Phosphorylation-Mediated IFN-γR2 Membrane Translocation Is Required to Activate Macrophage Innate Response.

As a critical step during innate response, the cytoplasmic ß subunit (IFN-γR2) of interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR) is induced and translocates to plasma membrane to join α subunit to form functional IFN-γR to mediate IFN-γ signaling. However, the mechanism driving membrane translocation and its significance remain largely unknown. We found, unexpectedly, that mice deficient in E-selectin, an endothelial cell-specific adhesion molecule, displayed impaired innate activation of macrophages upon Listeria monocytogenes infection yet had increased circulating IFN-γ. Inflammatory macrophages from E-selectin-deficient mice had less surface IFN-γR2 and impaired IFN-γ signaling. BTK elicited by extrinsic E-selectin engagement phosphorylates cytoplasmic IFN-γR2, facilitating EFhd2 binding and promoting IFN-γR2 trafficking from Golgi to cell membrane. Our findings demonstrate that membrane translocation of cytoplasmic IFN-γR2 is required to activate macrophage innate response against intracellular bacterial infection, identifying the assembly of functional cytokine receptors on cell membrane as an important layer in innate activation and cytokine signaling.

Author Correction: Inducible degradation of lncRNA Sros1 promotes IFN-γ-mediated activation of innate immune responses by stabilizing Stat1 mRNA.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Inducible degradation of lncRNA Sros1 promotes IFN-γ-mediated activation of innate immune responses by stabilizing Stat1 mRNA.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is essential for the innate immune response to intracellular bacteria. Noncoding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) need to be further considered in studies of regulation of the IFN-γ-activated signaling pathway in macrophages. In the present study, we found that the microRNA miR-1 promoted IFN-γ-mediated clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in macrophages by indirectly stabilizing the Stat1 messenger RNA through the degradation of the cytoplasmic long noncoding RNA Sros1. Inducible degradation or genetic loss of Sros1 led to enhanced IFN-γ-dependent activation of the innate immune response. Mechanistically, Sros1 blocked the binding of Stat1 mRNA to the RBP CAPRIN1, which stabilized the Stat1 mRNA and, consequently, promoted IFN-γ-STAT1-mediated innate immunity. These observations shed light on the complex RNA-RNA regulatory networks involved in cytokine-initiated innate responses in host-pathogen interactions.

Single-cell technologies in psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disorder. The primary manifestation of psoriasis arises from disturbances in the cutaneous immune microenvironment, but the specific functions of the cellular components within this microenvironment remain unknown. Recent advancements in single-cell technologies have enabled the detection of multi-omics at the level of individual cells, including single-cell transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, which have been successfully applied in studying autoimmune diseases, and other pathologies. These techniques allow the identification of heterogeneous cell clusters and their varying contributions to disease development. Considering the immunological traits of psoriasis, an in-depth exploration of immune cells and their interactions with cutaneous parenchymal cells can markedly advance our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the onset and recurrence of psoriasis. In this comprehensive review, we present an overview of recent applications of single-cell technologies in psoriasis, aiming to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this disorder.

Apatinib Plus Toripalimab (Anti-PD1 Therapy) as Second-Line Therapy in Patients With Advanced Gastric or Esophagogastric Junction Cancer: Results From a Randomized, Open-Label Phase II Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the activity of apatinib plus toripalimab in the second line for patients with advanced gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer (GC/EGJC). METHODS: In this open-label, phase II, randomized trial, patients with advanced GC/EGJC who progressed after first-line chemotherapy were enrolled and received 250 mg apatinib per day plus 240 mg toripalimab on day 1 per 3 weeks (arm A) or physician's choice of chemotherapy (PC, arm B). The primary endpoint of this study was the 1-year survival rate. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), and safety were assessed as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients received apatinib plus toripalimab while 26 were enrolled in arm B. The 1-year survival rates of the 2 groups were 43.3% and 42.3%, respectively (P = .903). The PFS was 2.77 versus 2.33 months (P = .660). The OS was 8.30 versus 9.88 months (P = .539). An objective response was reported in 20.0% of patients in arm A compared to 26.9% in arm B (P = .368), respectively. A total of 6 (24.0%) patients experienced adverse events of grade ≥ 3 in arm A, while 9 (34.6%) patients suffered from adverse events of grade ≥ 3 in arm B. No drug-related deaths occurred in either group. CONCLUSION: Toripalimab plus apatinib treatment in second-line therapy of advanced GC/EGJC showed manageable toxicity but did not improve clinical outcomes relative to PC treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04190745).

