TT-TG distance decreases after open wedge distal femoral varization osteotomy in patients with genu valgum & patellar instability. A pilot 3D computed tomography simulation study.

BACKGROUND: Genu valgum is considered to be a risk factor for patellar instability. Correction of valgus alone or combined with a tibial tuberosity medialization has been described. However, changes occurring in the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance after a lateral distal femoral opening wedge osteotomy (LDF-OWO) are not known. PURPOSE: This study aimed to define changes in TT-TG distance with increasing amounts of valgus correction after LDF-OWO. METHODS: Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography (3D-CT) scans of six patients (two females and four males) aged between 19 and 35 years with genu valgum and patellar instability were analyzed. 3D models of femoral, tibial, and patellar bones were created with the advanced segment option of Mimics 21® software. An oblique lateral opening wedge osteotomy of the distal femur was simulated in 2-degree increments up to 12 degrees of varus opening. Change in TT-TG distance was measured in mm on 3D models of the knee. RESULTS: Compared to baseline without osteotomy, the TT-TG distance decreased significantly (p < 0.05) for all corrections from 2 to 12 degrees in 2° steps. The TT-TG distance decreased by an average of 1.7 mm for every 2 degrees of varus opening. CONCLUSION: Lateral opening wedge distal femoral osteotomy causes a decrease in TT-TG distance. The surgeon should be aware of the magnitude of this change (1.7 mm decrease for every 2° increment of valgus opening).

Adolescent tibial tubercle fractures in the time of the COVID 19: A single orthopedic trauma center experience.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to assess the incidence and clinical characteristics of adolescent tibial tubercle fractures (TTFs) during the COVID-19 pandemic by sharing our experiences. METHODS: Pediatric patients aged between 0 and 18 years old with confirmed diagnosis of TTFs who were treated at our center between April 2020 and May 2020 were included in the study. In addition to demographics, mechanism injury, treatment modalities, complications were also noted. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were included in the study. The mean age was 14.8 ± 0.9 years (range: 13-16 years). The mean BMI of patients was 26.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2 (range: 23.2-30.4 kg/m2). According to the BMI-for-age percentiles growth chart, eight patients (50%) were overweight, and eight patients (50%) were at a risk of being categorized as overweight. The most common cause for the injury was jumping due to basketball (50%). Twelve of 16 patients were treated operatively by open reduction and internal fixation. The remaining 4 patients were treated non-operatively with long leg cast. CONCLUSION: The incidence of TTFs was 16 cases over about two months during the pandemic isolation period. Our results demonstrated that all adolescent TTFs occurred during periods when outdoor activities were permitted. This finding may be explained by sudden athletic activity after prolonged immobilization. We observed that all of our patients were male and either overweight or at risk of being overweight.

Exploring the relationship between case volume and intracranial aneurysm treatments with flow-diverters and flow-disruptors: Insights from the 2020 to 2021 Database of the German Society for Interventional Radiology National Registry in Germany.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial aneurysm treatment using flow-diverters and flow-disruptors requires a higher level of expertise when compared to more traditional methods. Our hypothesis was that the procedural success and the rate of complications are dependent on the annual case load of a center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Conducting a retrospective analysis on the Database of the German Society for Interventional Radiology for the years 2020 to 2021, we examined flow-diverter and flow-disruptor procedures. We categorized centers into four groups according to their annual case load and proceeded to analyze success rates, complication rates, and fluoroscopy times across these centers. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed among the groups in both flow-diverter and flow-disruptor cases concerning fluoroscopy time and the incidence of technical complications. However, within the subgroup of flow-disruptor cases, centers with lower case load exhibited significantly higher rates of hemorrhagic and clinically relevant complications. Additionally, it was noted that the rate of therapeutic success in the flow-diverter group significantly increased in centers with higher case volumes. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the intention towards centralization of medical care especially for complex neuroendovascular procedures. Furthermore, our findings are an argument to further develop a standardized educational and procedural algorithm based on defined case numbers and training modules for complex neurovascular procedures as already implemented by the Database of the German Society for Interventional Radiology.

The Impact of Complex Loadings on the Structure of the L2-L3 Intervertebral Disc in a Sheep Spine Cadaver Model: A Biomechanical and Histological Evaluation.

