On-Site Quantitative Visualization of Singlet Oxygen in Crops via an Organic Small Molecule-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe and a Mobile Fluorescence Analysis Device.

Singlet oxygen (1O2) plays imperative roles in a variety of biotic or abiotic stresses in crops. The change of its concentration within a crop is closely related to the crop growth and development. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient analytical method for on-site quantitative detection of 1O2 in crops. Here, we judiciously constructed a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe, SX-2, for the detection of 1O2 in crops. Upon treating with 1O2, probe SX-2 displayed highly selective ratiometric fluorescence response, which is favorable for the quantitative detection of 1O2. Concurrently, the fluorescence solution color of probe SX-2 was varied, obviously from blue to yellow, indicating that the probe is beneficial for on-site detection by the naked eye. Sensing reaction mechanism studies showed that the 2,3-diphenyl imidazole group in SX-2 could function as a new selective recognition group for 1O2. Probe SX-2 was utilized for the detection of photoirradiation-induced 1O2 and endogenous 1O2 in living cells. The changes in the 1O2 level in zebrafish were also tracked by fluorescence imaging. In addition, the production of 1O2 in crop leaves under a light source of different wavelengths was studied. The results demonstrated more 1O2 were produced under a light source of 365 nm. Furthermore, to achieve on-site quantitative detection, a mobile fluorescence analysis device has been made. Probe SX-2 and mobile fluorescence analysis device were capable of on-site quantitative detecting of 1O2 in crops. The method developed herein will be convenient for the on-site quantitative measurement of 1O2 in distinct crops.

Field-Assisted Regulation Induced by Cobalt-Doped ZnO for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anodes.

Lithium metal batteries are deemed as an optimal candidate for the next generation of durable energy storage devices. However, the growth of lithium dendrite and significant volume expansion pose as obstacles that impede the application of lithium metal batteries. In this work, a functional copper current collector was designed by coating it with Co-doped ZnO (Co/ZnO) to enhance the lithiophilicity through local electric fields and built-in magnetic fields induced by the ferromagnetic material. The incorporation of Co not only induces a local electric field and thus accelerating electron transfer, but also imparts the ferromagnetic behavior to ZnO, resulting in an internal magnetic field to regulate the dynamic trajectory. Profiting from the above advantages, the symmetric cells have excellent cycle stability in 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2 , maintaining ultra-low voltage for over 2000 h. This study provides a realizable pathway for next-generation current collector of copper modification.

Reinforcing the Adsorption and Conversion of Polysulfides in Li-S Battery by Incorporating Molybdenum into MnS/MnO Nanorods.

The Sabatier principle suggests that an excessive adsorption of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) by metal compounds may hinder their conversion in the absence of a conversion module. Therefore, it is imperative to establish a synergetic effect mechanism between "strong adsorption" and "rapid conversion" for LiPSs. To achieve this coexistence, a molybdenum-doped MnS/MnO@C porous structure is designed as a multifunctional coating on the polypropylene (PP) separator. The incorporation of MnS/MnO@C enhances the adsorption capacity towards LiPSs, while molybdenum facilitates subsequent conversion. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of each component and its large specific surface area, the cell with Mo-doped MnS/MnO@C coating achieves smooth adsorption-diffusion-conversion processes and exhibits an appreciable rate performance with outstanding cycling stability. Even when sulfur loading increases to 9.68 mg cm-2 , the modified battery delivers an excellent initial areal capacity of 11.69 mAh cm-2 and maintains 6.97 mAh cm-2 after 50 cycles at 0.1 C. This study presents a promising approach to simultaneously accomplish "strong adsorption" and "rapid conversion" of polysulfides, offering novel perspectives for devising dual-functional modified separators.

Towards Efficient Risky Driving Detection: A Benchmark and a Semi-Supervised Model.

