External Human-Machine Interfaces for Autonomous Vehicles from Pedestrians' Perspective: A Survey Study.

With the increasing number of automated vehicles (AVs) being tested and operating on roads, external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) are proposed to facilitate interactions between AVs and other road users. Considering the need to protect vulnerable road users, this paper addresses the issue by providing research evidence on various designs of eHMIs. Ninety participants took part in this experiment. Six sets of eHMI prototypes-Text, Arrowed (Dynamic), Text and Symbol, Symbol only, Tick and Cross and Traffic Lights, including two sub-designs (Cross and Do Not Cross)-were designed. The results showed that 65.1% of participants agreed that external communication would have a positive effect on pedestrians' crossing decisions. Among all the prototypes, Text, and Text and Symbol, eHMIs were the most widely accepted. In particular, for elderly people and those unfamiliar with traffic rules, Text, and Text and Symbol, eHMIs would lead to faster comprehension. The results confirmed that 68.5% of participants would feel safer crossing if the eHMI had the following features: 'Green', 'Text', 'Symbol', or 'Dynamic'. These features are suggested in the design of future systems. This research concluded that eHMIs have a positive effect on V2X communication and that textual eHMIs were clear to pedestrians.

[Study on Dynamic Changes of Human Papillomavirus 16 E5 Gene in the Occurrence of Cervical Cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the dynamic changes of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E5 gene in the development of cervical cancer and the significance of E5 mRNA in early screening of cervical cancer. METHODS: Paraffin specimens of cervical lesions were collected from 49 cases (HPV positive) during September 2015 to December 2017 According to the standard of FIGO, all cervical lesions were diagnosed as: 13 cases of cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia disorders (CIN) Ⅰ in 5 cases, CIN Ⅱ in 18 cases, CIN Ⅲ in 5 cases, 8 cases of cervical cancer. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the integrity of E5 gene and the mRNA expression levels of E5, E6 and E 7in cervical tissues. RESULTS: All the 49 cases showed positive HPV16 infection. E5 genetic integrity in CINⅠwas higher than that in cervical inflammation, CIN Ⅱand cervical cancer (P < 0.05), which was also higher than that in CIN Ⅲ, but without statistically significance (P>0.05). The mRNA levels of E5, E6, E7 were the highest in CIN Ⅲ. Compared with E6 and E7, E5 presented superior expression in all types of cervical lesions (P < 0.05), while E 6and E7 mRNA expressions only increased in CIN Ⅲ and cervical cancer. CONCLUSION: In the patients with HPV16 infection, the integrity of E5 gene in cervical tissues may be related to the occurrence and development of cervical diseases. E5 gene is expected to be the target gene for early screening of cervical cancer.

[A multicenter, randomized, controlled, phase â ¢ clinical study of PEG-rhG-CSF for preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the safety and efficacy of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) in preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to provide the basis for clinical application. METHODS: According to the principle of open-label, randomized, parallel-group controlled clinical trial, all patients were randomized by 1∶1∶1 into three groups to receive PEG-rhG-CSF 100 µg/kg, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg, or rhG-CSF 5 µg/kg, respectively. The patients with breast cancer received two chemotherapy cycles, and the NSCLC patients received 1-2 cycles of chemotherapy according to their condition. All patients were treated with the combination chemotherapy of TAC (docetaxel+ epirubicin+ cyclophosphamide) or TA (docetaxel+ epirubicin), or the chemotherapy of docetaxel combined with carboplatin, with a 21 day cycle. RESULTS: The duration of grade 3-4 neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 µg/kg and PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg groups were similar with that in the rhG-CSF 5 µg/kg group (P>0.05 for all). The incidence rate of grade 3-4 neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 µg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group, and G-CSF 5 µg/kg group were 69.7%, 68.4%, and 69.5%, respectively, with a non-significant difference among the three groups (P=0.963). The incidence rate of febrile neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 µg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group and G-CSF 5 µg/kg group were 6.1%, 6.4%, and 5.5%, respectively, showing no significant difference among them (P=0.935). The incidence rate of adverse events in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 µg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group and G-CSF 5 µg / kg group were 6.7%, 4.1%, and 5.5%, respectively, showing a non-significant difference among them (P=0.581). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing TAC/TA chemotherapy, a single 100 µg/kg injection or a single fixed 6 mg dose of PEG-rhG-CSF at 48 hours after chemotherapy show definite therapeutic effect with a low incidence of adverse events and mild adverse reactions. Compared with the continuous daily injection of rhG-CSF 5 µg/kg/d, a single 100 µg/kg injection or a single fixed 6 mg dose of PEG-rhG-CSF has similar effect and is more advantageous in preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.