Background The human vertebral column generates movements under versatile, dynamic loads. Understanding how the spine reacts to these movements and loads is crucial for developing new spine implants and surgical treatments for intervertebral disc injuries. Mechanically uni-axial compression models have been extensively studied. However, the spine's daily loading is not limited to compression, so it is crucial to measure its behavior in all movements (flexion-extension, rotation, and axial compression). Methods This study utilized L1-L5 segments from 19 healthy adult sheep spines. The L2-L3 disc of the first spine underwent only histological evaluation without biomechanical testing to define basic histological parameters. The remaining 18 were divided into three groups of six and subjected to biomechanical tests. Different mechanisms for three groups of spinal segments were prepared, and tests were performed on Shimadzu AG-IS 10 KN (Universal Drawing Press, Kyoto, Japan). An axial load (800 N) was applied to the first group, an axial load with 15 degrees of flexion to the second group, and an axial load with 10 degrees of rotation plus 15 degrees of flexion to the third group. A biomechanical evaluation of the maximum elongation amounts (MEAs) was performed and compared between the groups. Then, the L2-L3 discs were removed from the sheep spines, and a histological examination of the discs was conducted using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Alcian Blue (AB), and Masson's Trichrome (MT) staining. Results The mean MEA ± Standard Deviation (Range) was 1.39 ± 0.38 (0.91-1.94) for Group 1, 2.02 ± 0.75 (0.91-3.01) for Group 2, and 2.47 ± 1.09 (0.64-3.9) for Group 3. Biomechanically, although MEAs increased from Group 1 to Group 3 (meaning that the mean MEAs increased as the number of types of applied force increased), there was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the MEAs (P = 0.092). Histologically, no significant differences were observed between all groups after HE staining. In all groups, hypercellularity, edema in the connective tissue, separation between tissue layers, delamination, and signs of swelling and necrosis in the cells were observed similarly. For the AB staining, there was a decrease in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) structure in the tissue samples compared to the control tissue, but no significant differences were observed between the groups. However, it was observed that the stratification in Group 3 was slightly more deteriorated than in the other groups. For the MT staining, collagen structure deterioration was observed in all groups. It was observed that the amount of collagen was significantly reduced compared to the control tissue. Conclusion As a result, when the axial load is applied biomechanically, there is more displacement of the vertebral discs in Group 3 with multidimensional movements. Furthermore, histological studies revealed deterioration between tissue layers when exposed to complex movements, and the degradation of stratification in group 3 compared to other loading combinations in groups 2 and 3 may indicate the role of complex loads in the formation of disc herniation.

Mid-Term Clinical and Radiological Results at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Türkiye: Is Residual Varus Really Important After Mechanically-Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty?

INTRODUCTION:  Traditionally, in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), it is aimed to keep the mechanical axis of the lower extremity neutral (mechanical alignment: 3° varus-valgus in the coronal plane) to improve long-term outcomes. This study aimed to assess the mid-term radiological and clinical results of patients with postoperative residual varus (more than 3° of varus) after mechanically-aligned TKA. METHODS: A total of 616 individuals who had undergone TKA for primary knee osteoarthritis between 2008 and 2013 in our tertiary care hospital were retrospectively examined. All TKAs were performed with the mechanical alignment strategy. For radiological evaluation, hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, knee alignment angle (KAA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), knee inclination (KI), joint line orientation angle relative to ground (JLOA-G), posterior tibial slope (PS), joint line convergence angle (JLCA) were measured. Besides, patients' latest radiographs were screened for any clue of aseptic loosening or mechanical failure. Knee Society Score (KSS) (knee and functional subgroups), and Lysholm, Oxford, and Tegner scores were used for clinical evaluation. In addition, knee flexion and extension limitations were assessed. RESULTS: After applying the exclusion criteria, a minimum of five-year follow-up result of 110 patients was demonstrated. There were 101 females (92%) and nine males (8%). The mean follow-up time was 65.8 ± 6.3 months (range: 60.8-75.8 years). The mean age was 65.9 ± 7.7 years (range: 39 to 89 years). The preoperative mean mechanical axis angle of the lower extremity was 17.3° ± 7.8° (range: 13.4-43.9°), whereas it was 8.3° ± 3.6° (range: 3.2-19.8°) postoperatively. The preoperative mean flexion angle was 90.7° ± 23.8° (range: 40-130°), and the extension limitation was -2.5° ± 7.4° (range: -40-0°), whereas, postoperatively, they were 102.8° ± 15.4° (range from 40° to 150°) and -3.7° ± 7.5° (range from -40° to 0°), respectively. The latest follow-up's mean KSS knee subgroup was 67 ± 18.4 (range: 12-93), the mean KSS functional subgroup was 74 ± 23.6 (range: 20-100), the mean Lysholm score was 81.7 ± 15.7 (range:25-100), the mean Tegner score was 3.65 ± 0.99 (range: 1-5), the mean Oxford score was 37.4 ± 6.5 (range: 9-48). There was no patient with aseptic loosening or mechanical failure. CONCLUSIONS: In the mid-term follow-up of patients with residual varus after mechanically-aligned TKA, satisfactory clinical and radiological results were obtained without aseptic loosening or implant failure.

