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BACKGROUND: Interhospital transfer for patients with stroke due to large vessel occlusion for endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has been associated with treatment delays. METHODS: We analyzed data from Optimizing Patient Treatment in Major Ischemic Stroke With EVT, a quality improvement registry to support EVT implementation in Canada. We assessed for unadjusted differences in baseline characteristics, time metrics, and procedural outcomes between patients with large vessel occlusion transferred for EVT and those directly admitted to an EVT-capable center. RESULTS: Between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021, a total of 6803 patients received EVT at 20 participating centers (median age, 73 years; 50% women; and 50% treated with intravenous thrombolysis). Patients transferred for EVT (n=3376) had lower rates of M2 occlusion (22% versus 27%) and higher rates of basilar occlusion (9% versus 5%) compared with those patients presenting directly at an EVT-capable center (n=3373). Door-to-needle times were shorter in patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis before transfer compared with those presenting directly to an EVT center (32 versus 36 minutes). Patients transferred for EVT had shorter door-to-arterial access times (37 versus 87 minutes) but longer last seen normal-to-arterial access times (322 versus 181 minutes) compared with those presenting directly to an EVT-capable center. No differences in arterial access-to-reperfusion times, successful reperfusion rates (85% versus 86%), or adverse periprocedural events were found between the 2 groups. Patients transferred to EVT centers had a similar likelihood for good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-2; 41% versus 43%; risk ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.88-1.01]; adjusted risk ratio, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.91-1.05]) and a higher risk for all-cause mortality at 90 days (29% versus 25%; risk ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.05-1.27]; adjusted risk ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.03-1.28]) compared with patients presenting directly to an EVT center. CONCLUSIONS: Patients transferred for EVT experience significant delays from the time they were last seen normal to the initiation of EVT.
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Procedimentos Endovasculares , AVC Isquêmico , Transferência de Pacientes , Sistema de Registros , Trombectomia , Tempo para o Tratamento , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Idoso , Procedimentos Endovasculares/métodos , Canadá/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Trombectomia/métodos , AVC Isquêmico/cirurgia , AVC Isquêmico/terapia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/cirurgia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) findings of acute and chronic ischemia are associated with subsequent stroke risk in patients with transient ischemic attack. We sought to validate these associations in a large prospective cohort of patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled emergency department patients from 13 hospitals with transient ischemic attack who had CT imaging. Primary outcome was stroke within 90 days. Secondary outcomes were stroke within 2 or 7 days. CT findings were abstracted from radiology reports and classified for the presence of acute ischemia, chronic ischemia, or microangiopathy. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test associations with primary and secondary end points. RESULTS: From 8670 prospectively enrolled patients between May 2010 and May 2017, 8382 had a CT within 24 hours. From this total population, 4547 (54%) patients had evidence of acute ischemia, chronic ischemia, or microangiopathy on CT, of whom 175 had a subsequent stroke within 90 days (3.8% subsequent stroke rate; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.33 [95% CI, 1.62-3.36]). This was in comparison to those with CT imaging without ischemia. Findings associated with an increased risk of stroke at 90 days were isolated acute ischemia (6.0%; aOR, 2.42 [95% CI, 1.03-5.66]), acute ischemia with microangiopathy (10.7%; aOR, 3.34 [95% CI, 1.57-7.14]), chronic ischemia with microangiopathy (5.2%; aOR, 1.83 [95% CI, 1.34-2.50]), and acute ischemia with chronic ischemia and microangiopathy (10.9%; aOR, 3.49 [95% CI, 1.54-7.91]). Acute ischemia with chronic ischemia and microangiopathy were most strongly associated with subsequent stroke within 2 days (aOR, 4.36 [95% CI, 1.31-14.54]) and 7 days (aOR, 4.50 [95% CI, 1.73-11.69]). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke, CT evidence of acute ischemia with chronic ischemia or microangiopathy significantly increases the risk of subsequent stroke within 90 days of index visit. The combination of all 3 findings results in the greatest early risk.