A randomized phase II study of recombinant human endostatin plus gemcitabine/cisplatin compared with gemcitabine/cisplatin alone as first-line therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Studies indicate that recombinant human endostatin (rh-endostatin) can inhibit tumor endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. This study assessed the efficacy of the combination of standard gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy with rh-endostatin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Chemotherapy-naive patients with stage IIIB to IV NSCLC were randomly (1:1) assigned to receive gemcitabine/cisplatin chemotherapy alone or with 7.5 mg/ m(2) of intravenously rh-endostatin on days 1 to 14 of each 3-week cycle. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR). RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar between treatment arms. The best ORRs for rh-endostatin arm (n = 33) and chemotherapy-alone arm were 37.5% (95% CI: 21.3 to 47.2%) and 28.6% (95% CI: 19.8 to 37.6%), respectively. Median survival was 12.4 months in the rh-endostatin arm and 9.8 months in the chemotherapy-alone arm, and 1-year survival was 51.6% and 38.7%, respectively. Mild palpitions, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction were the most common rh-endostatin-related adverse events. Grade 3/4 hematological toxicities were all reported similar for patients in the two arms. CONCLUSION: The addition of rh-endostatin to gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy for first-line treatment of NSCLC improves objective response and may improve survival.

CT-guided radiofrequency ablation prolonged metastatic survival in patients with liver metastases from nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the technical efficacy and survival following CT-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of liver metastases (LM) from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to determine prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2008, 376 patients with LM from NPC were identified. Of these 17 patients with 31 LM from NPC underwent CT-guided percutaneous RFA. We assessed the technical effectiveness, complications and prognostic value of LM characteristics including timing (synchronous versus metachronous), number, size, presence of extra hepatic metastases and treatment regimen. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 30/31 metastases (96.7%). The median overall survival was 16.5 months from the time of diagnosis of LM for all the 376 NPC patients with LM, and 48.1 months for the 17 NPC patients with LM who received RFA treatment. Of the 376 patients, 111 had 1-3 LM who did not receive RFA treatment, with a median survival of 25.9 months compared to 48.1 months for the 14 patients with 1-3 LM who received RFA. CONCLUSION: CT-guided RFA of LM from NPC can be performed with a high degree of technical effectiveness and offers the promise of improved survival in selected patients.

[Effect of nitric oxide derived from endothelial nitric oxide synthase on tumor angiogenesis].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) derived from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is expressed widely in tumor tissues and regulates tumor angiogenesis. However, the results are controversial. This study was to investigate the effect of NO on tumor angiogenesis and its mechanism. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice inoculated with Lewis lung cancer cells were randomly divided into three groups. Mice in the NO group were inoculated with lung cancer cells transfected with eNOS gene, mice in the L-NAME group with L-NAME, an eNOS antagonist, and mice in the control group with normal saline. Plasma concentration of NO and the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood were detected . Tumor vessel density, CD133+ cells, and the expression of VEGF-VEGFR in tumor tissues were also measured. RESULTS: Four weeks after inoculation of Lewis cells, tumor volume was significantly larger in control group [ (3022 +/- 401) mm(3)] than in the L-NAME group [ (1204 +/-97) ) mm(3)] and in the eNOS group [(1824 +/- 239) mm(3)] (P<0.01). eNOS protein and NO production increased significantly in Lewis lung cancer cells transfected with eNOS gene. But the number of CD133-positive cells and vessel density in tumors were significantly lower in the eNOS group than in the control group [(48+/-19) / HPF vs. ( 103 +/- 27)/ HPF, (19+/- 7) HPF vs. (31 +/- 9) HPF, P<0.05]. The number of EPCs in peripheral blood was not statistically different between each group. The levels of NO in blood and tumor tissue significantly decreased after the treatment of L-NAME, while the tumor vessel density reduced to 12+/- 5/ HPF (P<0.01, vs. the control group; P<0.05, vs the eNOS transfected group). The number of EPCs in blood and that of CD133-positive cells in tumor tissue were significantly smaller in the L-NAME group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: No derived from eNOS inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth, which may be due to its suppression on either the mobilization or homing of EPCs via VEGF binding to VEGFR.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary Waldeyer's ring and lymph node diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era.

