[Epidemiological profile of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Peru, 2013-2015Perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose extremamente resistente no Peru, 2013-2015]. / Perfil epidemiológico de la tuberculosis extensivamente resistente en el Perú, 2013-2015.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and resistance profile of cases of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) diagnosed in Peru from 2013 to 2015. METHODS: This descriptive study included patients who met the definition of XDR-TB and were reported to the national epidemiological surveillance system of Peru's Ministry of Health. It used a descriptive analysis and, to identify spatial distribution, a heat map based on kernel density estimation. RESULTS: It was estimated that XDR-TB cases diagnosed as new represented 7.3% of all multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases reported during the study period; 74% of patients were aged 15 to 44 years old; and the male-female ratio was 1.7. Half of the country's departments reported at least one case of XDR-TB, and 42% of new cases had no history of resistance or previous treatment. In the other half of the departments, the majority had previous MDR and pre-XDR resistance. Among the cases, 57.7% presented resistance to 5 and 7 first- and second-line drugs and 41.6% presented resistance to 8 and 10 drugs. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers important details of the epidemiological profile of XDR-TB in Peru, where there has been an increase in cases of primary XDR-TB; that is, cases with no prior history of disease. Furthermore, this form of tuberculosis has spread to a greater number of departments in the country.

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas e o perfil de resistência dos casos de tuberculose extremamente resistente (TB-XDR) diagnosticados no Peru entre 2013 e 2015. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo que incluiu pacientes que cumpriam a definição de TB-XDR e foram notificados ao sistema nacional de vigilância epidemiológica do Ministério da Saúde do Peru. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e elaborado um mapa de calor (heat map) com base na estimativa de densidade de Kernel para identificar a distribuição espacial. RESULTADOS: Estimou-se que os casos de TB-XDR diagnosticados como novos representaram 7,3% do número total de casos de tuberculose multidrogarresistente (TB-MDR) notificados no período do estudo, 74% dos casos tiveram entre 15 e 44 anos de idade, e a relação homem/mulher foi de 1,7. A metade dos departamentos notificou pelo menos um caso de TB-XDR, e 42% dos casos novos não tinham histórico de resistência ou tratamento prévio. Na outra metade dos departamentos, a maioria tinha resistência prévia do tipo MDR e pré-XDR. Ao todo, 57,7% dos casos apresentaram resistência a 5 e 7 medicamentos e 41,6% apresentaram resistência a 8 e 10 medicamentos de primeira e segunda linha. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo apresenta detalhes importantes do perfil epidemiológico da TB-XDR no Peru, onde se observa um aumento no número de casos de TB-XDR primária, isto é, casos sem histórico de doença anterior. Além disso, esta forma de TB estendeu-se a um maior número de departamentos do país.

Molecular characterization of carbapenemases in Peru during 2019. / Caracterización molecular de carbapenemasas en el Perú durante el 2019.

Resistance to carbapenems is a public health problem. This study presents the identification of carbapenemase enzymes in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. present in strains from 30 institutions that provide health services in Peru as part of the quality control process in diagnoses. Phenotypic confirmation and enzymatic identification were performed using the Blue CARBA test and the synergy test with phenylboronic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/sodium mercaptoacetic acid discs. 185 strains with carbapenemases were identified: 78 in Enterobacteriaceae, 61 in P. aeruginosa and 46 in Acinetobacter spp. The types of carbapenemases identified were: blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51 and the blaVIM/IMP co-production. It is important to strengthen the promotion of the rational use of antimicrobials and epidemiological surveillance in the country's hospitals.

La resistencia a los carbapenémicos es un problema de salud pública. Este estudio presenta la identificación de enzimas carbapenemasas en Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. y Acinetobacter spp. presentes en cepas de 30 instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud del Perú como parte del proceso de control de calidad en diagnósticos. La confirmación fenotípica e identificación enzimática se realizó utilizando la prueba de Blue CARBA y la prueba de sinergia con discos de ácido fenilborónico y ácido etilendiaminotetraacético/ácido mercaptoacético de sodio. Se identificaron 185 cepas con carbapenemasas: 78 en Enterobacteriaceae, 61 en P. aeruginosa y 46 en Acinetobacter spp. Los tipos de carbapenemasas identificadas fueron: blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51 y la coproducción de blaVIM/IMP. Es importante reforzar la promoción del uso racional de antimicrobianos y la vigilancia epidemiológica en los nosocomios del país.

[Tuberculosis in health workers in Peru, 2013-2015]. / Tuberculosis en trabajadores de salud en el Perú, 2013-2015.

OBJECTIVES.: To describe the characteristics of tuberculosis epidemiology in Peruvian health workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A descriptive study was performed. It included all health workers with tuberculosis listed in the national epidemiological surveillance system of the Peruvian Ministry of Health, during 2013, 2014, and 2015. RESULTS.: A total of 755 cases of tuberculosis in health workers were reported: 60% worked in hospitals, 28% worked in primary-care facilities, and 12% worked in private facilities. In 57% of the cases, they worked in health facilities in Lima Metropolitan area and Callao. The average age of workers was 38 years (ranging from 19 to 89 years), and 63.6% were women. Of the cases, 6.1% were resistant, mainly multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 67% of the cases had bacteriological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Health professionals and technicians represented 82.5% of the cases, and 55.2% corresponded to doctor's offices, hospital admissions, and emergency rooms, the areas where they worked. CONCLUSIONS.: Tuberculosis poses a significant work risk for health workers of both public and private facilities. It mainly affects health professionals and technicians providing direct care and assistance to patients in large Peruvian hospitals.