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Isquemia Encefálica , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/diagnóstico por imagem , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/epidemiologia , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/complicações , Estudos Prospectivos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Isquemia Encefálica/epidemiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/efeitos adversos , Isquemia/complicaçõesRESUMO
Moyamoya (MM) disease is a chronic cerebrovascular disease that can lead to progressive stenosis of the terminal portions of the internal carotid arteries and their proximal branches. We sought to investigate and quantify retinal vascular changes in patients with MM vasculopathy (MMV) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) compared to healthy controls. Our findings reveal retinal microvascular changes in patients with MMV and highlights the potential of OCTA imaging for the detection of subclinical retinal pathology.
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BACKGROUND: Rapid and accurate detection of stroke by paramedics or other emergency clinicians at the time of first contact is crucial for timely initiation of appropriate treatment. Several stroke recognition scales have been developed to support the initial triage. However, their accuracy remains uncertain and there is no agreement which of the scales perform better. OBJECTIVES: To systematically identify and review the evidence pertaining to the test accuracy of validated stroke recognition scales, as used in a prehospital or emergency room (ER) setting to screen people suspected of having stroke. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid) and the Science Citation Index to 30 January 2018. We handsearched the reference lists of all included studies and other relevant publications and contacted experts in the field to identify additional studies or unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included studies evaluating the accuracy of stroke recognition scales used in a prehospital or ER setting to identify stroke and transient Ischemic attack (TIA) in people suspected of stroke. The scales had to be applied to actual people and the results compared to a final diagnosis of stroke or TIA. We excluded studies that applied scales to patient records; enrolled only screen-positive participants and without complete 2 × 2 data. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently conducted a two-stage screening of all publications identified by the searches, extracted data and assessed the methodologic quality of the included studies using a tailored version of QUADAS-2. A third review author acted as an arbiter. We recalculated study-level sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and presented them in forest plots and in the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) space. When a sufficient number of studies reported the accuracy of the test in the same setting (prehospital or ER) and the level of heterogeneity was relatively low, we pooled the results using the bivariate random-effects model. We plotted the results in the summary ROC (SROC) space presenting an estimate point (mean sensitivity and specificity) with 95% CI and prediction regions. Because of the small number of studies, we did not conduct meta-regression to investigate between-study heterogeneity and the relative accuracy of the scales. Instead, we summarized the results in tables and diagrams, and presented our findings narratively. MAIN RESULTS: We selected 23 studies for inclusion (22 journal articles and one conference abstract). We evaluated the following scales: Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS; 11 studies), Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER; eight studies), Face Arm Speech Time (FAST; five studies), Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Scale (LAPSS; five studies), Melbourne Ambulance Stroke Scale (MASS; three studies), Ontario Prehospital Stroke Screening Tool (OPSST; one study), Medic Prehospital Assessment for Code Stroke (MedPACS; one study) and PreHospital Ambulance Stroke Test (PreHAST; one study). Nine studies compared the accuracy of two or more scales. We considered 12 studies at high risk of bias and one with applicability concerns in the patient selection domain; 14 at unclear risk of bias and one with applicability concerns in the reference standard domain; and the risk of bias in the flow and timing domain was high in one study and unclear in another 16.We pooled the results from five studies evaluating ROSIER in the ER and five studies evaluating LAPSS in a prehospital setting. The studies included in the meta-analysis of ROSIER were of relatively good methodologic quality and produced a summary sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.91), with the prediction interval ranging from approximately 0.75 to 0.95. This means that the test will miss on average 12% of people with stroke/TIA which, depending on the circumstances, could range from 5% to 25%. We could not obtain a reliable summary estimate of specificity due to extreme heterogeneity in study-level results. The summary sensitivity of LAPSS was 0.83 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.89) and summary specificity 0.93 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.96). However, we were uncertain in the validity of these results as four of the studies were at high and one at uncertain risk of bias. We did not report summary estimates for the rest of the scales, as the number of studies per test per setting was small, the risk of bias was high or uncertain, the results were highly heterogenous, or a combination of these.Studies comparing two or more scales in the same participants reported that ROSIER and FAST had similar accuracy when used in the ER. In the field, CPSS was more sensitive than MedPACS and LAPSS, but had similar sensitivity to that of MASS; and MASS was more sensitive than LAPSS. In contrast, MASS, ROSIER and MedPACS were more specific than CPSS; and the difference in the specificities of MASS and LAPSS was not statistically significant. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In the field, CPSS had consistently the highest sensitivity and, therefore, should be preferred to other scales. Further evidence is needed to determine its absolute accuracy and whether alternatives scales, such as MASS and ROSIER, which might have comparable sensitivity but higher specificity, should be used instead, to achieve better overall accuracy. In the ER, ROSIER should be the test of choice, as it was evaluated in more studies than FAST and showed consistently high sensitivity. In a cohort of 100 people of whom 62 have stroke/TIA, the test will miss on average seven people with stroke/TIA (ranging from three to 16). We were unable to obtain an estimate of its summary specificity. Because of the small number of studies per test per setting, high risk of bias, substantial differences in study characteristics and large between-study heterogeneity, these findings should be treated as provisional hypotheses that need further verification in better-designed studies.
