Horizon Thermodynamics in D-Dimensional f(R) Black Hole.

We consider whether the new horizon-first law works in higher-dimensional f(R) theory. We firstly obtain the general formulas to calculate the entropy and the energy of a general spherically-symmetric black hole in D-dimensional f(R) theory. For applications, we compute the entropies and the energies of some black hokes in some interesting higher-dimensional f(R) theories.

Effects of curcumin on artery blood gas index of rats with pulmonary fibrosis caused by paraquat poisoning and the expression of Smad 4, Smurf 2, interleukin-4 and interferon-γ.

Effects of curcumin on artery blood gas index of rats with pulmonary fibrosis caused by paraquat poisoning and the expression of Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4), Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were explored. A total of 54 Wistar rats were randomly selected, of which 36 rats were selected for paraquat poisoning pulmonary fibrosis modeling, and 18 were used in the control group for normal feeding. Then, 18 rats were randomly selected from the modeled groups and injected with curcumin and classified as the curcumin group. The remaining 18 rats were not processed and 17 were successfully modeled as the paraquat group. The expression of SMAD4, Smurf2, IL-4 and INF-γ was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Abdominal aortic blood was taken for determination of pH, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). The artery blood PaO2 and serum INF-γ of the curcumin and paraquat groups were significantly higher on day 1 than those on day 5 (P<0.05). The artery blood PaO2 and serum INF-γ in the curcumin group were higher than those in the paraquat group (P<0.05). The artery blood PaCO2, serum Smad4, Smurf2 and IL-4 in the curcumin group were significantly lower on day 1 than those on day 5 (P<0.05). The artery blood PaCO2, serum Smad4, Smurf2 and IL-4 in the paraquat group were significantly lower on day 1 than those on day 5 (P<0.05). The PaCO2, serum Smad4, Smurf2 and IL-4 in the curcumin group were lower than those in the paraquat group (P<0.05). In conclusion, curcumin can effectively improve pulmonary fibrosis in rats after treatment with paraquat poisoning. The results show that it is expected to be an effective drug for the treatment of paraquat, and provide effective reference and guidance for clinical treatment.

[Application value of thromboelastography in patients with multiple trauma in emergency department].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of thromboelastography (TEG) in patients with multiple trauma in emergency department. METHODS: The clinical data of 302 patients with multiple trauma hospitalized in the emergency department of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital from August 2015 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The general clinical data of the patients were collected. The patients were divided into three groups according to injury severity score (ISS): mild injury group (ISS ≤ 16), serious injury group (ISS 17-25), and severe injury group (ISS > 25). The results of vital signs, routine coagulation test, blood routine, blood biochemistry, and arterial blood gas analysis were recorded, and the National early warning score (NEWS) was calculated. TEG parameters were analyzed. Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used to analyze the correlation between TEG indicators and NEWS score. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of TEG indicators for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in patients with severe injury. RESULTS: 299 patients were enrolled in the final analysis, including 92 patients in the mild injury group, 109 in the serious injury group and 98 in the severe injury group. With the increase in trauma severity, the NEWS score and TEG indicators including coagulation reaction time (R value) and blood clot generation time (K value) were gradually increased [NEWS score in mild, serious, and severe injury group was 3.46±0.89, 5.85±0.62, 9.75±1.76, R value (minutes) was 5.8±2.8, 7.8±2.6, 11.7±3.0, and K value (minutes) was 2.4±1.0, 4.2±1.4, 5.5±2.9, respectively], and blood clot generation rate (α angle), maximum width value (MA value) and coagulation index (CI) were gradually decreased [α angle (degree angle) in mild, serious, and severe injury group was 66.9±13.5, 55.7±22.9, 46.8±26.3, MA value (mm) was 51.8±9.7, 48.1±17.0, 38.5±15.2, and CI was 2.0±3.6, -2.8±3.5, -6.7±2.9, respectively], the differences were statistically significant among the groups (all P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the NEWS score was positively correlated with R and K values (r value was 0.463,0.588, respectively, both P < 0.01), and it was negatively correlated with α angle, MA value and CI (r value was -0.622, -0.689, -0.902, respectively, all P < 0.01). Linear correlation analysis showed that for every 1 minute increase in R value, NEWS score increased by 0.882 [95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 0.691 to 1.073]; for every 1 minute increase in K value, NEWS score increased by 0.484 (95%CI = 0.408 to 0.559); for every 1degree angleincrease in α angle, NEWS score decreased by 2.910 (95%CI = -3.325 to -2.494); for every 1 mm increase in MA value, NEWS score decreased by 2.223 (95%CI = -2.488 to -1.958); for every 1 increase in CI, NEWS score decreased by 1.292 (95%CI = -1.362 to -1.221). The R and K values in DIC patients (n = 37) of the severe injury group were significantly higher than those in non-DIC patients [n = 61; R value (minutes): 15.8±5.6 vs. 9.8±2.6, K value (minutes): 7.6±3.1 vs. 4.3±2.2], and α angle, MA value and CI were significantly lowered [α angle (degree angle): 48.7±19.8 vs. 59.6±26.2, MA value (mm): 37.5±19.2 vs. 49.2±18.6, CI: -8.5±3.4 vs. -5.2±3.1], the differences were statistically significant between the two groups (all P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under ROC curve (AUC) of the R and K values for predicting DIC was 0.999 and 0.958, respectively. When the optimal cut-off value of R value was 12.3 minutes, the sensitivity and specificity were 97.5% and 100%; when the optimal cut-off value of K value was 5.7 minutes, the sensitivity and specificity were 92.5% and 82.0%. The AUC of α angle, MA value and CI were 0.084, 0.060 and 0.114, which had no predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: TEG indicators have clinical value on predicting the severity of illness in patients with multiple trauma. The changes in R and K values are effective indicators to judge the risk of DIC in patients with severe multiple trauma.