This study was to compare the clinical characteristics and prognosis of Waldeyer's ring diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (WR-DLBCL) and lymph node DLBCL (LN-DLBCL) in the rituximab era. Before propensity score-matched (PSM), WR-DLBCL group shows more favorable clinical characteristics than LN-DLBCL group. After PSM, there was no significant difference in the response rate and survivals between them. The 5-year PFS and OS rates were 65.0% and 78.6% for WR-DLBCL group, respectively, and 53.7% and 66.1% for LN-DLBCL group, respectively. In WR-DLBCL group, ECOG score, Ann Arbor stage, B symptoms and IPI were associated with poor PFS and OS. In LN-DLBCL group, ECOG score, Ann Arbor stage, LDH, and IPI were significant factors to PFS and OS. Multivariate analysis showed that Ann Arbor stage was the only significant factor to PFS for WR-DLBCL group, for LN-DLBCL group, Ann Arbor stage and IPI were independent factors to PFS, LDH was the only significant factor to OS. WR-DLBCL was associated with more favorable clinical characteristics compared with LN-DLBCL, whereas, WR involvement itself did not have a real favorable prognostic significance. The PFS and OS of DLBCL were largely dependent on other prognostic factors such as Ann Arbor stage, LDH or IPI.

A Randomized Multicenter Phase III Study of Single Administration of Mecapegfilgrastim (HHPG-19K), a Pegfilgrastim Biosimilar, for Prophylaxis of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia in Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).

BACKGROUND: Mecapegfilgrastim (code name HHPG-19K) is a biosimilar to pegylated recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF). The efficacy and safety of mecapegfilgrastim, using a regimen of once-per-cycle injection of 100-µg/kg or a fixed 6-mg dose, were evaluated for the prophylactic therapy for neutropenia in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were randomized (1:1:1) blindly to 3 treatment arms to receive a single injection of mecapegfilgrastim 100 µg/kg, a 6-mg fixed dose of mecapegfilgrastim, or saline (control) in cycle 1. In cycles 2 to 4 following unblinding at the end of cycle 1, patients in the control arm received daily injections of short-acting rhG-CSF at a dose of 5 µg/kg, whereas patients in the 2 mecapegfilgrastim arms continued the same treatment as in cycle 1. All patients received 4 chemotherapy cycles of docetaxel combined with cisplatin or carboplatin every 21 days. The primary endpoint was the incidence of grade ≥ 3 neutropenia in cycle 1. RESULTS: A single dose of 100 µg/kg or a fixed 6-mg dose of mecapegfilgrastim per cycle effectively reduced chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and was comparable to daily rhG-CSF with regard to all efficacy endpoints, including incidence of grade ≥ 3 neutropenia, incidence of febrile neutropenia, duration of grade ≥ 3 neutropenia, and time to neutrophil recovery. No difference in efficacy parameters was observed between the 2-dose regimens of mecapegfilgrastim across all cycles. Mecapegfilgrastim was well-tolerated and was as safe as daily rhG-CSF. CONCLUSION: Once-per-cycle injection of mecapegfilgrastim is as effective and safe as daily rhG-CSF for prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with NSCLC. Mecapegfilgrastim (fixed 6-mg dose) is recommended in clinical practice for its convenient dose management.

The effect of remifentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in children.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of remifentanil on the isoflurane end-tidal concentration required to eliminate movement reaction upon surgical incision in children. DESIGN: Prospective, double blinded, serial study. SETTING: Operating room of a university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: Patients of ASA status 1 or 2, aged 4 to 7 years, scheduled for either inguinal hernia repair or orchidopexy surgery with general anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS: After endotracheal intubation, 108 children serially received 1 of 6 dose (nil, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, or 0.25 µg kg(-1) min(-1)) of remifentanil. End-tidal isoflurane concentration was adjusted according to a Dixon's up-and-down approach. Twenty-five minutes after starting the remifentanil infusion, the surgical incision was performed. The response of patients was classified as either "response" or "no response." Response was defined as a purposeful response in response to skin incision. MAIN RESULTS: The MAC of isoflurane were 1.50 ± 0.16%, 1.33 ± 0.27%, 0.93 ± 0.13%, 0.73 ± 0.27%, 0.63 ± 0.19%, and 0.60 ± 0.15% for remifentanil infusion rates of nil, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 µg kg(-1) min(-1), respectively. CONCLUSION: The MAC of isoflurane decreased with increasing infusion rate of remifentanil, showing an initial step reduction followed by a ceiling effect.

