Cryoballoon ablation of non-PV triggers in persistent atrial fibrillation.

Cryoballoon-based catheter ablation has emerged as an efficacious and safe therapeutic intervention for patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). PAF is primarily associated with the triggers in the pulmonary vein (PV). However, persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) is a complex condition that involves changes in the atrial substrate and the presence of non-PV triggers. Therefore, a comprehensive treatment approach is necessary for patients with PeAF. Utilizing a 3D electroanatomical map, the radiofrequency-based ablation technique adeptly identifies and targets the atrial substrate and non-PV triggers. On the other hand, the cryoballoon-based AF ablation was initially designed for PV isolation. However, its single-shot feature makes it a great choice for electrophysiologists looking to address non-PV triggers. It is possible to target the left atrial appendage (LAA), superior vena cava (SVC), left atrial roof, and posterior wall using the apparatus's unique configuration and ablation abilities. This review focuses on the increasing literature regarding cryoballoon-based methods for non-PV trigger ablation. Specifically, it delves into the technical procedures used to isolate the LAA, SVC, and ablate the left atrial roof and posterior wall.

Functional substrate mapping of atrium in patients with atrial scar: A novel method to predict critical isthmus of atrial tachycardia.

Atrial tachycardia (AT) is a common rhythm disorder, especially in patients with atrial structural abnormalities. Although voltage mapping can provide a general picture of structural alterations which are mainly secondary to prior ablations, surgery or pressure/volume overload, data is scarce regarding the functional characteristics of low voltage regions in the atrium to predict critical isthmus of ATs. Recently, functional substrate mapping (FSM) emerged as a potential tool to evaluate the functionality of structurally altered regions in the atrium to predict critical sites of reentry. Current evidence suggested a clear association between deceleration zones of isochronal late activation mapping (ILAM) during sinus/paced rhythm and critical isthmus of reentry in patients with left AT. Therefore, these areas seem to be potential ablation targets even not detected during AT. Furthermore, abnormal conduction detected by ILAM may also have a role to identify the potential substrate and predict atrial fibrillation outcome after pulmonary vein isolation. Despite these promising findings, the utility of such an approach needs to be evaluated in large-scale comparative studies. In this review, we aimed to share our experience and review the current literature regarding the use of FSM during sinus/paced rhythm in the prediction of re-entrant ATs and discuss future implications and potential use in patients with atrial low-voltage areas.

Should left atrial appendage closure be considered in resistant left atrial appendage thrombus cases? 'Former Foe, New Ally'.

BACKGROUND: The study explores left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) as a safe and effective alternative to anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients at high bleeding risk. Complications, such as cardioembolic events due to left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT), highlight the need for alternative stroke prevention strategies. AIMS: This research assesses LAAC's safety and efficacy in patients with LAAT, aiming to offer valuable insights into its potential as a viable option for stroke prevention in such cases. METHODS: The study included 205 patients who underwent LAAC using specific devices between September 2015 and February 2023. Among them, 32 patients had persistent LAAT. Baseline characteristics, antithrombotic medications, risk scores, and LAAC indications were documented. Patients were followed to monitor significant clinical events like stroke, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The mean age was 71.9 and mostly female. Indications for LAAC were ischemic cerebrovascular events (CVE) despite anticoagulation (25%), bleeding complications (major/minor, 37.5% each), or both. Successful LAA closure was achieved in all cases, with minimal pericardial effusion in one. One-month follow-up showed no major events or device-related issues. Median follow-up of 16.5 months saw 21.9% non-cardiac deaths. The study underscores LAAC's efficacy for stroke prevention in patients with persistent LAAT. CONCLUSIONS: The LAAC in cases of LAAT, whether pursued initially or as a deferred approach, demonstrates feasibility and safety, exhibiting notable procedural success and minimal incidence of periprocedural complications.

Epicardial mapping and ablation of biatrial macroreentrant tachycardia via Bachmann's bundle.