Incidence and Factors Associated With Pulmonary Embolism After Upper Extremity Trauma: A Tertiary Hospital Experience in Turkey.

Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE), particularly pulmonary embolism (PE), is the third highest cause of death in trauma patients who survive beyond the first day. Musculoskeletal surgery is associated with several complications, some of which may be life-threatening, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and PE. Objective This research aims to describe risk variables for VTE after upper extremity (UE) fracture at a single institution and estimate the incidence of PE following UE fracture. Methods The writers accessed the database via their respective universities using the International Standard Classification (ICD) codes. The medical files of patients aged 18 and older who sought treatment at our emergency department for an injury to their UE and also sought treatment at the orthopedics and traumatology clinic between the years 2013 and 2021 were manually scanned. The patients who applied to the Chest Diseases Clinic within 30 days after the trauma and were diagnosed with PE in the ICD code scan were included in the study. Results UE trauma was the cause of admission to the emergency department for 3,265 patients, and 21 of those patients (0.64%) were found to have PE. Fifteen of the patients were male, and six were female. The median age was 59 years (IQR 17). There were no deaths associated with PE. One of the patients had a scaphoid fracture, seven patients had a humerus fracture, five patients had a distal radius fracture, two patients had an acromioclavicular joint injury, one patient had a shoulder dislocation, one patient had a finger fracture, four patients had wrist crush injury. Three patients had diabetes mellitus. Five patients were active smokers. JAK-2 gene V617F mutation was detected in one patient. One patient was diagnosed with prostate cancer, and one had gastric cancer. One patient had a central venous catheter. Two patients were being treated for hypothyroidism. Two patients had hypertension. Conclusion According to the findings of our research, the probability of developing PE in the days following of an injury to the UE was found to be 0.64%. Patients with UE injuries who are active smokers and who also have diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidism, cancer, coagulation disorder (JAK2 gene V617F mutation), or a central venous catheter may benefit from anticoagulant prophylaxis. This is because these patients are at a higher risk of developing dangerous blood clots.

A clinical comparison of two different surgical techniques in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: Limited-open approach vs. percutaneous approach.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment is the commonly preferred method for treating acute Achilles tendon ruptures (AATRs) due to advantages such as less re-rupture rates, better functional results, and an early return to physical activities. The main aim of our study is to compare two common minimally invasive surgical methods, the limited open and the percutaneous approaches, regarding clinical outcomes. METHODS: A total of 53 patients (19 females and 34 males) who were treated with limited open (Group 1: 30 patients) and percutaneous (Group 2: 23 patients) approaches for AATRs were retrospectively evaluated between March 2019 and May 2020 in a level 1 trauma center. The evaluation included complications (soft tissue and skin problems, re-rupture, and sural nerve injury rates), the operation time, the duration of return to daily activities, The Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS), and the American Ortho-pedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores of the patients at the first and 6th months of follow-up. Patients' activity levels were compared with the Tegner Activity Scale (TAS). RESULTS: The mean age of all patients in this cohort was 45.1±14.1. The mean postoperative follow-up period for group 1 was 36.9±8.81 weeks, whereas, for group 2, it was 35.4±8.73 weeks (P=0.24). The mean age (P=0.47), gender distribution (P=0.41), and body mass index (P=0.29) were similar for both groups. The mean operation time (group 1: 47.1±5.4 vs. group 2: 44.4±6.1, P=0.06) and the duration of return to daily activities (group 1: 49.2±7.4 vs. group 2: 48.5±9.7, P=0.38) were also similar. There was no statistical difference between groups regarding functional results at first (ATRS: group 1: 79.9±3.2 vs. group 2: 79.5±3.9, [P=0.35], and AOFAS: group 1: 80.9±3.1 vs. group 2: 82.1±3.2, [P=0.10]) and 6th months (ATRS: group 1: 85.0±3.8 vs. group 2: 83.7±4.4, [P=0.13], and AO-FAS: group 1: 86.6±3.6 vs. group 2: 86.7±4.2, [P=0.46]). There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding preoperative and last follow-up TAS scores (P= 0.94 and P=0.46, respectively). We observed no postoperative complications in group 1. There were three complications (13.1%) in group 2. One patient (4.4%) had a re-rupture, and two patients (8.7%) had sural nerve injuries. CONCLUSION: Although both groups had similar functional results, the limited open approach yielded better clinical outcomes according to the complication results than the percutaneous approach.