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Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is a leading preventable cause of recurrent stroke for which early detection and treatment are critical. However, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is often asymptomatic and likely to go undetected and untreated in the routine care of patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS: We randomly assigned 572 patients 55 years of age or older, without known atrial fibrillation, who had had a cryptogenic ischemic stroke or TIA within the previous 6 months (cause undetermined after standard tests, including 24-hour electrocardiography [ECG]), to undergo additional noninvasive ambulatory ECG monitoring with either a 30-day event-triggered recorder (intervention group) or a conventional 24-hour monitor (control group). The primary outcome was newly detected atrial fibrillation lasting 30 seconds or longer within 90 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes included episodes of atrial fibrillation lasting 2.5 minutes or longer and anticoagulation status at 90 days. RESULTS: Atrial fibrillation lasting 30 seconds or longer was detected in 45 of 280 patients (16.1%) in the intervention group, as compared with 9 of 277 (3.2%) in the control group (absolute difference, 12.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.0 to 17.6; P<0.001; number needed to screen, 8). Atrial fibrillation lasting 2.5 minutes or longer was present in 28 of 284 patients (9.9%) in the intervention group, as compared with 7 of 277 (2.5%) in the control group (absolute difference, 7.4 percentage points; 95% CI, 3.4 to 11.3; P<0.001). By 90 days, oral anticoagulant therapy had been prescribed for more patients in the intervention group than in the control group (52 of 280 patients [18.6%] vs. 31 of 279 [11.1%]; absolute difference, 7.5 percentage points; 95% CI, 1.6 to 13.3; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with a recent cryptogenic stroke or TIA who were 55 years of age or older, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was common. Noninvasive ambulatory ECG monitoring for a target of 30 days significantly improved the detection of atrial fibrillation by a factor of more than five and nearly doubled the rate of anticoagulant treatment, as compared with the standard practice of short-duration ECG monitoring. (Funded by the Canadian Stroke Network and others; EMBRACE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00846924.).
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Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Eletrocardiografia Ambulatorial , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Fibrilação Atrial/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Cloridrato de Duloxetina/efeitos adversos , Transtornos da Cefaleia Primários/etiologia , Imidazóis/efeitos adversos , Rinite/tratamento farmacológico , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/induzido quimicamente , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Descongestionantes Nasais/efeitos adversos , Recidiva , Inibidores da Recaptação de Serotonina e Norepinefrina/efeitos adversos , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The optimal management of tandem carotid lesions during endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) remains uncertain. The safety and efficacy of acute carotid artery stenting (aCAS) are debated, including safety concerns such as procedural complications and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). We aimed to assess aCAS safety among EVT-treated patients using a large Canadian registry. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the OPTIMISE registry and compared adult patients undergoing EVT and aCAS versus EVT only. The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital death, long-term care facility destination at discharge, sICH, or any EVT-related procedural complications. Secondary outcomes included individual components of the primary outcome, EVT workflow times, final modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia score and 90-day modified Rankin Scale score. Statistical significance was evaluated by a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: 4205 patients were included (330 with EVT-aCAS and 3875 with EVT-only). Both groups were similar with regard to baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score and use of IV thrombolysis, but differed in age (EVT-aCAS group 67.2±12.1 years vs EVT-only group 71.3±14.1 years, P<0.001), proportion of women (28.2% vs 53.3%, P<0.001), and occlusion location (internal carotid artery terminus 44% vs 16%, P<0.001). The EVT-aCAS group showed a non-significant increase in odds of composite safety outcomes (adjusted OR 1.35 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.84), P=0.06) with a significantly higher proportion of procedural complications (10.0% vs 6.2%, P=0.002). CONCLUSION: In a large national registry, EVT-aCAS was associated with a higher proportion of unfavorable safety outcomes, driven by more frequent procedural complications. Further research is needed to clarify the role of aCAS in tandem occlusion stroke.