Characterizing hub biomarkers for post-transplant renal fibrosis and unveiling their immunological functions through RNA sequencing and advanced machine learning techniques.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation stands out as the most effective renal replacement therapy for patients grappling with end-stage renal disease. However, post-transplant renal fibrosis is a prevalent and irreversible consequence, imposing a substantial clinical burden. Unfortunately, the clinical landscape remains devoid of reliable biological markers for diagnosing post-transplant renal interstitial fibrosis. METHODS: We obtained transcriptome and single-cell sequencing datasets of patients with renal fibrosis from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Subsequently, we employed Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify potential genes by integrating core modules and differential genes. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to unveil the involvement of potential pathways. To identify key biomarkers for renal fibrosis, we utilized logistic analysis, a LASSO-based tenfold cross-validation approach, and gene topological analysis within Cytoscape. Furthermore, histological staining, Western blotting (WB), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments were performed in a murine model of renal fibrosis to verify the identified hub genes. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to explore possible effective drugs. RESULTS: Through WGCNA, the intersection of core modules and differential genes yielded a compendium of 92 potential genes. Logistic analysis, LASSO-based tenfold cross-validation, and gene topological analysis within Cytoscape identified four core genes (CD3G, CORO1A, FCGR2A, and GZMH) associated with renal fibrosis. The expression of these core genes was confirmed through single-cell data analysis and validated using various machine learning methods. Wet experiments also verified the upregulation of these core genes in the murine model of renal fibrosis. A positive correlation was observed between the core genes and immune cells, suggesting their potential role in bolstering immune system activity. Moreover, four potentially effective small molecules (ZINC000003830276-Tessalon, ZINC000003944422-Norvir, ZINC000008214629-Nonoxynol-9, and ZINC000085537014-Cobicistat) were identified through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. CONCLUSION: Four potential hub biomarkers most associated with post-transplant renal fibrosis, as well as four potentially effective small molecules, were identified, providing valuable insights for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying post-transplant renal fibrosis and exploring new targets.

Anti-biofilm mechanism of a synthetical low molecular weight poly-d-mannose on Salmonella Typhimurium.

In this study, a low molecular weight poly-d-mannose (LMWM) was separated from a mixed polysaccharide synthesized previously. Monosaccharide composition, Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), periodate oxidation and smith degradation were determined. After safety evaluation, the inhibition of LMWM on the different biofilm formation stages of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was tested in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of LMWM on the adhesion of S. Typhimurium to Caco-2 cells and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) were observed. Results indicated that LMWM was a homopolysaccharide without cytotoxicity and hemolysis, containing both α-mannose and ß-mannose. It showed obvious anti-biofilm activity on S. Typhimurium and mainly activated on the initial adhesion and formation stage, even better than the commercial S. cerevisiae mannan (CM). LMWM inhibited the adhesion of S. Typhimurium on Caco-2 cells with the inhibition rate of 61.04 % at 2 mg/ml. Meanwhile, LMWM decreased the hydrophobicity of S. Typhimurium cell surface. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect on S. Typhimurium biofilm was not caused by bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity of LMWM. The specific anti-adhesion and the decrease of bacterial CSH by LMWM may closely relate to anti-biofilm mechanism. This study provides some supports for the application of LMWM as antibiotics alternative on S. Typhimurium in the future.

The Warburg effect drives cachectic states in patients with pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma.