INTRODUCTION: Recent reports highlighted the role of epicardial connections in the development of biatrial tachycardia circuits. METHODS: We reported a case of 60-year-old female patient who was admitted with recurrent atrial tachycardia (AT) after endocardial pulmonary vein isolation and anterior mitral line formation. RESULTS: Epicardial activation map demonstrated fragmented continuous potentials at the Bachmann's bundle region with good entrainment response. Epicardial radiofrequency ablation terminated AT with complete block in the anterior mitral line. CONCLUSIONS: This case corroborates the data relevant to the role of interatrial connections-specifically Bachmann's bundle-in biatrial macroreentrant ATs and demonstrates that epicardial mapping is an effective method to identify the entire reentrant circuit.

Functional substrate mapping characteristics during sinus rhythm predicts critical isthmus of reentrant atrial tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: Atrial tachycardia (AT) is a commonly encountered rhythm disorder in patients with underlying atrial scar. The role of atrial late activation mapping during sinus rhythm to predict the critical isthmus (CI) of AT has yet to be systematically evaluated. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the functional substrate mapping (FSM) characteristics and the CI of reentrant ATs in patients with underlying atrial low-voltage areas. METHODS: Patients with history of left AT who underwent catheter ablation with 3D mapping using high-density mapping were enrolled. Voltage map and isochronal late activation mapping were created during sinus/paced rhythm to detect deceleration zones (DZ). Electrograms with continuous-fragmented morphology were also tagged. After induction of AT, activation mapping was performed to detect CI of the tachycardia. Atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa) recurrence was defined as detection of atrial fibrillation or AT (≥30 s) during the follow-up. RESULTS: Among 35 patients [mean age: 62 ± 9, gender: 25 (71.5%) female] with left AT, a total of 42 reentrant ATs induced. Voltage mapping during sinus rhythm revealed low-voltage area of 37.1 ± 23.8% of the left atrium. The mean value of bipolar voltage, EGM duration, and conduction velocity during sinus rhythm corresponding to CI of ATs were 0.18 ± 0.12 mV, 133 ± 47 ms, and 0.12 ± 0.09 m/s, respectively. Total number of DZs per chamber was 1.5 ± 0.6, which were located in the low-voltage zone (<0.5 mV) detected by high-density mapping. All CIs of reentry were colocalized with DZs detected during FSM. The positive predictive value of DZs to detect CI of inducible ATs is 80.4%. Freedom from ATa after the index procedure was 74.3% during a mean follow-up of 12.2 ± 7.5 months. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated the utility of FSM during sinus rhythm to predict the CI of AT. DZs displayed continuous-fragmented signal morphology with slow conduction which may guide to tailor ablation strategy in case of underlying atrial scar.

Long-term outcomes of left atrial appendage isolation using cryoballoon in persistent atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: There is an increasing trend evaluating the role of non-pulmonary vein (PV) triggers to improve ablation outcomes in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) as pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) strategy alone has modest outcomes. We investigated the long-term safety and efficacy of left atrial appendage isolation (LAAi) in addition to PVI using cryoballoon (CB) in persistent AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this multicentre retrospective analysis, we included a total of 193 persistent AF patients (mean age: 60 ± 11 years, 50.3% females) who underwent PVI and LAAi using CB. Baseline and follow-up data including electrocardiography (ECG), 24 h Holter ECGs, and echocardiography were recorded for all patients. Atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa) recurrence was defined as the detection of AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia (≥30 s) after a 3-month blanking period. At a median follow-up of 55 (36.5-60.0) months, 85 (67.9%) patients with PVI + LAAi were in sinus rhythm after the index procedure. Ischaemic stroke/transient ischemic attack occurred in 14 (7.2%) patients at a median of 24 (2-53) months following catheter ablation. Multivariate regression analysis revealed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [hazard ratio (HR) 2.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-5.02; P = 0.038], male gender (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29-0.96; P = 0.037), and LA area (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.53-1.32; P = 0.023) as independent predictors of ATa recurrence. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that the LAAi + PVI strategy using CB had acceptable long-term outcomes in patients with persistent AF. Systemic thrombo-embolic events are an important concern throughout the follow-up, which were mostly observed in case of non-adherence to anticoagulants.