Risky driving is a major factor in traffic incidents, necessitating constant monitoring and prevention through Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Despite recent progress, a lack of suitable data for detecting risky driving in traffic surveillance settings remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, Bayonet-Drivers, a pioneering benchmark for risky driving detection, is proposed. The unique challenge posed by Bayonet-Drivers arises from the nature of the original data obtained from intelligent monitoring and recording systems, rather than in-vehicle cameras. Bayonet-Drivers encompasses a broad spectrum of challenging scenarios, thereby enhancing the resilience and generalizability of algorithms for detecting risky driving. Further, to address the scarcity of labeled data without compromising detection accuracy, a novel semi-supervised network architecture, named DGMB-Net, is proposed. Within DGMB-Net, an enhanced semi-supervised method founded on a teacher-student model is introduced, aiming at bypassing the time-consuming and labor-intensive tasks associated with data labeling. Additionally, DGMB-Net has engineered an Adaptive Perceptual Learning (APL) Module and a Hierarchical Feature Pyramid Network (HFPN) to amplify spatial perception capabilities and amalgamate features at varying scales and levels, thus boosting detection precision. Extensive experiments on widely utilized datasets, including the State Farm dataset and Bayonet-Drivers, demonstrated the remarkable performance of the proposed DGMB-Net.

Choroid plexus and its relations with age-related diseases.

The choroid plexus is composed of epithelial cells situated on the basal layer. The tight junctions between adjacent choroid plexus epithelial cells establish the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. This barrier, in conjunction with the blood-brain barrier, is crucial for the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The choroid plexus epithelium secretes cerebrospinal fluid, growth factors, neuropeptides, and lipids into the ventricles and also serves as a gateway for immune cells to enter the brain. The pathophysiology of aging and neurodegenerative diseases remains largely enigmatic, with an increasing body of research linking the choroid plexus to the etiology of these age-related disorders. In this review, we summarize the known relationship between the choroid plexus epithelium and age-related diseases, aiming to provide new therapeutic clues for these disorders.

Study on diverse pathological characteristics of heart failure in different stages based on proteomics.

Heart failure is a process characterized by significant disturbance of protein turnover. To elucidate the alterations in cardiac protein expression during the various phases of heart failure and to understand the nature of the processes involved, we analysed the proteome in an established heart failure model at different time points to monitor thousands of different proteins simultaneously. Here, heart failure was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in KM mice. At 2, 4 and 12 weeks after operation, protein expression profiles were determined in sham-operated (controls) and TAC mice, using label-free quantitative proteomics, leading to identification and quantification of almost 4000 proteins. The results of the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and GO function annotation revealed critical pathways associated with the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure, such as energy pathways and matrix reorganization. Our study suggests that in the pathophysiology of heart failure, alterations of protein groups related to cardiac energy substrate metabolism and cytoskeleton remodelling could play the more dominant roles for the signalling that eventually results in contractile dysfunction and heart failure.

Sustainable-Macromolecule-Assisted Preparation of Cross-linked, Ultralight, Flexible Graphene Aerogel Sensors toward Low-Frequency Strain/Pressure to High-Frequency Vibration Sensing.

Ultralight and highly flexible aerogel sensors, composed of reduced graphene oxide cross-linked by sustainable-macromolecule-derived carbon, are prepared via facile freeze-drying and thermal annealing. The synergistic combination of cross-linked graphene nanosheets and micrometer-sized honeycomb pores gives rise to the exceptional properties of the aerogels, including superior compressibility and resilience, good mechanical strength and durability, satisfactory fire-resistance, and outstanding electromechanical sensing performances. The corresponding aerogel sensors, operated at an ultralow voltage of 0.2 V, can efficiently respond to a wide range of strains (0.1-80%) and pressures (13-2750 Pa) even at temperatures beyond 300 °C. Moreover, the ultrahigh-pressure sensitivity of 10 kPa-1 and excellent sensing stability and durability are accomplished. Strikingly, the aerogel sensors can also sense the vibration signals with ultrahigh frequencies of up to 4000 Hz for >1 000 000 cycles, significantly outperforming those of other sensors. These enable successful demonstration of the exceptional performance of the cross-linked graphene-based biomimetic aerogels for sensitive monitoring of mechanical signals, e.g., acting as wearable devices for monitoring human motions, and for nondestructive monitoring of cracks on engineering structures, showing the great potential of the aerogel sensors as next-generation electronics.