We have studied whether the Warburg effect (uncontrolled glycolysis) in pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma triggers cachexia in the patient. After 74 pancreatobiliary adenocarcinomas were removed by surgery, their glucose transporter-1 and four glycolytic enzymes were quantified using Western blotting. Based on the resulting data, the adenocarcinomas were equally divided into a group of low glycolysis (LG) and a group of high glycolysis (HG). Energy homeostasis was assessed in these cancer patients and in 74 non-cancer controls, using serum albumin and C-reactive protein and morphometrical analysis of abdominal skeletal muscle and fat on computed tomography scans. Some removed adenocarcinomas were transplanted in nude mice to see their impacts on host energy homeostasis. Separately, nude mice carrying tumor grafts of MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells were treated with the glycolytic inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate and with emodin that inhibited glycolysis by decreasing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Adenocarcinomas in both group LG and group HG impaired energy homeostasis in the cancer patients, compared to the non-cancer reference. The impaired energy homeostasis induced by the adenocarcinomas in group HG was more pronounced than that by the adenocarcinomas in group LG. When original adenocarcinomas were grown in nude mice, their glycolytic abilities determined the levels of hepatic gluconeogenesis, skeletal muscle proteolysis, adipose-tissue lipolysis, and weight loss in the mice. When MiaPaCa-2 cells were grown as tumors in nude mice, 3-bromopyruvate and emodin decreased tumor-induced glycolysis and cachexia, with the best effects being seen when the drugs were administered in combination. In conclusion, the Warburg effect in pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma triggers cancer cachexia.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for confirming the role of CYP3A1/2 and P-glycoprotein in detoxification mechanism between glycyrrhizic acid and aconitine in rats.

Fuzi, an effective common herb, is often combined with Gancao to treat disease in clinical practice with enhancing its efficacy and alleviating its toxicity. The major toxic and bioactive compounds in Fuzi and Gancao are aconitine (AC) and glycyrrhizic acid (GL), respectively. This study aims to elucidate detoxification mechanism between AC and GL from pharmacokinetic perspective using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. In vitro experiments exhibited that AC was mainly metabolized by CYP3A1/2 in rat liver microsomes and transported by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in Caco-2 cells. Kinetics assays showed that the Km and Vmax of AC towards CYP3A1/2 were 2.38 µM and 57.3 pmol/min/mg, respectively, whereas that of AC towards P-gp was 11.26 µM and 147.1 pmol/min/mg, respectively. GL markedly induced the mRNA expressions of CYP3A1/2 and MDR1a/b in rat primary hepatocytes. In vivo studies suggested that the intragastric and intravenous administration of GL significantly reduced systemic exposure of AC by 27% and 33%, respectively. Drug-drug interaction (DDI) model of PBPK predicted that co-administration of GL would decrease the exposure of AC by 39% and 45% in intragastric and intravenous dosing group, respectively. The consistency between predicted data and observed data confirmed that the upregulation of CYP3A1/2 and P-gp was the crucial detoxification mechanism between AC and GL. Thus, this study provides a demonstration for elucidating the compatibility mechanisms of herbal formula using PBPK modeling and gives support for the clinical co-medication of Fuzi and Gancao.

Conjugative plasmids interact with insertion sequences to shape the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes.

It is well established that plasmids play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes; however, little is known about the role of the underlying interactions between different plasmid categories and other mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in shaping the promiscuous spread of AMR genes. Here, we developed a tool designed for plasmid classification, AMR gene annotation, and plasmid visualization and found that most plasmid-borne AMR genes, including those localized on class 1 integrons, are enriched in conjugative plasmids. Notably, we report the discovery and characterization of a massive insertion sequence (IS)-associated AMR gene transfer network (245 combinations covering 59 AMR gene subtypes and 53 ISs) linking conjugative plasmids and phylogenetically distant pathogens, suggesting a general evolutionary mechanism for the horizontal transfer of AMR genes mediated by the interaction between conjugative plasmids and ISs. Moreover, our experimental results confirmed the importance of the observed interactions in aiding the horizontal transfer and expanding the genetic range of AMR genes within complex microbial communities.

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of eight Xiakucao Oral liquid-related compounds in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic study.

Xiakucao Oral Liquid (XKCOL) has been widely used for treating mammary gland hyperplasia and goiter in China. However, its pharmacokinetic data have been missing to date. To conduct its pharmacokinetic study, we established an LC-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of eight XKCOL-related compounds in rat plasma. Liquid-liquid extraction was used for the sampling process. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenon Luna C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol and 2 mM ammonium acetate, using gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Detection was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using negative electrospray ionization (ESI-) with optimized MS parameters. Endogenous substances and carryover did not interfere in the detection of analytes. The calibration curves showed a good linear relationship within the linear ranges. The intra- and inter-batch accuracy and precision were 94.8%-110.0% and ≤11.2%, respectively. There was no significant matrix effect and the recovery was reproducible. The dilution of samples did not affect the accuracy and precision. The solution and plasma samples were stable under the various test conditions. The major components of XKCOL absorbed into the blood were salvianic acid A and rosmarinic acid. They demonstrated linear kinetics over the dose range used in this study.