[Effects of TWP on capacity of muscle contraction].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the direct effects of Tripterygium Wilfordii Polyglycosidium (TWP) on capability of muscle contraction. METHODS: Using electronic stimulator to stimulate the phrenic nerve of the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of 30 rats or directly stimulate the isolated gastrocnemius muscle preparation of 45 toads in vitro, we studied the effects of TWP on capability of muscle intrinsic contraction. RESULTS: TWP in 20 mg/L increased the amplitude of muscle contraction in initial 60 min but did not make further increase of the amplitude of muscle contraction from 60 min to 90 min in the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of rat under one-third optimal stimulus. TWP in 40 mg/L and in 60 mg/L did not cause decrease of amplitude of muscle contraction in initial 60 min in isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of rat under one-third optimal stimulus. TWP in 60 mg/L did not cause decrease of tension of signal-contraction in initial 30 min in isolated gastrocnemius muscle preparation of toad under one-third optimal direct stimulus. Solvent DMSO could obviously reduce the tension of muscle contraction both in isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of rat and in isolated gastrocnemius muscle preparation of toad under one-third optimal stimulus. CONCLUSION: TWP can limitedly enhance the capability of muscle contraction; Solvent DMSO can restrain muscle contraction.

[Anti-tumor activities of lung cancer dendritic cell vaccine modified by mutant Ki-ras gene in vitro].

BACKGROUND: To construct a DC-Ad-Ki-ras(V12) vaccine and investigate the anti-tumor activities of lung cancer dendritic cell vaccine modified by mutant Ki-ras gene in vitro. METHODS: Ki-ras(V12) cDNA was transfected into cultured bone marrow-derived DC with the recombinant adenovirus [(Ad-Ki-ras(V12)] containing human mutant Ki-ras gene. Anti-tumor activity of the vaccine was studied in vitro by flow cytometry, PCR, MLR and cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS: (1) The DC vaccine was confirmed not only to express Ki-ras(V12) gene, but also to remarkably stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and improve CTL activity. (2) The DC vaccine modified by mutant Ki-ras gene could induce specifical CTL activity of immunized mice against Lewis lung carcinoma that could express Ki-ras(V12) gene, but not to B16. CONCLUSIONS: The DC vaccine modified by mutant Ki-ras gene can induce obvious anti-tumor activities against Lewis lung carcinoma that can express Ki-ras(V12) gene.

Perioperative blood transfusion is associated with worse clinical outcomes in resected lung cancer.

The deleterious effect of perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in patients with resected lung cancer has been controversial. We conducted this meta-analysis to answer the question of whether perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion adversely affects recurrence and survival in patients with resected lung cancer. Included were 23 studies with 6,474 patients. The result showed allogeneic blood transfusion was significantly associated with earlier recurrence and worse survival in patients with surgically resected lung cancer. We suggest transfusion policy should be stricter in lung cancer patients undergoing resection, especially with early-stage disease. Prospective large-scale studies are still warranted.

Comparative survival analysis in patients with pulmonary metastases from nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiofrequency ablation.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate technical efficacy and the impact of CT-guided pulmonary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on survival in patients with pulmonary metastases from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2009, 480 patients were pathologically or clinically confirmed pulmonary metastases from NPC. And ten included patients of them had a total of 23 pulmonary metastases treated with percutaneous RFA under the real-time CT fluoroscopy. Safety, local tumor progression, and survival were evaluated in our institutions. Matched-pair survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: A total of 25 ablations were performed to 23 pulmonary metastases in 13 RFA sessions. Pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement developed in 3 of 13 (23.1%) RFA sessions. The median metastatic overall survival was 36.1 months for all the 480 NPC patients with pulmonary metastases. Furthermore, matched-pair analysis demonstrated patients with RFA treatment had a greater metastatic overall survival than patients without RFA treatment (77.1 months vs 32.4 months, log-rank test, p=0.009). There were no statistically significant differences in the survival probability of patients with RFA treatment (n=10) and surgical resection of pulmonary metastases (n=27) (log-rank test, p=0.75). CONCLUSION: CT-guided pulmonary RFA is safe and offers a treatment alternative for local tumor control, providing promising survival in selected patients with pulmonary metastases from NPC.