Synthesis of the Red-Emitting (Ba, Ca)2ScAlO5:Eu3+ Phosphors with Photoluminescence Properties.

The light-emitting diodes (LED) are regarded as one of the most promising devices for inexpensive and widely used illumination; in particular, they are highly dependent on the development of red-emitting phosphors. Herein, we developed two types of red-emitting (Ba, Ca)2ScAlO5:Eu3+ multiple excitations phosphors (λex = 255-465 nm) via freeze-drying followed by calcination. Powder X-ray diffraction and NMR results point out that they have hexagonal space group P63/mmc (194), and the structural framework is composed of multi-coordinated Al3+-O2- polyhedron and Sc3+-O2- polyhedron. In addition, the valence state of europium (Eu3+) is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization. Investigation on the photoluminescence properties showed that the photoluminescence process of (Ba, Ca)2ScAlO5:Eu3+ is attributable to the charge transfer band of Eu-O and abundant spectral terms of Eu3+. The α-(Ba, Ca)2ScAlO5:Eu3+ and ß-(Ba, Ca)2ScAlO5:Eu3+ exhibited red emission under 465 and 395 nm excitation, respectively. The PL spectra and decay curves explain the intrinsic photoluminescence mechanism. The strongest emission peaks of the red-emitting α-(Ba, Ca)2ScAlO5:Eu3+ and ß-(Ba, Ca)2ScAlO5:Eu3+ phosphors are at 615 and 619 nm, respectively, exhibiting a high fluorescence of 64 and 67% under the temperature of 423 K (150 °C). Further exploration of the red-emitting phosphors would provide a variety of choices for the design of red LEDs and white LEDs for the solid-state lighting system.

Serum Hs-CRP level and clinical significance of patients with stress ulcer caused by massive blood loss after trauma.

Stress ulcer refers to a specific type of irritation of the inner wall of the gastrointestinal tract that occurs rapidly due to acute physiological stress such as severe disease, infection, or trauma. This study investigated the serum Hs-CRP level and clinical significance of patients with stress ulcers caused by massive blood loss after trauma. For this purpose, we studied 113 patients with enormous blood loss after trauma. During the study, 26 patients developed stress ulcers. Therefore, patients with massive blood loss after trauma were divided into two groups with and without stress ulcers. In addition to clinical and demographical evaluations, serum Hs-CRP levels were measured by ELISA test method in all patients at baseline, 6, and 12 days after starting the study. Results showed that 24 patients were excluded from the study due to termination of cooperation or death. Finally, 89 patients participated in the final analysis. Of these 89 patients, 26 developed stress ulcers. There was a significant difference between the two groups with stress and non-stress ulcers in terms of mean age (P=0.001) and gender (P=0.041). Also, there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding re-bleeding (P=0.012), the number of hospitalization days (P=0.001), and a decrease in hemoglobin (P=0.035). But there was no difference between the two groups regarding the need for re-surgery (P=0.276). The results of this study showed that increased serum hs-CRP levels are directly related to stress ulcers. Patients with higher serum Hs-CRP levels were more likely to develop stress ulcers than patients without stress ulcers during six days (P=0.04) and twelve days after starting the study (P=0.001). Current research results also show that the prevalence of stress ulcers occurs in men more than women. The risk of stress ulcers increases among older patients. People with stress ulcers also lose more hemoglobin, and finally, patients with more trauma and more extended hospital stays have a higher chance of developing stress ulcers.

Effect of red light on the composition of metabolites in tea leaves during the withering process using untargeted metabolomics.

BACKGROUND: Red light withering significantly improves the sensory flavor qualities of tea, although changes in metabolites during this process have not been systematically studied until now. The present study comprehensively analyzes metabolites in withered tea leaves at 2-h intervals up to 12 h under red light (630 nm) and dark conditions using ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (untargeted metabolomics). RESULTS: Ninety-four non-volatile compounds are identified and relatively quantified, including amino acids, catechins, dimeric catechins, flavonol glycosides, glycosidically-bound volatiles, phenolic acids and nucleosides. The results show that amino acids, catechins and dimeric catechins are most affected by red light treatment. Ten free amino acids, theaflavins and theasinensin A increase after red light irradiation, whereas epigallocatechin gallate and catechin fall. CONCLUSION: The present study provides a comprehensive and systematic profile of the dynamic effects of red light on withering tea and a rationale for its use in tea processing quality control. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Value of China's Legislation on Plastic Pollution Prevention in 2020.