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Background For patients with atrial fibrillation seen in the emergency department (ED) following a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke, the impact of initiating oral anticoagulation immediately rather than deferring the decision to outpatient follow-up is unknown. Methods and Results We conducted a planned secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort of 11 507 adults in 13 Canadian EDs between 2006 and 2018. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, with a final diagnosis of TIA or minor stroke with previously documented or newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. The primary outcome was subsequent stroke, recurrent TIA, or all-cause mortality within 90 days of the index TIA diagnosis. Secondary outcomes included stroke, recurrent TIA, or death and rates of major bleeding. Of 11 507 subjects with TIA/minor stroke, atrial fibrillation was identified in 11.2% (1286, mean age, 77.3 [SD 11.1] years, 52.4% male). Over half (699; 54.4%) were already taking anticoagulation, 89 (6.9%) were newly prescribed anticoagulation in the ED. By 90 days, 4.0% of the atrial fibrillation cohort had experienced a subsequent stroke, 6.5% subsequent TIA, and 2.6% died. Results of a multivariable logistic regression indicate no association between prescribed anticoagulation in the ED and these 90-day outcomes (composite odds ratio, 1.37 [95% CI, 0.74-2.52]). Major bleeding was found in 5 patients, none of whom were in the ED-initiated anticoagulation group. Conclusions Initiating oral anticoagulation in the ED following new TIA was not associated with lower recurrence rates of neurovascular events or all-cause mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation.
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Fibrilação Atrial , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Feminino , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/tratamento farmacológico , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/epidemiologia , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/prevenção & controle , Fibrilação Atrial/complicações , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Prospectivos , Canadá/epidemiologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Hemorragia/induzido quimicamente , Hemorragia/epidemiologia , Anticoagulantes/efeitos adversos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Stroke presenting as dizziness is a diagnostic challenge in frontline settings, given the multitude of benign conditions that present similarly. The risk of stroke after episodic dizziness is unknown, leading to divergent guidance on optimal workup and management. Prior TIA risk scores have shown a history of dizziness is a negative predictor of subsequent stroke. Our objective was to assess the subsequent stroke risk within 90 days following emergency department assessment (ED) for isolated dizziness diagnosed as TIA during the index visit. METHODS: We conducted prospective, multicenter cohort studies at 13 Canadian EDs over 11 years. We enrolled patients diagnosed with TIA and compared patients with isolated dizziness to those with other neurological deficits. Our primary outcome was subsequent stroke within 90 days. Secondary outcomes were subsequent stroke within 2, 7, and 30 days, respectively, as well as subsequent TIA within 90 days. RESULTS: Only 4/483 (0.8%) patients with isolated dizziness had a stroke within 90 days compared to 320/11024 (2.9%) of those with any focal neurological sign or symptom (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11-0.76). Over the first 90 days, the two groups differ significantly in their probability of stroke (p = 0.007). Subsequent TIA was also significantly less common in the isolated dizziness group (1.7% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.001) with a relative risk of 0.30 (95% CI 0.15-0.60). CONCLUSION: The risk of subsequent stroke following ED presentation for TIA is low when the presenting symptoms are isolated dizziness.
RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Les accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC) se présentant sous forme de vertiges constituent un défi diagnostique en première ligne, étant donné la multitude d'affections bénignes qui se présentent de la même manière. Le risque d'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) après des vertiges épisodiques est inconnu, ce qui donne lieu à des conseils divergents sur le bilan et la prise en charge optimaux. Des scores de risque d'AIT antérieurs ont montré que des antécédents de vertiges sont un facteur prédictif négatif d'accident vasculaire cérébral ultérieur. Notre objectif était d'évaluer le risque ultérieur d'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) dans les 90 jours suivant l'évaluation aux urgences d'un étourdissement isolé diagnostiqué comme un AIT lors de la visite de référence. MéTHODES: Nous avons mené des études de cohorte prospectives multicentriques dans 13 services d'urgence canadiens pendant 11 ans. Nous avons recruté des patients ayant reçu un diagnostic d'AIT et avons comparé les patients présentant des vertiges isolés à ceux présentant d'autres déficits neurologiques. Nous avons inscrit des patients ayant reçu un diagnostic d'AIT et comparé des patients ayant des étourdissements isolés à ceux présentant d'autres déficits neurologiques. Notre résultat primaire était l'AVC subséquent dans les 90 jours. Les résultats secondaires étaient l'AVC subséquent dans les 2, 7 et 30 jours, respectivement, ainsi que l'AIT subséquent dans les 90 jours. RéSULTATS: Seuls 4/483 (0,8 %) des patients présentant des vertiges isolés ont eu un AVC dans les 90 jours, contre 320/11 024 (2,9 %) de ceux présentant un signe ou symptôme neurologique focal (RR 0,29, IC 95 % 0,11-0,76). Au cours des 90 premiers jours, les deux groupes diffèrent significativement en termes de probabilité d'AVC (p = 0,007). L'AIT ultérieur était également significativement moins fréquent dans le groupe des vertiges isolés (1,7 % contre 5,6 %, p = 0,001) avec un risque relatif de 0,30 (IC 95 % 0,15-0,60). CONCLUSIONS: Le risque d'AVC ultérieur après une présentation aux urgences pour un AIT est faible lorsque les symptômes présentés sont des étourdissements isolés.
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Ataque Isquêmico Transitório , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/complicações , Tontura/complicações , Estudos Prospectivos , Canadá , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Vertigem/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Serviço Hospitalar de EmergênciaRESUMO
In women ages 15-45 years, an additional set of risk factors are important in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Some of these pertain strictly to women, and relate to exogenous hormones and pregnancy. Various other conditions are more common in women, which include migraine with aura, selected vascular disorders and autoimmune conditions. These differences do have implications for management in both the primary and secondary prevention of stroke in this age group.
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Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Saúde da Mulher , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Prevenção Secundária , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is a particularly devastating type of stroke with greater morbidity and mortality compared with ischemic stroke and can account for half or more of all deaths from stroke. The seventh update of the Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations includes a new stand-alone module on intracerebral hemorrhage, with a focus on elements of care that are unique or affect persons disproportionately relative to ischemic stroke. Prior to this edition, intracerebral hemorrhage was included in the Acute Stroke Management module and was limited to its management during the first 12 h. With the growing evidence on intracerebral hemorrhage, a separate module focused on this topic across the care continuum was added. In addition to topics related to initial clinical management, neuroimaging, blood pressure management, and surgical management, new sections have been introduced addressing topics surrounding inpatient complications such as venous thromboembolism, seizure management, and increased intracranial pressure, rehabilitation as well as issues related to secondary management including lifestyle management, maintaining a normal blood pressure and antithrombotic therapy, are addressed. The Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations (CSBPR) are intended to provide up-to-date evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and management of stroke and to promote optimal recovery and reintegration for people who have experienced stroke, including patients, families, and informal caregivers.