Integrating spatial-temporal soundscape mapping with landscape indicators for effective conservation management and planning of a protected area.

Protected areas (PAs) possess generous biodiversity, making them great potential for human and wildlife well-being. Nevertheless, rising anthropogenic sounds may pose a serious challenge and threat to the habitats. Therefore, understanding the acoustic environments of PAs and implementing proper conservation strategies are essential for maintaining species richness within the territory. In this study, we investigate the spatial-temporal variations of soundscape distribution in the Dashanbao Protected Area (DPA) of China, ultimately discussing the planning and management strategies. Firstly, to systematically analyse the spatial-temporal soundscape distribution of the reserve, we generated single and multi-acoustic source maps by classifying geographical, biological, and anthropogenic sounds. In the region, we installed 35 recording points and collected sounds using the synchronic recording method. Secondly, we conducted Spearman correlation analyses to examine the relationships between the sound sources and i) temporal variations, ii) landscape feature indicators. Thirdly, we identified the dominant sound sources in the region and their conflict areas through the cross-analysis module of Grass Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Finally, we provided sound control strategies by discussing landscape indicators and land-use management policies. The results show that even though there is conservation planning in the DPA, anthropogenic sounds dominate in certain parts of the reserve depending on diurnal and seasonal cycles. This reveals deficiencies in the DPA's current planning concerning the soundscape and highlights the effectiveness of spatial-temporal mapping. Additionally, our correlation analyses demonstrate that landscape feature indicators can represent how sound environment is affected by landscape. The patch diversity (PD), landscape shape index (LSI), Shannon's Diversity Index (SHDI), woodland, shrubland, and water distance (WD) were identified as the primary predictors for both biological and anthropogenic sounds. None of the indicators exhibited a significant positive or negative correlation with geological sounds. Consequently, to enhance and conserve the acoustic quality of the region, spatial-temporal mapping with landscape indicators can be employed in the management and planning processes.

The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy and Coping Mode Between Powerlessness and Quality of Life in Patients with Venous Leg Ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy and coping mode between powerlessness and quality of life in patients with a venous leg ulcer (VLU). METHODS: The authors used a convenience sampling method to select 208 patients with a VLU in four tertiary grade A hospitals in Qingdao and Tianjin from June 2021 to August 2022. Instruments included the Powerlessness Assessment Tool, Venous Leg Ulcer Self-efficacy Tool, Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire, and Venous Leg Ulcer Quality of Life Questionnaire. The authors used descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and PROCESS macros for data analysis. RESULTS: The powerlessness score was significantly negatively associated with self-efficacy and confrontation coping mode scores and positively associated with patients' quality-of-life scores. In addition, self-efficacy and confrontation coping modes separately and sequentially mediated the relationship between powerlessness and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Self-efficacy and confrontation coping mode play important mediating roles between powerlessness and quality of life in patients with VLUs. By decreasing patients' sense of powerlessness, boosting their self-efficacy, and encouraging them to adopt confrontation coping mode, health professionals can improve patients' quality of life.

Cognitive diagnostic assessment: A Q-matrix constraint-based neural network method.

Cognitive diagnosis is a crucial element of intelligent education that aims to assess the proficiency of specific skills or traits in students at a refined level and provide insights into their strengths and weaknesses for personalized learning. Researchers have developed numerous cognitive diagnostic models. However, previous studies indicate that diagnostic accuracy can be significantly influenced by the appropriateness of the model and the sample size. Thus, designing a general model that can adapt to different assumptions and sample sizes remains a considerable challenge. Artificial neural networks have been proposed as a promising approach in some studies. In this paper, we propose a cognitive diagnosis model of a neural network constrained by a Q-matrix and named QNN. Specifically, we employ the Q-matrix to determine the connections between neurons and the width and depth of the neural network. Moreover, to reduce the human effort in the training algorithm, we designed a self-organizing map-based cognitive diagnosis training framework called SOM-NN, which enables the QNN to be trained unsupervised. Extensive experimental results on simulated and real datasets demonstrate that our approaches are effective in both accuracy and interpretability. Notably, under unsupervised conditions, our approach has significant advantages on small sample datasets with high levels of guessing and slipping, especially on the pattern-wise agreement rates. This work bridges the gap between psychometrics and machine learning and provides a realistic and implementable reference solution for classroom instructional assessment and the cold start of personalized and adaptive assessment systems.