It has taken 12 years since 2008, but China is finally strengthening plastic pollution prevention and control through legislation. In an effort to regulate and control plastic products, China's government amended and released a series of laws and regulations in 2020, possibly heralding the end of China's plastic pollution. China's plastic pollution legislation, while late, is a viable and right response to the severe environmental and ecology problem. Legislative progress in plastic pollution prevention has extended beyond China government's administrative capability but has also been an important step in the protection of the environment in the world.

FGF19 protects skeletal muscle against obesity-induced muscle atrophy, metabolic derangement and abnormal irisin levels via the AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-α pathway.

Obesity is associated with biological dysfunction in skeletal muscle. As a condition of obesity accompanied by muscle mass loss and physical dysfunction, sarcopenic obesity (SO) has become a novel public health problem. Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) plays a therapeutic role in metabolic diseases. However, the protective effects of FGF19 on skeletal muscle in obesity and SO are still not completely understood. Our results showed that FGF19 administration improved muscle loss and grip strength in young and aged mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Increases in muscle atrophy markers (FOXO-3, Atrogin-1, MuRF-1) were abrogated by FGF19 in palmitic acid (PA)-treated C2C12 myotubes and in the skeletal muscle of HFD-fed mice. FGF19 not only reduced HFD-induced body weight gain, excessive lipid accumulation and hyperlipidaemia but also promoted energy expenditure (PGC-1α, UCP-1, PPAR-γ) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). FGF19 treatment restored PA- and HFD-induced hyperglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IRS-1, GLUT-4) and mitigated the PA- and HFD-induced decrease in FNDC-5/irisin expression. However, these beneficial effects of FGF19 on skeletal muscle were abolished by inhibiting AMPK, SIRT-1 and PGC-1α expression. Taken together, this study suggests that FGF19 protects skeletal muscle against obesity-induced muscle atrophy, metabolic derangement and abnormal irisin secretion partially through the AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-α signalling pathway, which might be a potential therapeutic target for obesity and SO.

Effect of sarcolipin-mediated cell transdifferentiation in sarcopenia-associated skeletal muscle fibrosis.

Fibrosis is a key pathological event during muscle aging that accelerates the development of sarcopenia. We show that sarcolipin (SLN) is highly expressed during aging, promotes intracellular calcium overload and participates in impaired myogenic differentiation. d-Galactose (D-gal) was used to induce senescence in C2C12 myoblasts. Conventional AAV-mediated SLN knockdown cells were used to study the role of SLN in muscle physiology and pathophysiology. C2C12 cells were treated with D-gal, which promoted fibrosis and SLN upregulation. The expression of TGF-ß1 and α-SMA, which participate in myogenic transdifferentiation, were also elevated. C2C12 cells with reduced sarcolipin expression produced decreased amounts of collagen. Our study identified an unrecognized role of SLN in regulating myogenic transdifferentiation during aging-associated skeletal muscle cell fibrosis. Targeting SLN may be a novel therapeutic strategy to relieve sarcopenia-associated muscle fibrosis.

An Environmental Dilemma for China During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Explosion of Disposable Plastic Wastes.

Plastic pollution control has been on top of the political agenda in China. In January 2020, China announced a phased ban on the production and usage of various types of single-use plastics as a solution to environmental pollution problems. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 seems to be a new obstacle to the ban on single-use plastic products. To basically satisfied the daily necessities and contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 under the background of the regular epidemic prevention and control in China, online ordering, contactless delivery and wearing mask have become an important and feasible way of daily life. However, the unrestrained use of disposable plastic bags, lunch boxes and masks within the nationwide quarantine leads to hundreds of millions of plastics wastes every day. The potential environmental pollution caused by the use of disposable plastic products during the pandemic should arouse social concern. The Chinese government should manage environmental protection in parallel with anti-pandemic endeavors as the situation of the pandemic evolves.

