurons expressed Cyclin D1. CONCLUSION: Cyclin D1 can express in several kinds of brain cells following the contusion, especially in the glia cells. Cyclin D1-positive cells were increased obviously and rapidly after injury, so it could be used as a reference marker for early stage brain injury.