Evaluation of atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation patients with three different methods.

BACKGROUND: The presence of atrial fibrosis has already been known as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF) development. We aimed to evaluate atrial fibrosis with previously defined three different methods, which were cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (C-MRI), echocardiographic strain imaging, and biomarkers and show the relationship between these methods in patients with AF scheduled for cryoballoon ablation. METHODS: A total of 30 patients were enrolled. Atrial T1 relaxation durations were measured using C-MRI before the procedure of atrial fibrillation catheter ablation. Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) levels were measured at serum derived from the femoral artery (Peripheral FGF 21 and 23) and left atrium blood samples (Central FGF 21 and 23) before catheter ablation. Preprocedural transthoracic echocardiography was performed. The median follow-up duration for atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa) recurrence was 13 (12-18 months) months. RESULTS: The mean ages of the study group were 55.23 ± 12.37 years, and there were 17 (56.7%) female patients in study population. There were negative correlations between post contrast T1 relaxation durations of both posterior and posterosuperior atrium, and central FGF-23 (r: - 0.561; p = 0.003; r:-0.624; p = 0.001; Posterior T1 vs. central FGF-23 levels and Posterosuperior T1 vs central FGF-23 levels, respectively). The positive correlations were observed between postcontrast posterior T1 relaxation durations and left ventricle ejection fraction (r:0.671; p = 0.001); left atrial emptying fraction (r:0.482; p = 0.013); peak atrial longitudinal strain (r:0.605; p = 0.001), and peak atrial contraction strain (r:0.604; p = 0.001). Also negative correlation was observed between postcontrast posterior T1 relaxation durations, and left atrial volume index (r: - 0.467; p = 0.016).

Comparison of acute and long-term outcomes of Evolution® and TightRail™ mechanical dilator sheaths during transvenous lead extraction.

BACKGROUND: Powered transvenous lead extraction (TLE) tools are commonly required to remove the leads with long implant duration due to fibrotic adhesions. However, comparative data are lacking among different types of TLE tools. AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of two different rotational mechanical dilator sheaths in retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent TLE. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 566 lead extractions from 302 patients using TightRail™ (333 lead extractions from 169 patients) and Evolution® (233 lead extractions from 133 patients) mechanical dilator sheaths were performed between July 2009 and June 2018. Acute and long-term outcomes of study groups were compared. There is no statistically significant difference between Evolution® and TightRail™ groups in procedural success (93.9% vs. 94%), clinical success (99.2% vs. 98%), and major complications (3.8% vs. 1.2%), respectively (p > .05). In multivariate regression analysis, lead dwell time, the number of extracted leads, and baseline leukocyte count were found as independent predictors of procedural success (p < .05). During the median follow-up of 36.6 (0.2-118) months, all-cause mortality was observed in 73 patients (25.6% in the Evolution® vs. 23.1 in the TightRail™ group, p > .05). Chronic renal disease, heart failure, and coagulopathy were shown as independent predictors of all-cause mortality in multivariate regression analysis (p < .05). CONCLUSION: TLE using TightRail™ or Evoluation® mechanical dilator sheaths was a safe and effective therapeutic option. Both mechanical dilator sheaths showed similar efficacy, safety, and all-cause mortality at acute and long-term follow-up of patients who underwent TLE.

Transseptal access through atrial flow regulator device during ventricular tachycardia ablation.

Novel interventional therapies for heart failure patients are emerging like atrial flow regulator (AFR). Our case showed that endocardial ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation could be performed safely by passing through the AFR device lumen without additional transseptal puncture in these patients.