Patients with Achilles Tendon Rupture Are Prone to Develop Ventricular Arrhythmia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the ventricular repolarization (VR) disturbances of patients operated on for acute spontaneous Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs), by comparing them with a healthy individual control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 2014 and July 2020, a total of 29 patients (28 males, 1 female; mean age: 40 ± 9.78 years; range, 21-66 years) who presented to the emergency department within the first three weeks of injury, and were diagnosed with acute spontaneous ATRs and treated with an open Krackow suture technique, were retrospectively analyzed. Fifty-two healthy individuals (47 males, 5 females; mean age: 39 ± 11.45 years; range, 21-66 years) were recruited as a control group from the cardiology outpatient clinic. Clinical data (demographic features and laboratory parameters (serum glucose, creatinine, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, and lipid profile)) and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were collected from medical records. ECGs were evaluated for heart rate and VR parameters of QRS width, QTc interval, cQTd interval, Tp-e interval, and Tp-e/QT ratio. The clinical data and these ECG parameters were compared between groups. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups, regarding clinical data (all p < 0.05). Among ECG parameters, heart rate, QRS width, QTc interval, and cQTd interval were similar between groups (all p < 0.05). There were two important statistically significant findings of this research: The mean Tp-e interval was longer (ATR group: 72.4 ± 24.7, control group: 58.8 ± 14.5, p: 0.01), and the Tp-e/QT ratio was higher (ATR group: 0.2 ± 0.1, control group: 0.16 ± 0.4, p: 0.027) in the ATR group. CONCLUSIONS: According to the ventricular repolarization disturbances found in this study, patients with ATR may be at a higher risk of ventricular arrhythmia than healthy people. As a result, ATR patients should be assessed for ventricular arrhythmia risk by an expert cardiologist.

Which Treatment Method Is Better in the Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: Corticosteroid Injection, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy, or Radiofrequency Thermal Lesioning?

BACKGROUND: Chronic plantar fasciitis (CPF) is a common disease that has various treatment options. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three of these options: corticosteroid injection (CSI), extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), and radiofrequency thermal lesioning (RTL). METHODS: The records of 229 patients treated with CSI (n = 81), ESWT (n = 76), or RTL (n = 72) were retrospectively analyzed. Visual analog scale scores, patient satisfaction-related success rates, repeated treatment rates, and initial treatment change rates were compared. RESULTS: Mean ± SD follow-up was 19.0 ± 4.5 months. Baseline clinical characteristics, mean visual analog scale scores (before treatment and at months 3, 6, and 12), patient satisfaction and success rates (at months 6 and 12), and repeated treatment and initial treatment change rates were similar between treatment groups. No complications were observed after the treatments. CONCLUSIONS: All three options-CSI, ESWT, and RTL-were found to be safe and effective in treating CPF, with similar outcomes up to 1 year. Use of CSIs is advantageous because it is more accessible than the other treatments. Similarly, the noninvasive nature of ESWT is glaring among other minimally invasive options. Therefore, the first-line treatment modality of CPF can be CSI or ESWT, depending on the patient's and physician's joint preference; RTL treatment should be tried in patients who do not respond to these treatments.