Caracterización molecular de carbapenemasas en el Perú durante el 2019 / Molecular characterization of carbapenemases in Peru during 2019

RESUMEN La resistencia a los carbapenémicos es un problema de salud pública. Este estudio presenta la identificación de enzimas carbapenemasas en Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. y Acinetobacter spp. presentes en cepas de 30 instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud del Perú como parte del proceso de control de calidad en diagnósticos. La confirmación fenotípica e identificación enzimática se realizó utilizando la prueba de Blue CARBA y la prueba de sinergia con discos de ácido fenilborónico y ácido etilendiaminotetraacético/ácido mercaptoacético de sodio. Se identificaron 185 cepas con carbapenemasas: 78 en Enterobacteriaceae, 61 en P. aeruginosa y 46 en Acinetobacter spp. Los tipos de carbapenemasas identificadas fueron: blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51 y la coproducción de blaVIM/IMP. Es importante reforzar la promoción del uso racional de antimicrobianos y la vigilancia epidemiológica en los nosocomios del país.

ABSTRACT Resistance to carbapenems is a public health problem. This study presents the identification of carbapenemase enzymes in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. present in strains from 30 institutions that provide health services in Peru as part of the quality control process in diagnoses. Phenotypic confirmation and enzymatic identification were performed using the Blue CARBA test and the synergy test with phenylboronic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/sodium mercaptoacetic acid discs. 185 strains with carbapenemases were identified: 78 in Enterobacteriaceae, 61 in P. aeruginosa and 46 in Acinetobacter spp. The types of carbapenemases identified were: blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51 and the blaVIM/IMP co-production. It is important to strengthen the promotion of the rational use of antimicrobials and epidemiological surveillance in the country's hospitals.

Caracterización molecular de carbapenemasas en el Perú durante el 2019 / Molecular characterization of carbapenemases in Peru during 2019

RESUMEN La resistencia a los carbapenémicos es un problema de salud pública. Este estudio presenta la identificación de enzimas carbapenemasas en Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. y Acinetobacter spp. presentes en cepas de 30 instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud del Perú como parte del proceso de control de calidad en diagnósticos. La confirmación fenotípica e identificación enzimática se realizó utilizando la prueba de Blue CARBA y la prueba de sinergia con discos de ácido fenilborónico y ácido etilendiaminotetraacético/ácido mercaptoacético de sodio. Se identificaron 185 cepas con carbapenemasas: 78 en Enterobacteriaceae, 61 en P. aeruginosa y 46 en Acinetobacter spp. Los tipos de carbapenemasas identificadas fueron: blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51 y la coproducción de blaVIM/IMP. Es importante reforzar la promoción del uso racional de antimicrobianos y la vigilancia epidemiológica en los nosocomios del país.

ABSTRACT Resistance to carbapenems is a public health problem. This study presents the identification of carbapenemase enzymes in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. present in strains from 30 institutions that provide health services in Peru as part of the quality control process in diagnoses. Phenotypic confirmation and enzymatic identification were performed using the Blue CARBA test and the synergy test with phenylboronic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/sodium mercaptoacetic acid discs. 185 strains with carbapenemases were identified: 78 in Enterobacteriaceae, 61 in P. aeruginosa and 46 in Acinetobacter spp. The types of carbapenemases identified were: blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51 and the blaVIM/IMP co-production. It is important to strengthen the promotion of the rational use of antimicrobials and epidemiological surveillance in the country's hospitals.

Tuberculosis en trabajadores de salud en el Perú, 2013-2015 / Tuberculosis in health workers in Peru, 2013-2015

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir las características epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis en trabajadores de salud del Perú. Materiales y métodos . Se realizó un estudio descriptivo que incluyó a todos los trabajadores de salud con tuberculosis notificados al sistema nacional de vigilancia epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) del Perú, durante los años 2013, 2014 y 2015. Resultados . Se notificaron 755 casos de tuberculosis en trabajadores de salud, el 60% laboraban en hospitales, 28% en establecimientos del primer nivel de atención y 12% en establecimientos privados. 57% de los casos laboraban en establecimientos de salud de Lima Metropolitana y el Callao. La edad promedio de los trabajadores fue de 38 años (rango 19 a 89 años) y 63,6% fueron mujeres; 6,1% de los casos fueron resistentes, principalmente tuberculosis multidrogorresistente; 67% de los casos fueron tuberculosis pulmonar con confirmación bacteriológica. Profesionales y técnicos de la salud representaron el 82,5% de los casos, consultorios, hospitalización y emergencia, fueron las áreas donde laboraban el 55,2% de los casos. Conclusiones . La tuberculosis constituye un riesgo laboral importante para los trabajadores de salud de los establecimientos de salud públicos y privados, afecta principalmente al grupo de profesionales y técnicos de la salud que realizan labores en áreas de cuidado y atención directa con pacientes en grandes hospitales de Perú.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the characteristics of tuberculosis epidemiology in Peruvian health workers. Materials and methods. A descriptive study was performed. It included all health workers with tuberculosis listed in the national epidemiological surveillance system of the Peruvian Ministry of Health, during 2013, 2014, and 2015. Results. A total of 755 cases of tuberculosis in health workers were reported: 60% worked in hospitals, 28% worked in primary-care facilities, and 12% worked in private facilities. In 57% of the cases, they worked in health facilities in Lima Metropolitan area and Callao. The average age of workers was 38 years (ranging from 19 to 89 years), and 63.6% were women. Of the cases, 6.1% were resistant, mainly multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 67% of the cases had bacteriological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Health professionals and technicians represented 82.5% of the cases, and 55.2% corresponded to doctor’s offices, hospital admissions, and emergency rooms, the areas where they worked. Conclusions. Tuberculosis poses a significant work risk for health workers of both public and private facilities. It mainly affects health professionals and technicians providing direct care and assistance to patients in large Peruvian hospitals.