RESUMO
Mood disorders are among the common mental disorders worldwide. Because of the persistence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the body and nervous system, this virus can be activated when the immune system is weakened and continues to exert its destructive effects throughout life. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence and association of human cytomegalovirus with mood disorders. Eligible articles were extracted using online international databases Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar between 2000 and 2023. After quality assessment and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of eight eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. Our finding showed that the seropositivity of CMV in mood disorders was 51.6% (95% CI; 42.8-60.4). There were statistical differences between mood disorders and control groups regarding the seropositivity of CMV 1.327% (95% CI; 13.27-10.45). The results of the publication bias using the Egger test confirmed no publication bias in each sub-group. The results of this meta-analysis study demonstrated that CMV infection might have associations with the incidence of mood disorders. Furthermore, we found that there were statistical differences between mood disorders and control groups regarding the seropositivity of CMV.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a new psychotherapy for depression. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of citalopram and MCT on major depressive disorders (MDDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 patients with MDD were randomly assigned into three groups of citalopram (n = 12), MCT (n = 16), and control (n = 8). MCT group received ten sessions of metacognition therapy. Citalopram group received 20-40 mg citalopram, and the control group did not receive any interventions. Outcomes were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Metacognition Questionnaire-30, and Cognitive-Emotion Regulation (CER) Questionnaire. Data were analyzed with ANCOVA using SPSS version 18. RESULTS: Depression score reduction was significant in both citalopram and metacognitive groups (P < 0.05). However, there was only a statistically significant difference between MCT and control group in CER and metacognition. CONCLUSION: MCT and citalopram both are effective in symptom reduction in MDD. Furthermore, MCT could lead to more improvement in metacognition, depression symptoms, and CER than citalopram, when treating MDDs.
RESUMO
Depression, a common mood disorder, involves anhedonia and defects in reward circuits and mesolimbic dopamine transmission in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Active vitamin-D, (1,25-(OH)2 vitamin-D3), exerts protective and regulatory effects on the brain dopamine system. In this study, key depression-like symptoms were induced in rats by chronic mild-stress (CMS) and the comparative effect of treatment with 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin-D3 (5, 10 µg/kg, or vehicle; i.p., twice weekly) or fluoxetine (5 mg/kg or vehicle, i.p., daily) on anhedonic behavior, locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior was examined using sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT) and novel object exploration test (NOT), respectively. We also measured serum corticosterone levels and dopamine transporter-immunoreactivity (DAT-ir) levels in NAc shell and core. CMS exposure for 3 weeks was followed by a SPT and thereafter CMS was continued for 5 weeks, along with vitamin-D or fluoxetine treatment and further testing, which was concluded with another SPT. Vitamin-D treatment enhanced sucrose preference (P < 0.01; an hedonic effect) and increased object exploration (P < 0.01) in CMS rats. CMS significantly reduced the level of DAT-ir in NAc (P < 0.0001). Vitamin-D treatment restored/increased DAT-ir levels (P < 0.0001) in CMS rat NAc (core/ shell), compared to levels in fluoxetine treated and non-treated CMS rats. Vitamin-D did not alter locomotor activity or produce an anxiolytic effect in the OFT. These data suggest that similar to the antidepressant, fluoxetine, regular vitamin-D treatment can improve 'anhedonia-like symptoms' in rats subjected to CMS, probably by regulating the effect of dopamine-related actions in the NAc.