Impact of atrial fibrillation on the treatment effect of bridging thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy: a multicenter international cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The role of bridging intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) before endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains debatable. Atrial fibrillation (AF) associated strokes may be associated with reduced treatment effect from IVT. This study compares the effect of bridging IVT in AF and non-AF patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study comprised anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) AIS patients receiving EVT alone or bridging IVT plus EVT within 6 hours of symptom onset. Primary outcome was good functional outcome defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2 at 90 days. Secondary outcomes were successful reperfusion defined as expanded Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (eTICI) grading ≥2b flow, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We included 705 patients (314 AF and 391 non-AF patients). The mean age was 68.6 years and 53.9% were male. The odds of good functional outcomes with bridging IVT was higher in the non-AF (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.28, 95% CI 1.06 to 4.91, P=0.035) compared with the AF subgroups (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 0.89 to 4.01, P=0.097). However, this did not constitute a significant effect modification by the presence of AF on bridging IVT (interaction aOR 0.12, 95% CI -1.94 to 2.18, P=0.455). The rate of successful reperfusion, sICH, and mortality were similar between bridging IVT and EVT for both AF and non-AF patients. CONCLUSION: The presence of AF did not modify the treatment effect of bridging IVT. Further individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials may shed light on the comparative efficacy of bridging IVT in AF versus non-AF LVO strokes.

Open Double-Button Technique is Superior to Hook Plate in the Treatment of Acute Rockwood Type III/V Acromioclavicular Dislocations.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare open double-button (DB) and hook plate (HP) techniques in the treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation (ACJD) in terms of clinical and radiological outcomes and to determine which method is superior. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study included patients with ACJDs (Rockwood Type III/V) who were treated with one of these implants (22 patients with HP, 21 patients with DB) between June 2014 and February 2018. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients (39 men and 4 women) with a mean age of 41.8±17.4 years have participated in this study. The mean follow-up time was 20.6±7.5 months. Mean times of fluoroscopy, operation, and return to work were shorter in the DB group. Compli-cation rates were 23.8% and 54.6%, reoperation rates (including mandatory implant removals [IR]) were 4.8% and 77.3%, mean constant scores were 92.1±3.4 and 88.3±4.2, and mean Visual Analog Scale scores were 0.8±1.0 and 1.5±1.0 for the DB and HP groups, respec-tively. IR was the main reason for reoperations in the HP group, whereas the DB group's only reoperation was caused by a coracoid cutout (due to coracoid tunnel malposition) leading to redislocation. AC joint arthritis (36.4%) and subacromial osteolysis (31.9%) were com-monly encountered in the HP group. The most frequent complication of the DB group was malreduction (initial undercorrection) (9.6%). CONCLUSION: DB was superior to HP in functional outcome, post-operative pain, complication and reoperation rates, operation and fluoroscopy times, and time to return to work. Besides, reoperation (for IR) was needed in most of the HP patients. Therefore, the open DB technique should be preferential to the HP procedure.

Functional and radiological comparison of three cephalomedullary nails with different designs used in the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric femur fractures of elderly.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study to compare three cephalomedullary nails (CMNs) with different designs in terms of complica-tion, reoperation, implant failure, mortality rates, and functional outcomes in the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures (UIFs). METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with UIFs (AO/OTA type 31-A2 and 31-A3) who were treated with one of these CMNs (74 patients with Talon-PFN, 70 patients with PFN-III, and 69 patients with Intertan) between October 2014 and October 2018. RESULTS: A total of 213 patients (122 females and 91 males) with a mean age of 81.0±9.3 years have participated in this study. The mean follow-up time was 26.1±6.3 months. Malfixation was the most common complication and the most common reason of reop-eration for each type of CMN. Complication and reoperation rates, post-operative functional status, mean union times, and overall mortality rates were similar between groups. Mean operation/fluoroscopy time and mean blood loss were low in the Talon-PFN group, whereas the highest means of these parameters were in the PFN-III group. There were six (8.2%) implant failures in the Talon-PFN group and one (1.5%) in PFN-III group. No implant failure was seen in the Intertan group. The highest rate (58.6%) of anatomic reduc-tion was detected in PFN-III group. CONCLUSION: Our study results showed that each implant type had its own advantages and disadvantages in the treatment of UIFs with similar functional and reoperation outcomes. Intertan was advantageous with its absence of implant failures. Talon-PFN decreased the operation/fluoroscopy time and intraoperative blood loss but had the highest implant failure rate. There was a need for more anatomic reduction to centralize two separate parallel lag screws in the femoral neck in PFN-III group, and that costs operation/fluo-roscopy time and blood loss. Malfixation, which was the most common cause of complications and reoperations, should be avoided.

For Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures, Talon Fixation is Helpful to Cope With the Troublesome Distal Locking, But Conventional Distal Locking With Screws Offers a More Stable Construct. Talon Femoral Nail Versus Conventional Femoral Nail

BACKGROUND: A novel-design femoral nail (FN) with distal talon deployment (Talon-FN) has emerged in the market to cope with problematic distal locking. We aimed to compare the radiological and functional outcomes of the Talon-FN with a conventional FN (Con-FN) for the treatment of femoral shaft fracture (FSFs). METHODS: This retrospective study included 85 patients (57 men, 28 women; mean age: 46.8±23.9 years) with FSFs (AO types 32-A and B) who were treated with FNs (Talon-FN: 41, Con-FN: 44) during October 2014-2018. Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical Function Shortform, Hip injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical Function Shortform, Short musculoskeletal function assessment bother and dysfunction indexes were used for functional assessment. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 25.8±6.7 months. The complication rates were 19.6% and 20.5% for Talon-FN and Con-FN, respectively (p=0.92). Malunion was the most common complication for each FN type (Talon-FN: 9.8%, Con-FN: 9.1%). All of the Talon-FN group's malunions were axial (shortening and malrotation) and happened gradually. In contrast, the Con-FN group's malu-nions were angular (varus and valgus) and caused by initial malreduction. The Talon-FN group's two patients with shortening (4.9%) had AO 32-B type fractures, and the other two with malrotation (4.9%) had AO 32-A3 type fractures, all of four fractures were localized distal to the femoral isthmus. The post-operative functional outcomes were similar between the groups (all p>0.05). The mean op-eration/fluoroscopy time and the mean blood loss were lower in the Talon-FN group, while the mean union time was shorter in the Con-FN group (all p<0.01). No nonunion was noted in either group. The reoperation rates were similar at approximately 5% (p=0.95). CONCLUSION: Our study results revealed that the Talon-FN shortens the operation/fluoroscopy time and decreases the intra-operative blood loss with similar functional outcomes. However, the Con-FN seems to offer a more stable construct against axial malunion with a shorter bone union time. The Talon-FN should not be used in FSFs distal to the femoral isthmus with certain types of fractures prone to shortening and malrotation.

An evaluation of the characteristics of orthopedic pediatric traumas during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of implemented social isolation measures on the characteristics of orthopedic pediatric traumas during this COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period. METHODS: Patients who were admitted at our center between two time periods: April 3, 2019-May 31, 2019 (no lockdown period) and April 3, 2020-May 31, 2020 (lockdown period) were included to the study. Group 1 comprised 743 patients who were treated during no lockdown period, whereas Group 2 comprised 615 patients who were treated during lockdown period. Patients' medical records and radiographs were reviewed through our hospital's computer database. In addition, we recorded each patients' age and gender, their definite diagnosis, the anatomic location of the trauma, the type of trauma (fracture, dislocation, tendon injury, ligament injury, fracture dislocation, open fracture, etc.), the type of pediatric fracture (displaced fracture, torus fracture, epiphyseal fracture, pathological fracture, etc.), and the treatment method (non-operative/operative). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was significantly lower in Group 2 (p<0.001). There were significant differences between the groups in terms of anatomic locations of the traumas (p<0.001). The types of the traumas, pediatric traumas, and treatment were significantly different between the groups (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). The frequency of operative treatment was significantly higher in Group 2 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated significant differences in patients' demographics as well as trauma characteristics during COVID-19 pandemic.

Prescription of knee braces after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Fact or fiction?