Long-term outcomes of cryoballoon-based left atrial appendage isolation in addition to pulmonary vein isolation in persistent atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is not as successful as in paroxysmal AF, and recent data indicate the key role of non-PV triggers. We aimed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of left atrial appendage isolation (LAAi) as an adjunct to PVI using cryoballoon (CB) in persistent AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared 144 persistent AF patients (59 ± 10 years, 51% females) who underwent PVI combined with LAAi with a propensity-score matched cohort of 138 persistent AF patients (59 ± 6 years, 52% female) in whom PVI-only was performed. Baseline and follow-up data including electrocardiography (ECG), 24-h Holter ECG's, and echocardiography were recorded for all patients. Atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa) recurrence was defined as detection of AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia (≥30 s) after a 3-month blanking period. At a mean of 30.5 ± 5.6 months follow-up, 85 (61.6%) patients in the PVI-only group and 109 (75.7%) patients in the PVI+LAAi group were free of ATa after the index procedure (P = 0.008). Ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack was detected in 4 (2.9%) patients in PVI-only group and in 5 (3.5%) patients in the PVI+LAAi group (P = 0.784). Cox regression analysis revealed that the PVI-only strategy was found as a significant predictor for recurrence (hazard ratio 3.01, 95% confidence interval 1.81-5.03; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that CB-based LAAi+PVI was associated with a favourable efficacy compared to PVI-only strategy in patients with persistent AF. Although ischaemic event rates were similar between the groups, rigorous adherence to anticoagulation regime is paramount in order to prevent thrombo-embolic complications.

Mechanisms of sex differences in atrial fibrillation: role of hormones and differences in electrophysiology, structure, function, and remodelling.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the clinically most prevalent rhythm disorder with large impact on quality of life and increased risk for hospitalizations and mortality in both men and women. In recent years, knowledge regarding epidemiology, risk factors, and patho-physiological mechanisms of AF has greatly increased. Sex differences have been identified in the prevalence, clinical presentation, associated comorbidities, and therapy outcomes of AF. Although it is known that age-related prevalence of AF is lower in women than in men, women have worse and often atypical symptoms and worse quality of life as well as a higher risk for adverse events such as stroke and death associated with AF. In this review, we evaluate what is known about sex differences in AF mechanisms-covering structural, electrophysiological, and hormonal factors-and underscore areas of knowledge gaps for future studies. Increasing our understanding of mechanisms accounting for these sex differences in AF is important both for prognostic purposes and the optimization of (targeted, mechanism-based, and sex-specific) therapeutic approaches.

Comparison of standard vs modified "figure-of-eight" suture to achieve femoral venous hemostasis after cryoballoon based atrial fibrillation ablation.

BACKGROUND: Immediate hemostasis following removal of sheaths is essential to prevent access site complications after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Despite various precautions to achieve complete hemostasis in a safe and effective manner, no standard approach is present yet. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of standard vs modified figure-of-eight (sFoE vs mFoE) suture for immediate venous hemostasis after cryoballoon (CB) AF ablation. METHODS: A total of 150 patients who underwent CB catheter ablation were sequentially allocated to either sFoE (n = 75) or mFoE (n = 75) suture to achieve immediate venous hemostasis at right femoral access site after 15 Fr sheath removal. A "three-way stopcock" was used in the mFoE group rather than tying the knot as in a sFoE group. Demographics, clinical and procedural data, and access site complications were recorded. RESULTS: Immediate haemostasis was achieved in all patients (n = 75) with mFoE suture as compared to 90.7% (n = 68) of sFoE suture group (P < .001). Light manual pressure of ≤1 min was required in five patients (6.7%) due to looseness and conventional manual compression because of the snapped silk suture during knotting was required in two patients (2.6%) in the sFoE group. Time to hemostasis was shorter in the mFoE group (P < .001), but time to ambulation and time to discharge were similar in both groups (P > .05). Although no minor or major access site complication has occurred in the mFoE group, in-hospital rebleeding (n = 2, 2.7%) and early local access site infection (n = 2, 2.7%) were observed in the sFoE group. CONCLUSION: The mFoE suture using three-way stopcock is an available, effective, maybe safe, and time- and cost-saving alternative technique to achieve immediate hemostasis after removal of 15 Fr right femoral venous sheath in patients undergoing cryoablation.