Comparative serum proteomic analysis involving liver organ-specific metastasis-associated proteins of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related mortality; patients with liver metastases (LM) have the worst prognosis among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, at present, few biomarkers for detecting organ-specific metastasis have been identified. Proteomics, an ultra-sensitive analytical technique, can detect molecular changes before organ-specific metastasis occurs. Analysis with matrix-assisted, laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), combined with magnetic chemical affinity beads is a new technique for evaluating protein separation. We sought to identify potential liver-specific, metastasis-associated proteomic printing in patients with NPC. We examined 64 serum samples from 50 patients who had pathologically confirmed NPC and 14 who had pathologically confirmed non-NPC with LM using MALDI-TOF-MS with weak cation bead protein chips. During follow-up of at least 37 months (maximum, 176 months) following radiotherapy, we confirmed 16 cases of LM (LM NPC), 16 cases without LM (non-LM NPC) and 18 cases without metastasis (non-M NPC). Using comparison analysis, 4 protein mass peaks, 4155.34, 4194.87, 4210.78 and 4249.56 m/z were identified as liver-specific, metastasis-associated protein peaks in NPC and two of them (4155 and 4249 m/z) met two different statistical criteria in both ClinProt software analyses and discriminant analyses. Models based on the 4 potential serum markers of NPC discriminated between LM NPC, non-LM NPC, non-M NPC and non-NPC LM analyzed with sieved markers. The recognition capability and cross-validation of these models for differentiating the above 4 groups are all approximately 80%. MALDI-TOF-MS combined with tree analysis models may provide a clinical diagnostic platform for detecting potential liver-specific, metastasis-associated proteomic printing in NPC. However, markedly differential proteins still need to be identified.

Challenges in the modification of the M1 stage of the TNM staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A study of 1027 cases and review of the literature.

A series of modifications have been introduced to the TNM staging system over time for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), mainly focused on the T (primary tumor) and N (local node) components of the system. The M1 stage is a 'catch all' classification, covering a group of patients whose outlook ranges from potentially curable to incurable. Since the current M1 stage does not allow clinicians to stratify patients according to prognosis or guide therapeutic decision-making and allow comparison of results of radical and non-radical treatments, we aimed to subdivide the M1 stage according to a retrospective study of 1027 metastatic NPC patients and to review the relevant literature. Between 1995 and 2007, 1027 inpatients with distant metastasis from NPC were retrospectively analyzed. Various possible subdivisions of the M1 stage were considered, looking at different metastatic sites, the number of metastatic organs and the number of metastases. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The most frequently involved metastatic sites were the bone, lung and liver. The incidence rates of solitary metastatic lesions and pulmonary metastasis were 16.2 and 41.3%. Despite the poor survival of these patients with a median survival of 30.8 months, patients in the metachronous metastatic group with metastases to the lung and/or solitary lesions, were defined as M1a, and were significantly associated with favorable median survival of 41.5 and 49.1 months in the univariate and multivariate analysis, respectively. Patients in the metachronous metastatic group with metastasis to the lung and/or solitary lesions (M1a) have a more favorable prognosis compared with those patients with multiple metastases located in other anatomic sites (M1b). These data, in one of the largest reported metastatic NPC cohorts, are the first to show the prognostic impact of metastatic status in NPC. As a powerful predictor, the potential clinical value of a modified M1 of the TNM system for NPC will facilitate patient counseling and individualize management.

Antitumor efficacy of combination of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 gene with gemcitabine, a study in murine model.

BACKGROUND: Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) is a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. It has been reported that the antiangiogenic therapy combined with chemotherapy has synergistic effects. METHODS: To elucidate the mechanisms of IP-10 gene combined with a chemotherapy agent, we intramuscularly injected pBLAST-IP-10 expression plasmid combined with gemcitabine into tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS: The proliferation of endothelial cells was effectively inhibited by IP-10 combined with gemcitabine in vitro. Treatment with pBLAST-IP-10 twice a week for 4 weeks combined with gemcitabine 10 mg/kg (once a week) resulted in sustained high level of IP-10 protein in serum, inhibition of tumor growth and prolongation of the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Compared with administration of IP-10 plasmid or gemcitabine alone, the angiogenesis in tumors were apparently inhibited, and the numbers of apoptotic cells and lymphocytes in tumor increased in the combination therapy group. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that the gene therapy of antiangiogenesis by intramuscular delivery of plasmid DNA encoding IP-10 combined with gemcitabine has synergistic effects on tumor by inhibiting the proliferation of endothelial cells, inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells, and recruiting lymphocytes to tumor in murine models. The present findings provided evidence of antitumor effects of genetherapy combined with chemotherapy.