Vitamin K2 supplementation improves impaired glycemic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes through gut microbiome and fecal metabolites.

BACKGROUND: There is insufficient evidence for the ability of vitamin K2 to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus symptoms by regulating gut microbial composition. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate the key role of the gut microbiota in the improvement of impaired glycemic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity by vitamin K2 intervention. METHODS: We first performed a 6-month RCT on 60 T2DM participants with or without MK-7 (a natural form of vitamin K2) intervention. In addition, we conducted a transplantation of the MK-7-regulated microbiota in diet-induced obesity mice for 4 weeks. 16S rRNA sequencing, fecal metabolomics, and transcriptomics in both study phases were used to clarify the potential mechanism. RESULTS: After MK-7 intervention, we observed notable 13.4%, 28.3%, and 7.4% reductions in fasting serum glucose (P = 0.048), insulin (P = 0.005), and HbA1c levels (P = 0.019) in type 2 diabetes participants and significant glucose tolerance improvement in diet-induced obesity mice (P = 0.005). Moreover, increased concentrations of secondary bile acids (lithocholic and taurodeoxycholic acid) and short-chain fatty acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid) were found in human and mouse feces accompanied by an increased abundance of the genera that are responsible for the biosynthesis of these metabolites. Finally, we found that 4 weeks of fecal microbiota transplantation significantly improved glucose tolerance in diet-induced obesity mice by activating colon bile acid receptors, improving host immune-inflammatory responses, and increasing circulating GLP-1 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Our gut-derived findings provide evidence for a regulatory role of vitamin K2 on glycemic homeostasis, which may further facilitate the clinical implementation of vitamin K2 intervention for diabetes management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at https://www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1800019663).

Metabolic Plasticity Endows Mixotrophic Organisms with High Tolerance to Cadmium and Special Potential for Recovering Cadmium-Contaminated Aquatic Environment.

Heavy metal pollution in waters causes serious stress to aquatic ecosystems. Several autotrophs with strong tolerance are extensively used to adsorb heavy metals, but their use may be limited by the specific conditions of polluted waters due to their single nutrition mode. By contrast, mixotrophs possess strong environmental adaptability due to their plastic metabolic modes. However, studies focusing on mixotroph's resistance and its underlying mechanism in response to heavy metals and their bioremediation potentials are currently lacking. In this study, we investigated the population, phytophysiological, and transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) responses of a typical and common mixotrophic organism, Ochromonas, to cadmium exposure and then evaluated their capacity to remove cadmium under mixotrophic condition. Compared with autotrophy, mixotrophic Ochromonas enhanced photosynthetic performances under short-time cadmium exposure and subsequently shifted to stronger resistance with increasing exposure time. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that the genes related to photosynthesis, ATP production, ECM components, and scavenging of reactive oxygen species and damaged organelles were upregulated to boost mixotrophic Ochromonas resistance to cadmium. Consequently, the harm of metal exposure was eventually reduced and cellular stability was maintained. Approximately, 70% of cadmium at 2.4 mg L-1 cadmium was removed by mixotrophic Ochromonas in the end, benefiting from upregulated genes associated with the transport of metal ions. Hence, mixotrophic Ochromonas tolerance to cadmium can be attributed to multiple pathways of energy metabolism and effective transport of metal ions. Collectively, this study advanced a better understanding of the unique mechanism of heavy metal resistance in mixotrophs and their potential use in recovering cadmium-contaminated aquatic ecosystems. IMPORTANCE Mixotrophs widely living in aquatic ecosystems possess unique ecological roles and strong environmental adaptability due to their plastic metabolic modes; however, little is known about their underlying resistance mechanism and bioremediation potential in response to environmental stresses. For the first time, this work investigated how mixotrophs respond to metal pollutants through physiological, population dynamics, and transcriptional regulation, and highlighted the unique underlying mechanism of mixotrophs to resist and remove heavy metal, thereby advancing our understanding of the potentials of mixotrophs in recovering metal-contaminated aquatic environments. These unique properties in mixotrophs are essential for the long-term functional stability of aquatic ecosystems.