Long-term outcomes of pulmonary vein isolation using second-generation cryoballoon during atrial fibrillation ablation.

BACKGROUND: Currently available second-generation cryoballoon (CB2) is accepted as an effective and safe tool for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Although much more data exist about 1-year outcomes of CB2 ablation, data on long-term outcomes are scarce. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of PVI using CB2 in a large-scale symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) population at our tertiary referral center. METHODS: In this nonrandomized prospective observational study, a total of 486 patients with paroxysmal (71%) or persistent (29%) AF who underwent index PVI using CB2 at our hospital between January 2013 and June 2017 were enrolled. Atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa)-free survival was defined as the absence of AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia recurrence ≥30 s following a 3 months blanking period. Predictors of recurrence were evaluated by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: Acute procedural success rate was 99.8% (1898/1902 PVs). Mean procedural and fluoroscopy time were 64.9 ± 9.2 and 12.1 ± 2.6, respectively. At median 39 (interquartile range: 26-56) months follow-up, ATa-free survival was 78.6% after a single procedure (280/345 [81.2%] for paroxysmal AF vs. 102/141 [72.3%] for persistent AF, P = .019) and 84.4% after a mean 1.48 ± 0.42 ablations. Cox regression analysis showed that left atrium diameter, duration of AF history, and early ATa recurrence were found as the independent predictors of late recurrence. Phrenic nerve palsy was observed in 17 (3.5%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: CB2-based PVI is effective to maintain sinus rhythm in a significant proportion of paroxysmal and persistent AF patients with an acceptable complication rate at long-term follow-up.

Cryoballoon ablation of focal atrial tachycardia originating from right atrial appendage: Case report and review of the literature.

The right atrial appendage (RAA) is a rare site of focal atrial tachycardia (AT). Sometimes, catheter ablation cannot successfully be accomplished at this location due to the difficulty in reaching the exact ablation site as well as the associated possible life-threatening complications like pericardial tamponade or perforation. Although radiofrequency (RF) ablation is preferred for the treatment of RAA tachycardias, alternative tools may be required in rare instances. This report presents a case of RAA tachycardia that was not terminated by RF ablation, instead, has been successfully ablated using cryoballoon. In addition, an overview of the literature and therapeutic options for the AT originating from RAA have also been included.

Platelet Toll-like receptor and its ligand HMGB-1 expression is increased in the left atrium of atrial fibrillation patients.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation(AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia. Its most feared sequelae are stroke and peripheral thromboembolism due to atrial thrombi formation. Mechanisms underlying the relationship between platelet activation and left atrial thrombi have not been clearly elucidated yet. We aimed to investigate whether immune-mediated platelet activation occurred in AF patients in this cross-sectional study. METHODS: Persistent and paroxysmal AF patients who underwent cryoballoon-based AF ablation between March 2015 and July 2016 were included as the patient group. Patients without AF in whom transseptal puncture was performed at the same period for purposes other than AF ablation were included as the control group. Peripheral and left atrial blood samples were obtained for determination of platelet Toll-like receptor(TLR)-2, TLR-4 and high mobility group box-1(HMGB-1) expression levels. RESULTS: A total of 75 subjects (53 patients with AF and 22 control subjects) [mean: 60.33 (SD: 6.14) years, 57.33% male] were included. Left atrial and peripheral TLR-2, 4 and HMGB-1 expression levels were significantly higher in the patient group when compared to the controls. Left atrial platelet TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression and serum HMGB-1 levels were higher in persistent AF patients compared to paroxysmal AF patients. In the patient group, left atrial expression of TLR-2, 4 and HMGB-1 were significantly higher than the peripheral expression levels. CONCLUSION: Findings of our study suggest evidence for immune-mediated platelet activation in the left atria of AF patients.