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Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Pressão Sanguínea , Canadá , Hemorragia Cerebral/terapia , Humanos , Neuroimagem , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Transient ischemic attack (TIA) and non-disabling stroke are common emergency department (ED) presentations. Currently, there are no prospective multicenter studies determining predictors of neurologists confirming a diagnosis of cerebral ischemia in patients discharged with a diagnosis of TIA or stroke. The objectives were to (1) calculate the concordance between emergency physicians and neurologists for the outcome of diagnosing TIA or stroke, and (2) identify characteristics associated with neurologists diagnosing a stroke mimic. METHODS: This was a planned sub-study of a prospective cohort study at 14 Canadian EDs enrolling patients diagnosed with TIA or non-disabling stroke from 2006 to 2017. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with neurologists' diagnosis of cerebral ischemia. Our primary outcome was the composite outcome of cerebral ischemia (TIA or non-disabling stroke) based on the neurologists' assessment. RESULTS: The diagnosis of cerebral ischemia was confirmed by neurologists in 5794 patients (55.4%). The most common identified stroke mimics were migraine (18%), peripheral vertigo (7%), syncope (4%), and seizure (3%). Over a third of patients (38.4%) ultimately had an undetermined aetiology for their symptoms. The strongest predictors of cerebral ischemia confirmation were infarct on CT (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.65-2.02), advanced age (OR comparing 75th-25th percentiles 1.67, 1.55-1.80), language disturbance (OR 1.92, 1.75-2.10), and smoking (OR 1.67, 1.46-1.91). The strongest predictors of stroke mimics were syncope (OR 0.59, 0.48-0.72), vertigo (OR 0.52, 0.45-0.59), bilateral symptoms (OR 0.60, 0.50-0.72), and confusion (OR 0.50, 0.44-0.57). CONCLUSION: Physicians should have a high index of suspicion of cerebral ischemia in patients with advanced age, smoking history, language disturbance, or infarcts on CT. Physicians should discriminate in which patients to pursue stroke investigations on when deemed at minimal risk of cerebral ischemia, including those with isolated vertigo, syncope, or bilateral symptoms.
RéSUMé: CONTEXTE: L'accident ischémique transitoire (AIT) et l'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) non invalidant sont des présentations courantes dans les services d'urgence. Actuellement, il n'existe pas d'études prospectives multicentriques déterminant les facteurs prédictifs de la confirmation par les neurologues d'un diagnostic d'ischémie cérébrale chez les patients sortis de l'hôpital avec un diagnostic d'AIT ou d'AVC. Les objectifs étaient de (1) calculer la concordance entre les urgentistes et les neurologues pour le résultat du diagnostic de l'AIT ou de l'AVC, et (2) identifier les caractéristiques associées au diagnostic par les neurologues d'une imitation d'AVC. MéTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une sous-étude planifiée d'une étude de cohorte prospective dans 14 services d'urgence canadiens recrutant des patients diagnostiqués avec un AIT ou un AVC non invalidant de 2006 à 2017. Une régression logistique a été utilisée pour identifier les facteurs associés au diagnostic d'ischémie cérébrale par les neurologues. Notre résultat principal était le résultat composite de l'ischémie cérébrale (AIT ou accident vasculaire cérébral non invalidant) selon l'évaluation des neurologues. RéSULTATS: Le diagnostic d'ischémie cérébrale a été confirmé par des neurologues chez 5 794 patients (55,4 %). Les imitateurs d'AVC identifiés les plus courants étaient la migraine (18 %), le vertige périphérique (7 %), la syncope (4 %) et les convulsions (3 %). Plus d'un tiers des patients (38,4 %) avaient finalement une étiologie indéterminée pour leurs symptômes. Les prédicteurs les plus forts de la confirmation de l'ischémie cérébrale étaient l'infarctus au scanner (OR 1.83, IC 95 % 1.652.02), l'âge avancé (OR comparant les 75e et 25e percentiles 1.67, 1.551.80), les troubles du langage (OR 1.92, 1.752.10) et le tabagisme (OR 1.67, 1.461.91). Les prédicteurs les plus forts d'imitateurs d'AVC étaient la syncope (OR 0.59, 0.480.72), le vertige (OR 0.52, 0.450.59), les symptômes bilatéraux (OR 0.60, 0.500.72) et la confusion (OR 0.50, 0.440.57). CONCLUSION: Les médecins devraient avoir un indice élevé de suspicion d'ischémie cérébrale chez les patients ayant un âge avancé, des antécédents de tabagisme, des troubles du langage ou des infarctus au scanner. Les médecins doivent distinguer les patients sur lesquels poursuivre des investigations sur un AVC lorsqu'ils sont jugés à risque minimal d'ischémie cérébrale, y compris ceux présentant des vertiges isolés, une syncope ou des symptômes bilatéraux.
