Effects of Sedentary Behavior on the Complications Experienced by Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review.

Pregnant women are encouraged to reduce sitting time and replace it with physical activity. Complications arising during pregnancy include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and prenatal and postpartum depression. In this systematic review, we examined effects of sedentary behavior on the health of pregnant women. We conducted a systematic review with PubMed from year 2000 to identify the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and psychological effects, occurrence of GDM, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Data extracted included sedentary time of pregnant women, psychological effects, occurrence of GDM, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia as outcomes. Among the 200 studies retrieved, 11 were finally included after screening. The mean age of eligible pregnant women ranged from 28.5 to 32.9 years. Five studies were extracted with outcomes of psychological effects on the mother, five with GDM, and one with gestational hypertension/preeclampsia. Longer sedentary time was associated with increased risks of prepartum/postpartum depression in three of five studies and GDM in three of five studies. No association was found between sedentary behavior and the risk for gestational hypertension/preeclampsia. Higher sedentary behavior in the second trimester of pregnancy was likely to be associated with postpartum depression. Longer sitting time may increase the risk of prenatal or postnatal depression and GDM, but no relationship was proven for gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in one study. High sedentary behavior in the second trimester may have psychological impacts. The number of studies was small and further research is needed to statistically evaluate impacts of sedentary behavior during pregnancy.

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation on cognitive function in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review.

Background: Construction of an intervention method for the cognitive dysfunction of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is needed. Exercise-based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation is a potentially effective approach that can improve cognitive function in ACS patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on cognitive function in ACS patients through a systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was conducted of studies on PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) on September 13, 2022, to identify those reporting the effects of cardiac rehabilitation on cognitive function in ACS patients. Data that reported exercise-based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation and cognitive function (even if not main results and any type of cognitive function assessment was used) were extracted. Results: In total, six studies were included that comprised a total of 1085 ACS patients. Overall positive effects of cardiac rehabilitation on cognitive function in ACS patients were reported across the six studies. All studies included aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and patient education in cardiac rehabilitation. Meta-analysis could not be undertaken because each dataset used different methods to evaluate cognitive function, and the outcomes were different. Conclusions: This systematic review showed that cardiac rehabilitation could have positive effects on cognitive function in ACS patients. Our results support the efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation for cognitive function in ACS patients. Additional well-designed clinical trials of exercise-based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation should be conducted to clarify the true effect on cognitive function in ACS patients.

Web-Based Exercise Interventions for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Various studies have shown the effectiveness of motor interventions for children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Web-based interventions may provide an opportunity for remote access to effective interventions with less burden on therapists. This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of web-based exercise interventions for children with NDDs. We searched PubMed for relevant articles published in English since 1994 and included intervention studies focusing on NDDs in children aged ≤18 years, who received web-based exercise interventions. We categorized the extracted information by outcome measure and intervention type and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. We selected five articles whose subjects had autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The exercise interventions used active video games, a Zoom-based intervention, and a WhatsApp-based intervention. Three papers showed improvements in physical activity, motor function, and executive function, whereas two papers on DCD showed no improvements in motor coordination or physical activity. Web-based exercise intervention for children with ASD and ADHD may improve their motor function, executive function, and physical activity rather than for children with NDDs. An intervention may be more effective when the content of the intervention is based on objectives and symptoms, when guidance is provided by specialists, or when sufficient explanation and support are provided to parents. However, more research is needed to statistically evaluate the effectiveness of web-based exercise interventions for children with NDDs.

Optimal exercise training for children with congenital heart disease: A systematic review.

Background: Although more children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are reaching adulthood, they generally have some impairment compared to their healthy peers. Few studies have investigated the effect of exercise training on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and/or physical activity in children with CHD. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the effect of exercise training on HRQOL and/or physical activity and the types of training used in general. Methods: We searched relevant articles published from 2000 to 2021 in English and included intervention studies for children with CHD younger than 20 years who underwent exercise training. Afterwards, we excluded the studies not using HRQOL or physical activity as outcome measures, classified the extracted information according to outcome measures and types of interventions, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Results: Finally, 10 articles were selected, and HRQOL in 3 articles and physical activity in 3 articles showed improvement after exercise training. However, 4 articles did not show improvement in these outcome measures, and 9 of the articles had a high risk of bias in blinding. Sport-based or play-based interventions were used in 5 articles, and prescribed or structured ones were used in 5 articles. Conclusion: Although exercise training for children with CHD may improve their HRQOL and/or physical activity, more studies are needed to assess the effect statistically. In children with CHD, sport-based or play-based interventions could be used as well as prescribed or structured interventions.

Evaluation of a condensation nucleation light scattering detector for the analysis of synthetic polymer by supercritical fluid chromatography.

A condensation nucleation light scattering detector (CNLSD) was adapted for use as a detector for supercritical fluid chromatography. The performance of the CNLSD was evaluated and compared to evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) using a well-defined equimass mixture of uniform poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers and a certified reference material of poly(ethylene glycol) 1000. The CNLSD was able to detect a 10 times less concentrated solution of uniform oligomers compared to the ELSD. The quantitativeness of CNLSD was high enough to obtain the molecular mass distribution of poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 without any calibrations; on the other hand, the original data measured by ELSD was about 4% smaller than the certified value of poly(ethylene glycol) 1000. The CNLSD was suitable for supercritical fluid chromatography as a mass concentration detector.