Septal reduction therapy using nonalcohol agent in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Single center experience.

AIMS: Percutaneous septal reduction therapy by either alcohol or nonalcohol agents is an alternative approach to surgery in drug-refractory symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Nonalcohol agents have some advantages and disadvantages over alcohol during the procedure. Nowadays, a novel non-alcohol agent, named as Ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer (Onyx® and Squid® ), is used during septal ablation. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate both acute and long-term efficacy and safety profile of EVOH during septal ablation in HOCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 25 patients (52% female; mean age: 55.8 ± 17.1 years) with symptomatic HOCM were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent clinical and laboratory assessment before and after the procedure. Peak left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient was significantly reduced just after the procedure (68 vs. 20 mmHg; P < 0.001). Peak serum creatine kinase-myocardial band and troponin I levels were 112 (35-282) ng/ml and 11 (4-93) ng/ml. EVOH embolization to diagonal artery was observed in 1 patient (4%) and the complete atrioventricular block was noted in 2 (8%) patients. During the 12-month follow-up, there was no mortality. There was a significant improvement in New York Heart Association functional class of the subjects P < 0.001). Both interventricular septum thickness and LVOT gradient showed a significant reduction during follow-up (P < 0.05). However, there was no reduction in the LVOT gradient of 3 patients (12%). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our small-sized preliminary study results showed that septal reduction therapy using EVOH is an effective alternative option in reducing symptoms and LVOT gradient in HOCM.

Left atrial appendage isolation in addition to pulmonary vein isolation in persistent atrial fibrillation: one-year clinical outcome after cryoballoon-based ablation.

AIMS: In this study, we sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cryoballoon (CB) based empirical left atrial appendage (LAA) isolation as an adjunct to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) compared to the PVI-only strategy in patients with persistent AF. OBJECTIVES: Clinical outcomes of catheter ablation were less beneficial for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) than paroxysmal AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 100 consecutive patients with persistent AF underwent both PVI and additional LAA isolation using CB (Group II). As a control group (Group I), among persistent AF patients, we conducted a retrospective, propensity-score matched cohort, in whom only PVI was performed using CB. Recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia (Ata) at the 12th month follow-up was the primary endpoint. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between two groups. At the 12th month follow-up, 67 (67%) patients in Group I and 86 (86%) patients in Group II were free of ATa after the index procedure (P < 0.001). As a unique complication of LAA isolation, left circumflex artery spasm was observed in 4% of the Group II. After adjusting for several baseline variables, PVI-only strategy was found as a significant predictor for recurrence (HR: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.73-6.56; P < 0.001). Transoesophageal echocardiography examination during the follow-up revealed no thrombus in the LAA. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that LAA isolation as an adjunct to PVI improved 1-year outcomes in persistent AF compared with the PVI-only strategy using CB without an increase in thromboembolic complications.

Association between ACE and AGT polymorphism and cardiovascular risk in acromegalic patients.