Assuntos
Ataque Isquêmico Transitório , Médicos , Canadá/epidemiologia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/diagnóstico , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/epidemiologia , Neurologistas , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To validate the previously derived Canadian TIA Score to stratify subsequent stroke risk in a new cohort of emergency department patients with transient ischaemic attack. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: 13 Canadian emergency departments over five years. PARTICIPANTS: 7607 consecutively enrolled adult patients attending the emergency department with transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was subsequent stroke or carotid endarterectomy/carotid artery stenting within seven days. The secondary outcome was subsequent stroke within seven days (with or without carotid endarterectomy/carotid artery stenting). Telephone follow-up used the validated Questionnaire for Verifying Stroke Free Status at seven and 90 days. All outcomes were adjudicated by panels of three stroke experts, blinded to the index emergency department visit. RESULTS: Of the 7607 patients, 108 (1.4%) had a subsequent stroke within seven days, 83 (1.1%) had carotid endarterectomy/carotid artery stenting within seven days, and nine had both. The Canadian TIA Score stratified the risk of stroke, carotid endarterectomy/carotid artery stenting, or both within seven days as low (risk ≤0.5%; interval likelihood ratio 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.09 to 0.44), medium (risk 2.3%; interval likelihood ratio 0.94, 0.85 to 1.04), and high (risk 5.9% interval likelihood ratio 2.56, 2.02 to 3.25) more accurately (area under the curve 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.66 to 0.73) than did the ABCD2 (0.60, 0.55 to 0.64) or ABCD2i (0.64, 0.59 to 0.68). Results were similar for subsequent stroke regardless of carotid endarterectomy/carotid artery stenting within seven days. CONCLUSION: The Canadian TIA Score stratifies patients' seven day risk for stroke, with or without carotid endarterectomy/carotid artery stenting, and is now ready for clinical use. Incorporating this validated risk estimate into management plans should improve early decision making at the index emergency visit regarding benefits of hospital admission, timing of investigations, and prioritisation of specialist referral.
Assuntos
Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/diagnóstico , Medição de Risco/métodos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Canadá , Comorbidade , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Endarterectomia das Carótidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a common cause of stroke, dementia, and functional decline. In recent years, neuroradiologic correlates of CSVD have been identified. These imaging findings, best characterized on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), include some combination of white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, enlarged perivascular spaces, and cerebral atrophy. Though some cohorts have reported that participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), an important risk factor for CSVD, may have a distinct neuroradiologic phenotype, this relationship is not well-characterized. Adults with diabetes mellitus have a two- to threefold higher incidence of ischemic stroke compared to controls and are an increasingly important population given global trends of increasing diabetes prevalence. This study aims to determine if adults with CSVD and T2DM have a distinct neuroradiologic phenotype. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature will be conducted to find articles that report the MRI features of CSVD in a cohort of participants including those with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A number of databases will be searched including MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Proceedings and abstracts from key conferences will also be reviewed and relevant journals hand searched for additional papers. The references from selected papers will be scanned. Screening of potential articles, data extraction, and quality appraisal will be performed in duplicate by independent reviewers. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the presence versus absence of each neuroradiologic correlate of interest from each included study will be calculated. If sufficient homogeneity exists among studies, a meta-analysis will be performed for each neuroradiologic correlate of CSVD. If heterogeneity of studies precludes data pooling, results will be presented in narrative form. DISCUSSION: Determining whether a distinct neuroradiologic phenotype of CSVD exists in adults with T2DM will provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of CSVD and guide future research on therapeutic targets. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42016046669.