Objectives: This study aims to compare the clinical results of patients rehabilitated with or without a rehabilitative knee brace (RKB) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Patients and methods: This retrospective, comparative study was conducted at between January 2013 and December 2017. A total of 119 patients (112 males, 7 females; mean age: 32.0±8.6 years; range, 18 to 45 years) with acute ACL ruptures treated with arthroscopic ACL reconstruction and rehabilitated with (n=56) or without RKB (n=63) participated in the study. The minimum follow-up time was 24 months. The ACL quality of life (QoL) questionnaire, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, and Tegner Activity Level Scale were used for the evaluation of the QoL, knee function, and activity level, respectively. The time to return to sports was recorded. The side-to-side difference in the anterior translation of the tibia was measured using a KT-1000 arthrometer. Results: The mean follow-up time was 38.4±9.1 (range, 24 to 56) months. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were similar between groups. Regarding QoL, knee function, and activity level, no significant difference was observed between patients who used RKB and those who did not use it at the postoperative 12th month (p=0.95, p=0.56, p=0.98, respectively) and the latest follow-up (p=0.21, p=0.73, p=0.99, respectively). The mean time to return to sports (nearly 11 months for both groups) and side-to-side difference in the anterior tibial translation at the latest follow-up was also similar between groups (p=0.15 and p=0.15, respectively). There was no graft rupture during the follow-up in both groups. The complication rates were 7.9% and 7.1% for no brace and brace groups, respectively, without a statistically significant difference (p=0.87). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there was no significant difference between the rehabilitative brace and no brace groups in clinical outcomes after ACL reconstruction.

Correlation of postoperative magnetic resonance image measurements with persisting acetabular dysplasia in open reduction of developmental hip dysplasia.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation of post-reduction magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based parameters with residual acetabular dysplasia in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) patients who underwent open reduction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 62 hips of 54 children (5 males, 57 females; mean age: 8.5±3.5 months; range, 0 to 24 months) with a diagnosis of DDH who underwent open reduction between January 2012 and January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The acetabular head index (AHI), head coverage index (HCI), sphericity, bony acetabular index (BAI), cartilage acetabular index (CAI), anterior acetabular index (AAI), posterior acetabular index (PAI), abduction angle (AA), and acetabular medial wall thickness were measured by MRI. The correlation between MRI measurements and residual acetabular dysplasia was evaluated. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 23.7±10.1 (range, 12 to 56) months. The mean age at the final examination was 47.6±10.4 months. The age at the time of operation (r=0.250, p=0.049), medial wall thickness (r=0.304, p=0.016), AAI (r=0.729, p<0.001), PAI (r=0.590, p<0.001), and early postoperative AI (r=0.900, p<0.001) at the third postoperative month were positively correlated with the last follow-up AI. The AHI (r=-0.512, p<0.001), sphericity (r=-0,661, p<0.001), and HCI (r=-0.554, p< 0.001) were negatively correlated with the last follow-up AI. CONCLUSION: Post-reduction MRI parameters can be used to evaluate correlation with persistent acetabular dysplasia in DDH patients.

Intramedullary nailing versus minimally invasive plating in the treatment of distal tibial extra-articular fractures: Comparison of cost analysis in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) and intramedullary nailing (IMN) are the two most commonly used methods for distal tibial extra-articular fractures; however, the ideal treatment is still on debate. The aim of this study was to compare MIPO and IMN in the treatment of distal tibial extra-articular fractures in terms of cost analysis according to health insurance records in Turkey. METHODS: The data of patients who underwent either MIPO or IMN for the treatment of distal tibial extra-articular fractures between 2013 and 2018 were analyzed in this retrospective study. Patients' clinical data, as well as the overall expenses from the first admission until return to work including hospitalization, and all outpatient controls had been reviewed from the hospital's billing department. The total amount of money paid per month by Turkish National Social Security Institution to the patient until the patient's returns to work were also recorded. RESULTS: 118 consecutive patients (35 female-83 male) with the mean age of 37.2±13.4 were participated to the study. IMN group consisted of 57 patients with a mean age of 36.7±12.8 years, and MIPO group consisted of 61 patients with a mean age of 37.8±13.6 years. No significant differences were observed between study groups in terms patients' age, gender, fracture classification (AO/OTA: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopedic Trauma Association), soft-tissue injury (Tscherne classification), presence of type 1 open fracture, and presence of accompanying fibula fracture. There was no statistical difference between two groups in terms of pre-operative hospital stay (p=0.713). However, the mean length of hospital stay was significantly higher in the MIPO group (p=<0.001). The means of number of total outpatient controls, time to union, and return to work were also significantly higher in the MIPO group (p=0.005, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The mean hospital cost until discharge and the mean total cost until return to work were significantly higher in the MIPO group (p=0.001 and 0.001, respectively). The mean total costs of hospital stay and outpatient controls were also significantly higher in the MIPO group (p=0.001 and 0.004, respectively). The mean implant costs did not significantly differ between groups (p=0.179). CONCLUSION: According to the results acquired from the present study, IMN is a better option compared to MIPO for the treatment of extra-articular distal tibial fractures in terms of costs paid by the national health insurance in Turkey.