PURPOSE: Whether the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a role or not in the development of cardiovascular morbidity in acromegaly patients is unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between ACE (I/D) and AGT (M235T) gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in the acromegaly. METHODS: The study included one hundred and seventeen acromegalic patients (62 F/55 M, age: 50.2 ± 12.3 years) and 106 healthy controls (92 F/14 M, age: 41.4 ± 11.3 years). PCR method was used to evaluate the prevalence of ACE and AGT genotype. RESULTS: The genotypes of ACE polymorphism in acromegalic patients were distributed as follows; 41.0% (n: 48) for DD, 44.4% (n: 52) for ID and 14.5% (n: 17) for II genotype. The control group had significantly different distribution of the ACE polymorphism [48.1% (n: 51) for DD, 25.5% (n: 27) for ID and 26.4% (n: 28) for II genotype]compared to acromegalic group. Regarding AGT polymorphism, AGT-MT genotype was seen in 88.9% of the acromegalic patients while MM and TT genotype (9.4% and 1.7%, respectively) were present in the rest. The controls had similar distribution of the AGT genotype with the acromegaly group (80.2% MT genotype, 15.1% MM genotype and 4.7% TT genotype). Due to the small number of patients with TT allele (n: 2), T carriers for AGT genotype (AGT-MT+TT) were subgrouped and compared to those with AGT-MM group. ACE-DD, ID and II groups had similar anthropometric measures, blood pressure values and baseline GH and IGF-1 levels. Significantly higher baseline GH levels were found in AGT-MM group compared to T allele carriers [40 (16-60) vs. 12 (5-36) µg/L, p < 0.05]. The compared groups in both polymorphisms had similar fasting plasma glucose levels. Patients with ACE-II genotype had significantly higher HDL-C levels compared to those with ACE-DD and ACE-ID polymorphisms (p < 0.05) whereas there was no significant difference in lipid profile between AGT-MM group and AGT-T allele carriers. Moreover, the compared groups in both polymorphisms had similar distribution of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism (prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus) and coronary artery disease. In terms of echocardiographic parameters, systolic and diastolic function was similar among the groups in ACE and AGT genotypes. Interestingly, AGT-MM group had higher mitral inflow Apeak values than T allele carriers (0.94 ± 0.46 vs. 0.73 ± 0.20; p = 0.051). No significant difference was observed in LV mass index values in acromegalic patients among the groups in both polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: Both ACE (I/D) and AGT (M235T) gene polymorphisms do not seem to have a significant effect on the development of clinical properties or cardiovascular comordities of acromegalic patients.

Serum galectin-3 level as a marker of thrombogenicity in atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial appendage flow velocity (LAAFV) and presence of spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) have been reported to be predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Galectin-3 is a biomarker reflecting pro-inflammatory status, whose role in AF has recently drawn attention, particularly in persistent AF population. AIM: In this study we aimed to investigate the association between serum galectin-3 levels and echocardiographic predictors of thromboembolism in persistent AF patients. METHODS: We included 65 persistent AF patients (55.50±10.67 years, 46.15% male). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed to assess LAAFV and presence of left atrial (LA)/LA appendage (LAA)-located SEC and thrombus prior to direct current cardioversion or catheter ablation for AF. RESULTS: Median galectin-3 level was 0.63 ng/mL. Serum galectin-3 levels were significantly correlated with LAAFV (r=-.440, P<.001). Serum galectin-3 levels were associated with presence of SEC (P<.001), and LA thrombus (P=.008). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that a serum galectin-3 greater or equal to the cut-off value of 0.69 predicted presence of SEC with a sensitivity and specificity of 91.00% and 79.00%, respectively (P<.001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, in the setting of persistent AF, serum galectin-3 levels are associated with presence of SEC and LAAFV on TEE. Our findings suggest that serum galectin-3 level may have a place in thromboembolism risk stratification in persistent AF patients.

Entrapment of focal atrial tachycardia using cryoballoon ablation; Sinus rhythm in the left atrium and ongoing atrial tachycardia in the left atrial appendage.

Left atrial appendage (LAA) is a well-known source of focal atrial tachycardias (AT). Although radio-frequency (RF) energy is the most commonly used technique in such cases, there was an option other than epicardial approach when RF technique fails. Cryoballoon technology is primarily developed to be used for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Also, there was no report regarding the isolation of LAA by using cryo-balloon in patients with focal AT. In this case, for the first time in the literature, we successfully isolated the LAA because of failed attempts of RF ablation for focal AT in whom the surface electrogram showed a sinus rhythm while arrhythmia continues inside the LAA.