Assuntos
Doenças de Pequenos Vasos Cerebrais/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Doenças de Pequenos Vasos Cerebrais/sangue , Doenças de Pequenos Vasos Cerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Revisões Sistemáticas como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who have acute stroke symptoms present on awakening are ineligible for standard intravenous thrombolysis due to the unclear onset time of symptoms. Some of these wake-up stroke (WUS) patients may benefit from endovascular recanalization. This study aimed to evaluate clinical predictors of outcomes from endovascular recanalization in WUS patients. METHODS: Forty-one WUS patients with internal carotid (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion treated with endovascular recanalization were reviewed. Regression analysis was performed to measure clinical predictors of outcomes from endovascular recanalization in WUS patients. RESULTS: The mean initial NIHSS score was 16.41±4.96 (5-24). The mean symptom recognition-to-door time (SRDT) was 108.85±65.80 (19-230)min. Successful recanalization (TICI 2b-3) was achieved in 29 patients (70.7%). Thirty-four patients improved on NIHSS (amount 7.59±4.84, range; 1-17) at 7days after recanalization. At 90days after recanalization, a mRS of ≤2 was achieved in 19 patients (46.3%) and a mRS of ≤3 was achieved in 24 patients (58.5%). No symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred. Multivariate regression analysis identified SRDT (P=0.019), successful recanalization (P=0.005), and hypertension (P=0.013) were factors associated with an improvement of the NIHSS score. For a good functional outcome at 90days, SRDT (P=0.036) and initial NIHSS score (P=0.016) were found to be significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the SRDT is an independent predictor of both an improvement of NIHSS score and a good functional outcome in endovascular recanalization for WUS patients.
Assuntos
Hemorragia Cerebral/epidemiologia , Revascularização Cerebral/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Cerebral/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/cirurgiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Transient cortical visual impairment is a common aura of occipital lobe seizures. However, status amauroticus for hours has rarely been described as a manifestation of occipital lobe status epilepticus. PURPOSE: To describe status amauroticus caused by focal status epilepticus of occipital lobe origin in two children with MRI findings consistent with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. METHODS: Retrospective review of clinical records of two children who developed status amauroticus in association with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, identified through the EEG database at British Columbia Children's Hospital. RESULTS: Case 1: A 15-year-old boy with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis developed acute headache, hypertension, vomiting, and blurred vision followed by severe visual impairment and a secondarily generalized clonic seizure. EEG demonstrated independent right and left occipital seizures. After phenytoin therapy, visual acuity was 20/20 within 48 hours. Case 2: A 10-year-old girl with beta-thalassemia treated with allogenic bone marrow transplantation developed acute headache, hypertension, severe visual impairment (light perception), encephalopathy, and intermittent dysconjugate gaze. EEG showed status epilepticus of biposterior quadrant origin. After phenytoin treatment, vision normalized within 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Reversible status amauroticus because of occipital lobe status epilepticus may be the presenting symptom of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and EEG recording should be performed.
Assuntos
Cegueira/etiologia , Lobo Occipital/fisiopatologia , Síndrome da Leucoencefalopatia Posterior/complicações , Convulsões/etiologia , Adolescente , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Cegueira/tratamento farmacológico , Transplante de Medula Óssea/efeitos adversos , Criança , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lorazepam/farmacologia , Masculino , Fenitoína/farmacologia , Síndrome da Leucoencefalopatia Posterior/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome da Leucoencefalopatia Posterior/etiologia , Insuficiência Renal/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Talassemia beta/cirurgiaRESUMO
Krabbe disease is an autosomal recessive demyelinating lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase. The adult-onset variant is very rare. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is reported to be successful in treating infants with Krabbe disease prior to the onset of symptoms, but there are no reported cases of its use for adult-onset disease. We report the first follow-up data for a patient with adult-onset Krabbe disease who underwent HSCT at age 41, 16 years after the onset of symptoms. HSCT resulted in a sustained normalization of peripheral GALC enzyme activity, halted the progression of symptoms at 24 months post-allograft, and led to improvements in gait and balance. Serial imaging also confirmed that no significant progression of demyelination has occurred. Although long-term follow-up is needed to confirm the effects of HSCT, our 24-month results suggest that HSCT is a viable therapeutic option for symptomatic patients with adult-onset Krabbe disease.