Clinical and radiological outcomes of patients treated with the talon distalfix proximal femoral nail for intertrochanteric femur fractures.

BACKGROUND: The Talon™ DistalFix™ Proximal Femoral Nail (Talon-PFN) is a new proximal femoral intramedullary nail designed for the treatment of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. This study aimed to report the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients treated using a proximal femoral intramedullary nail with a novel design. METHODS: Patients with either stable or unstable (AO/OTA type 31-A1, 2, 3) intertrochanteric fractures who were treated with the Talon-PFN between October 2014 and January 2018 in our department participated in this retrospective study. Patients' demographics, clinical characteristics, and functional and radiographical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients (65 females, 45 males) with a mean age of 80.6 ± 9.1 years participated in this study. The mean follow-up time was 24 ± 13.4 months. The overall mortality rate during follow-up was 50.48%. The most common perioperative complications were a malposition of the femoral neck screw and talon cutout, both of which occurred in 17 patients (15.5%). The most common complications observed during follow-up were a lesser trochanter nonunion/malunion in 34 patients (30.9%), valgus malunion in 18 patients 16.4%), lateral screw migration in four patients (3.6%), and varus malunion in 15 patients (13.7%). A late screw cutout through the femoral head was seen in four patients (3.6%). At least one complication was detected in 53 patients (48.2%). However, revision surgery was performed in only six of these cases (5.5%). CONCLUSION: According to the results obtained in this study, the Talon-PFN, which has similar clinical and radiological outcomes compared to other proximal femoral intramedullary nail designs according to the reported studies, can be a suitable alternative in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures.

Femoral stem fractures after primary and revision hip replacements: A single-center experience.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to present our experience in the management of fractured femoral stems after primary and revision hip replacements by evaluating the clinical and radiographic characteristics and determining the effectiveness of the extraction methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 15 patients (5 males, 10 females; mean age 65.9 years; range, 49 to 87 years) who underwent revision hip replacement due to a fractured femoral stem between January 2005 and December 2019 were included in this retrospective study. The mechanisms and risk factors for failure as well as methods applied to extract fractured stem were analyzed through clinical and radiographic data. RESULTS: Nine patients had fractured cemented femoral stems, while six patients had fractured fully porous coated cementless revision stems. Lack of proximal buttress in distally fixed femoral stems was detected in 11 patients and identified as the predominant mechanism resulting in fracture. The proximal extraction method with conventional revision instrumentation, the cortical window technique, and extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) were used in three, seven, and five cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that the lack of proximal buttress is the most common reason for femoral stem fracture. Moreover, the proximal extraction method was mostly ineffective in fully porous femoral stems. A step-by-step approach should be considered for the extraction of a broken stem. The cortical window method can be considered as the second step if proximal extraction methods fail, and ETO should be considered at the last step if all techniques fail.

Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Outcomes of Microfracture Plus Chitosan/Blood Implant vs Microfracture for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes of arthroscopic microfracture (MF) plus chitosan-glycerol phosphate/blood implant and MF alone for the treatment of the osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCLTs). METHODS: Patients who underwent either MF plus chitosan (group 1, n = 32) or MF alone (group 2, n = 31) between 2015 and 2019 in 2 separate time periods were retrospectively analyzed. Visual analog scale (VAS) score and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score were used for clinical evaluation. The magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) system was used for MRI evaluation. The mean follow-up time was 32 ± 13 months (range, 12-61 months). RESULTS: Postoperatively, we detected significant improvements in both groups in terms of VAS and AOFAS scores. However, we observed no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of clinical scores, except the mean VAS function score, which was significantly higher in group 1 (P = .022). According to MOCART scale, complete repair with the filling of the chondral defect and intactness of the surface of the repair tissue were more common in group 1. However, these parameters did not significantly differ between groups (P = .257 and .242, respectively). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic MF plus chitosan glycerol phosphate/blood implant did not result in better clinical and MRI outcomes compared with MF alone in the treatment of OCLTs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.