Metformin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in Grx1 KO mice by regulating intramuscular lipid accumulation and glucose utilization.

Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body, and plays a remarkable role in energy and metabolic homeostasis. Disorder in lipid metabolism and glucose utilization could impair the quality and function of skeletal muscle. Glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1) acts as a vital metabolic regulator of redox homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that Grx1 regulates hepatic lipid metabolism. The skeletal muscle also contains abundant Grx1, but the role of Grx1 in skeletal muscle remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Grx1 on skeletal muscle. In this study, we found that Grx1-deficient mice (Grx1-/-) spontaneously developed muscle atrophy by 3 months of age. And the p-AMPK activity and Sirt1 activity were inhibited in Grx1-/- mice, which led to intramuscular lipid deposition and glucose utilization disorder in skeletal muscle. However, intraperitoneal injection of metformin for 15 consecutive days ameliorated skeletal muscle atrophy caused by Grx1 deficiency to a certain extent. Taken together, these findings indicate that Grx1 deficiency might induce skeletal muscle atrophy by regulating the intramuscular lipid deposition and glucose utilization, which could be attenuated by metformin. Therefore, the expression or activity of Grx1 may be a pharmacological approach to ameliorate muscle atrophy diseases, such as sarcopenia.

DREB/CBF expression in wheat and barley using the stress-inducible promoters of HD-Zip I genes: impact on plant development, stress tolerance and yield.

Networks of transcription factors regulate diverse physiological processes in plants to ensure that plants respond to abiotic stresses rapidly and efficiently. In this study, expression of two DREB/CBF genes, TaDREB3 and TaCBF5L, was modulated in transgenic wheat and barley, by using stress-responsive promoters HDZI-3 and HDZI-4. The promoters were derived from the durum wheat genes encoding the γ-clade TFs of the HD-Zip class I subfamily. The activities of tested promoters were induced by drought and cold in leaves of both transgenic species. Differences in sensitivity of promoters to drought strength were dependent on drought tolerance levels of cultivars used for generation of transgenic lines. Expression of the DREB/CBF genes under both promoters improved drought and frost tolerance of transgenic barley, and frost tolerance of transgenic wheat seedlings. Expression levels of the putative TaCBF5L downstream genes in leaves of transgenic wheat seedlings were up-regulated under severe drought, and up- or down-regulated under frost, compared to those of control seedlings. The application of TaCBF5L driven by the HDZI-4 promoter led to the significant increase of the grain yield of transgenic wheat, compared to that of the control wild-type plants, when severe drought was applied during flowering; although no yield improvements were observed when plants grew under well-watered conditions or moderate drought. Our findings suggest that the studied HDZI promoters combined with the DREB/CBF factors could be used in transgenic cereal plants for improvement of abiotic stress tolerance, and the reduction of negative influence of transgenes on plant development and grain yields.

Diabetes in day case general and vascular surgery: A multicentre regional audit.

BACKGROUND: People with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are at increased risk of postoperative complications if their HbA1C readings are not well controlled. In the UK, there are clear national guidelines requiring all people with DM to have HbA1C blood testing within 6months before undergoing surgery and that these readings should be below 69 mmol/mol if this is safe to achieve. The aim of this study was to determine whether hospitals in the region were compliant with the guidelines. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected from seven hospitals across the East of England region from 1st October 2017 to 31st March 2018 (6 months) in all people with DM undergoing elective day case procedures in General and Vascular surgery for benign disease. RESULTS: A total of 181 people with DM were included in the study, of whom 77.9% were male patients and the median age was 63 years. The three most commonly performed operations were laparoscopic cholecystectomy (20.9%, n = 38/181), inguinal hernia repair (20.4%, n = 37/181) and umbilical/para-umbilical hernia repair (11.0%, n = 20/181). In keeping with the national guidelines, only 86.7% (n = 157/181) of patients had an HbA1C tested within 6 months prior to their surgery date. Of the patients who had a preoperative HbA1C, 14 (n = 14/157, 8.9%) had an HbA1C ≥ 69 mmol/mol, and 12 (n = 12/14, 85.7%) of these proceeded to surgery without optimisation of their HbA1C. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of people with diabetes undergoing elective day case procedures in our region do not have HbA1C testing within 6 months of their procedure as recommended by the national guidelines. In patients who do have a high HbA1C, the majority still undergo surgery without adequate control of their DM. Greater awareness amongst healthcare workers and robust pathways are required for this vulnerable group of patients if we are to reduce the risk of developing postoperative complication rates.