LncRNA BANCR promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression via regulating Rab1A signaling.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNA BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA plays bidirectional roles in human cancers. However, function and molecular mechanism of BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma still need to clarify further. METHODS: Long non-coding RNA microarray assay, in situ hybridization staining, clinicopathological data analysis were performed to investigate expression pattern of BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples. Constructing ectopically expressed BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via plasmids or siRNAs, then changeable abilities of proliferation and motility of these cells were observed in vitro and in vivo. RNA-protein pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation, and bioinformatics analyses were performed to explore potential pathways involved in BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA-based regulation of malignant progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS: BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA was identified upregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue and correlated with nodal metastasis and clinical severity of patients. Overexpressed BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA increased percentage of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine-positive cells, viability, migration, and invasion rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, while silenced BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA could observe weakened effects in vitro. Xenograft tumor formed by BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA-overexpressed cells had bigger volume, faster growth rates, higher weight, and more Ki67+ cells. Pulmonary metastasis induced by BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA-silenced cells had fewer colony nodes, Ki67+ cells, and CD31+ blood vessels. Furthermore, BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA was mainly localized in nucleus of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and bound Ras-associated binding 1A. Silencing Ras-associated binding 1A could damage mobile ability and phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor-κB in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells induced by overexpressing BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA. Opposite trend was also observed. CONCLUSION: Acting as a promoter in oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis, BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cells proliferation and motility by regulating the BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA/Ras-associated binding 1A complex, which activates nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway.

Role of alpha smooth muscle actin in odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells.

Pulpotomy is an effective treatment for retaining vital pulp after pulp exposure caused by caries removal and/or trauma. The expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) is increased during the wound-healing process, and α-SMA-positive fibroblasts accelerate tissue repair. However, it remains largely unknown whether α-SMA-positive fibroblasts influence pulpal repair. In this study, we established an experimental rat pulpotomy model and found that the expression of α-SMA was increased in dental pulp after pulpotomy relative to that in normal dental pulp. In vitro results showed that the expression of α-SMA was increased during the induction of odontogenic differentiation in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) compared with untreated DPSCs. Moreover, α-SMA overexpression promoted the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs via increasing mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, α-SMA overexpression activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway by rapamycin decreased the mitochondrial function in α-SMA-overexpressing DPSCs and suppressed the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs. Furthermore, we found that α-SMA overexpression increased the secretion of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1). In sum, our present study demonstrates a novel mechanism by which α-SMA promotes odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs by increasing mitochondrial respiratory activity via the mTOR signaling pathway.

Exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus casei NA-2 attenuates Escherichia coli O157:H7 surface adhesion via modulation of membrane surface properties and adhesion-related gene expression.

The natural compound, exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus casei NA-2 (EPS-cn2), has been shown to inhibit biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Although bacterial adhesion to substrate surfaces is a primary, indispensable step in this process, the mechanisms by which EPS-cn2 can block E. coli O157:H7 adhesion to biotic or abiotic surfaces remain unclear. In this study, investigation of E. coli O157:H7 response to EPS-cn2 revealed that 1 mg/mL EPS-cn2 can decrease adherence to polystyrene and confluent Caco-2 cell surfaces to 49.0% (P＜0.0001) and 57.0% (P＜0.01) of that in untreated E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Moreover, EPS-cn2 significantly reduced outer membrane hydrophobicity by 49.0% and decreased the electronegativity of the membrane surface charge by as much as 1.57 mV (P＜0.05) compared to untreated cells. High throughput RNA sequencing indicated that genes responsible for adhesion through extracellular matrix secretion, such as poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) biosynthesis, locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) proteins and outer membrane protein (OmpT) were all down-regulated in response to EPS-cn2, while chemotaxis and motility-related flagellar assembly genes were differentially up-regulated, suggesting that the EPS-cn2 may serve as an extracellular signal to attenuate adhesion-related gene expression and alter bacterial surface properties in E. coli O157:H7. These findings support the further development of EPS-cn2 for pathogenic biofilm management in clinical and industrial settings, and suggests the further targeting of adhesion-related genes to limit the persistence of this highly pathogenic strain in sensitive environments.