Efficacy and safety of active abdominal compression-decompression versus standard CPR for cardiac arrests: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 RCTs.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Active abdominal compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AACD-CPR), which applies to cardiac arrests with contraindication of standard chest compressions (SCC) CPR, has been utilized in cardiac arrest. However, the efficacy and safety of AACD-CPR still remained controversy. This analysis was designed to comprehensively compare AACD versus SCC-CPR in patients with cardiac arrest. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CNKI up to April 22, 2019. Mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR) with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to compare outcomes of the groups. Our primary outcomes were restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and short-term survival. Two reviewers assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. All statistical analyses were performed using standard statistical procedures provided in Review Manager 5.2 and Stata 12.0. RESULTS: A total of seventeen studies (N = 1647 patients) were identified for the present analysis. Compared with standard CPR, AACD-CPR was superior in restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and short-term survival, with pooled RRs of 1.38 (95% CI 1.23-1.55; P < 0.00001) and RRs of 2.05 (95% CI 1.69-2.50; P < 0.00001) respectively. In addition, significant superiority of AACD-CPR was found in incidence of fracture, long-term survival, pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2), coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and adverse events. No significant difference was observed in incidence of vomiting. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, in this combined analysis we found a statistically significant improvement in survival and ROSC with the use of AACD-CPR as compared with the use of standard CPR. There was also significant improvement in incidence of fracture, long-term survival, PETCO2 and CPP with AACD-CPR in comparison with standard CPR; results were not statistically different between the groups regarding to vomiting rate and adverse events. The standardized, diversified and individualized methods of clinical operation of AACD-CPR need exploration and expectingly serve as a guideline for clinical application of AACD-CPR in the future.