Bacteriological profiles and drug susceptibility of Streptococcus isolated from conjunctival sac of healthy children.

BACKGROUND: To investigate bacterial flora and antibiotics susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from the conjunctival sac of heathy children. METHODS: Bacteria were isolated from the secretions of conjunctival sac of healthy children between 2015 and 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated S. pneumoniae strains were determined using microbroth dilution method. RESULTS: The sac secretions were collected from a total of 6440 children. 1409 samples presented bacterial growth, accounting for 21.8% of the samples. Among the 22 bacterial species isolated, 528 samples presented Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. growth, accounting for 37.4% of the isolates, followed by Corynebacterium spp., counting for 30% of the isolates and Streptococcus pneumoniae, counting for 21.4% of the isolates. Antibiotics susceptibility tests showed that the majority of S. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive to most antibiotics tested. However, 72.8 and 81.2% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively, and over 10% of them were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin and rifampicin. CONCLUSIONS: The bacterial flora of healthy children is mainly consisted of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to Corynebacterium spp. and Streptococcus spp.; most of S. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive to antibiotics except erythromycin and tetracycline.

Overexpression of the class I homeodomain transcription factor TaHDZipI-5 increases drought and frost tolerance in transgenic wheat.

Characterization of the function of stress-related genes helps to understand the mechanisms of plant responses to environmental conditions. The findings of this work defined the role of the wheat TaHDZipI-5 gene, encoding a stress-responsive homeodomain-leucine zipper class I (HD-Zip I) transcription factor, during the development of plant tolerance to frost and drought. Strong induction of TaHDZipI-5 expression by low temperatures, and the elevated TaHDZipI-5 levels of expression in flowers and early developing grains in the absence of stress, suggests that TaHDZipI-5 is involved in the regulation of frost tolerance at flowering. The TaHDZipI-5 protein behaved as an activator in a yeast transactivation assay, and the TaHDZipI-5 activation domain was localized to its C-terminus. The TaHDZipI-5 protein homo- and hetero-dimerizes with related TaHDZipI-3, and differences between DNA interactions in both dimers were specified at 3D molecular levels. The constitutive overexpression of TaHDZipI-5 in bread wheat significantly enhanced frost and drought tolerance of transgenic wheat lines with the appearance of undesired phenotypic features, which included a reduced plant size and biomass, delayed flowering and a grain yield decrease. An attempt to improve the phenotype of transgenic wheat by the application of stress-inducible promoters with contrasting properties did not lead to the elimination of undesired phenotype, apparently due to strict spatial requirements for TaHDZipI-5 overexpression.

A quality of life survey in patients with long-term silicone oil or phthisis bulbi.

AIM: The aim of this study is to determine whether there is any difference in the quality of life of patients with a blind eye with long-term silicone oil compared to without. METHOD: Patients with either long-term silicone oil in situ (N = 17), defined as a period greater than 6 months duration with no plan for future removal, or those with a phthisical, non oil-filled eye were identified (N = 13). Two validated questionnaires (NEI VFQ-25 and the FACE-Q) that cover indicators for visual function, pain and cosmesis were sent to all patients in the two cohorts. RESULTS: There was no significant difference found in quality of life outcomes between the two groups in terms of visual function, pain or cosmesis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support a holistic approach to the consent process before vitreoretinal surgery. Patients that may need to undergo multiple vitreoretinal procedures, where the endstage result is a long-term silicone oil fill, should be informed that their functional outcome may be similar to having no surgical intervention.