[Effects of curcumin on pulmonary fibrosis and functions of paraquat-challenged rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of curcumin on pulmonary fibrosis and functions on paraquat (PQ)-challenged rats, and investigate the possible mechanism. METHODS: 108 SPF Wistar rats were divided into three groups according to random number sheet: normal saline (NS) control group, PQ model group and curcumin-treatment group. The rats in each group were subdivided into three subgroups according to different time points (3, 7, 14 days), with 12 rats in each subgroup. PQ-challenged models were reproduced by intragastrical administration of PQ solution 50 mg/kg, and those in NS control group were given the equal volume of NS. After 30 minutes, the rats in curcumin-treatment group were given 200 mg/kg of curcumin by intraperitoneal injection, and those in NS control group and PQ model group were given the equal volume of NS. At 3, 7, 14 days, the tidal volume (VT) was examined, and the blood was drawn from femoral artery for blood gas analysis. Then the rats were sacrificed and the lung tissues were harvested, the hydroxyproline (Hyp) content was measured by alkaline hydrolysis; the expression of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) was determined by immuno-histochemistry; the distribution and the change of the pulmonary collagen fiber were observed after Masson staining. RESULTS: After exposure to PQ, the VT and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) were decreased gradually, and the levels of Hyp and TGF-ß1 were increased gradually, reaching the trough or the peak at 14 days, which were significantly lower or higher than those in NS control group [14-day VT (mL): 1.52±0.33 vs. 2.81±0.47, 14-day PaO2 (kPa): 5.87±0.95 vs. 14.15±1.02, 14-day Hyp (µg/mg): 3.12±0.06 vs. 1.14±0.05, 14-day TGF-ß1 (integral A value): 29.72±4.27 vs. 4.15±0.52, all P < 0.01]. After intervene of curcumin, the parameters were significantly improved as compared with those of PQ model group [14-day VT (mL): 2.34±0.19 vs. 1.52±0.33, 14-day PaO2 (kPa): 10.23±1.01 vs. 5.87±0.95, 14-day Hyp (µg/mg): 2.31±0.04 vs. 3.12±0.06, 14-day TGF-ß1 (integral A value): 15.46±2.89 vs. 29.72±4.27, all P < 0.01]. It was shown by Masson staining that in PQ model group, with the PQ-poisoned time prolonging, diffused pulmonary fibrosis and a large number of collagen deposition were observed gradually, and the most serious collagen deposition was observed at 14 days; after intervene of curcumin, pulmonary fibrosis was alleviated significantly at different time points as compared with the PQ model group. CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin can enhance the pulmonary function by reducing the deposition of collagen fiber and inhabiting pulmonary fibrosis of PQ-poisoned rats.

Changes in cardiac arrest patients' temperature management after the publication of 2015 AHA guidelines for resuscitation in China.

A survey was performed to assess the current management of targeted temperature management (TTM) in patients following cardiac arrest (CA) and whether healthcare providers will change target temperature after publication of 2015 American Heart Association guidelines for resuscitation in China. 52 hospitals were selected from whole of China between August to November 2016. All healthcare providers in EMs and/or ICUs of selected hospitals participated in the study. 1952 respondents fulfilled the survey (86.8%). TTM in CA patients was declared by 14.5% of physicians and 6.7% of the nurses. Only 4 of 64 departments, 7.8% of physicians and 5.7% of the nurses had implemented TH for CA patients. Since the publication of 2015 AHA guidelines, 33.6% of respondents declared no modification of target temperature, whereas 51.5% declared a target temperature's change in future practice. Respondents were more likely to choose 35∼36 °C-TTM (54.7%) after guidelines publication, as compared to that before guidelines publication they preferred 32∼34 °C-TTM (54.0%). TTM for CA patients was still in the early stage in China. Publication of 2015 resuscitation guidelines did have impact on choice of target temperature among healthcare providers. They preferred 35∼36 °C-TTM after guidelines publication.

The effect of siRNA-mediated lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) inhibition on pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of siRNA-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) on pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. METHODS: A total of 32 female BABL/c mice were used in the study. The mouse asthma model was established with ovabumin (OVA), and Lck specific siRNA or nonspecific siRNA was transfected through the tail vein before the first OVA challenge. Two days after the last challenge, mice were sacrificed and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), plasma and lung tissue were collected. Levels of Lck mRNA and protein in lung were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. The levels of IL-4 and IgE in BALF and plasma were detected with ELISA. RESULTS: Lck specific siRNA significantly inhibited expression of Lck mRNA and protein in T cells. In vivo transfection of Lck siRNA down regulated the expression of Lck mRNA and protein in lung parenchymal homogenates. Sensitized mice treated with Lck siRNA prior to OVA challenge had fewer eosinophils in BALF and in lung sections and lower levels of IL-4 and IgE in BALF and plasma compared to those treated with nonspecific siRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment of OVA sensitized mice with Lck siRNA results in attenuation of pulmonary inflammation following OVA challenge. Inhibition of Lck gene expression should be investigated further as a potential therapy for asthma.