The trajectories and associations of insomnia symptoms with addictive behaviours in adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study.

Insomnia displays heterogeneous trajectories across adolescence, which may induce addictive behaviours, including internet gaming disorder and substance use. This study aimed to investigate the latent trajectory classes of insomnia symptoms over 2 years and to examine the associations between insomnia trajectories and these addictive behaviours. Participants were 910 adolescents from six middle schools in Shanghai, China (52.7% males; mean age = 13.17 years). The three-wave survey measured insomnia symptoms, internet gaming disorder, substance use, depressive symptoms, and sociodemographic characteristics from 7th to 9th grade. Latent class growth modelling was performed to identify the latent trajectory classes of insomnia symptoms. Then multivariable logistic regressions were conducted within the best-fitting latent class growth model to examine the associations of insomnia trajectories with internet gaming disorder and substance use. Two latent trajectory classes of insomnia symptoms were recognised: the non-insomnia group (71.8%) and the insomnia group (28.2%). In the multivariable analysis controlling for baseline demographic variables and depressive symptoms, the insomnia group had a higher risk of developing internet gaming disorder (OR = 2.203 [95% CI: 1.258-3.858]) and substance use (OR = 2.215 [95% CI: 1.324-3.705]) compared with the non-insomnia group. These findings add to a growing body of research on heterogeneous trajectories of insomnia symptoms during adolescence, suggesting that intervention strategies are needed to target the characteristics or developmental patterns of different insomnia subgroups. The ultimate goal is to mitigate the impact of insomnia symptoms on adolescent addictive behaviours.

The information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among people living with HIV in Shanghai.

The Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills (IMB) model of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence was applied in people living with HIV/AIDS in Shanghai, China to understand how adherence-related information, motivation and behavioral skills would affect ART adherence. The LifeWindows Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills ART Adherence Questionnaire (LW-IMB-AAQ) was translated into Chinese and used. The IMB model was then implemented by testing standardized path estimates with standard model fitness indices in the participants. 426 participants from 11 community centres in Putuo district of Shanghai were recruited, of which 95.3% reported a high level of adherence (>95% adherence). The fitness indices of the final adjusted model were χ2 = 6.110, df = 7, p = 0.527(>0.05), CFI = 1.000(>0.9) and RMSEA = 0.000 (<0.08). In the model, information, which was separated into two sections (the perceived effect of ART on health and knowledge about ART medication), had an indirect effect on the ART adherence through behavioral skills, while motivation did not have such an effect. Neither information nor motivation had a direct effect on ART adherence. In addition, motivation was related to the two sections of information. The feasibility of the IMB model of ART adherence is verified by its application to predictive of adherence-related behaviors among HIV+ patients in this study.

Identification of a novel PTH1R variant in a family with primary failure of eruption.

BACKGROUND: Primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE) is a rare autosome genetic disorder that causes open bite. This work aimed to report a small family of PFE(OMIM: # 125,350) with a novel PTH1R variant. One of the patients has a rare clinical phenotype of the anterior tooth involved only. CASE PRESENTATION: The proband was a 13-year-old young man with an incomplete eruption of the right upper anterior teeth, resulting in a significant open-bite. His left first molar partially erupted. Family history revealed that the proband's 12-year-old brother and father also had teeth eruption disorders. Genetic testing found a novel PTH1R variant (NM_000316.3 c.1325-1336del), which has never been reported before. The diagnosis of PFE was based on clinical and radiographic characteristics and the result of genetic testing. Bioinformatic analysis predicted this variant would result in the truncation of the G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the PTH1R, affecting its structure and function. CONCLUSION: A novel PTH1R variant identified through whole-exome sequencing further expands the mutation spectrum of PFE. Patients in this family have different phenotypes, which reflects the characteristics of variable phenotypic expression of PFE.

Longitudinal predictors for incidence of internet gaming disorder among adolescents: The roles of time spent on gaming and depressive symptoms.

INTRODUCTION: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) was popular among adolescents worldwide, but whether some associated factors could contribute to the development of IGD was unclear. This longitudinal study explored the temporal stability of IGD over one year and determined the predictors for IGD incidence. METHODS: Participants were 1121 adolescents from six junior high schools in Shanghai, China (50.6% males; median age = 13.0 years). The baseline and follow-up questionnaire survey measured IGD, time spent on gaming, depressive symptoms, insomnia condition, substance use and background variables from 7th to 8th grade. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to test the associations between other factors and IGD incidence. RESULTS: IGD incidence was 7.7% at one-year follow-up. Gender, family financial condition, parental educational level, time spent on gaming, insomnia condition and depressive symptoms were associated with IGD incidence in univariate analysis, whereas only gender, family financial condition, time spent on gaming and depressive symptoms were associated with IGD incidence in multivariate logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: IGD might persist for years during adolescence. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, time spent on gaming and depressive symptoms were independent predictors for IGD incidence.

Serial multiple mediation of the association between internet gaming disorder and suicidal ideation by insomnia and depression in adolescents in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: High prevalence and strong relationships among suicidal ideation, Internet gaming disorder (IGD), insomnia, and depression have been reported for adolescents worldwide, but the mechanism underlying these psychological problems remains unclear. This cross-sectional study explored the mediating effect of insomnia and depression on the association between IGD and suicidal ideation. METHODS: Participants were 1066 adolescents (median age = 13.0 years) with Internet games exposure in the previous 12 months from junior high schools in Shanghai, China. Questionnaire measures of suicidal ideation, IGD, insomnia, depressive symptoms, and background characteristics were obtained. Path analysis was conducted to test the multiple mediating roles of insomnia and depression. RESULTS: Suicidal ideation, IGD, insomnia, and depression prevalence was 27.2, 13.6, 9.2, and 17.0%, respectively. A serial multiple mediation model was generated. The mediation effect of insomnia and depression on the pathway from IGD to suicidal ideation was 45.5% (direct effect: standardized estimate [Std. estimate] = 0.186; total indirect effect: Std. estimate = 0.155). The association between IGD and depression was partially mediated by insomnia (direct effect: Std. estimate = 0.211; indirect effect: Std. estimate = 0.135). The proposed model fit the data well. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia and depression may serially mediate the association between IGD and suicidal ideation. IGD was positively associated with insomnia, then with depression, which in turn positively contributed to suicidal ideation. We suggest greater monitoring of Internet use and prevention of insomnia and depression to mitigate the risk of suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents.

Is Smoking Associated with the Risk of Acute Mountain Sickness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Controversy remains in the association between smoking and the risk of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Therefore, a systematic review of the existing literature may help clarify this association. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from database inception up to October 19, 2021. Both unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare the risk of AMS in the smoking and nonsmoking groups. Meta-regression was conducted to explore the factors causing heterogeneity of the studies, and subsequent stratified analysis was performed to present the pooled RR in different subgroups. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots. Results: A total of 28 eligible articles (31 studies) were included. The pooled unadjusted and adjusted RRs were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78-1.01) and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77-0.99), respectively, using random-effect models. Publication bias was observed owing to restrictions on the sample size. The ascending altitude and sex composition of the study population were likely sources of heterogeneity according to meta-regression. Studies on participants with an ascending altitude of over 3,500 m or composed of both males and females reported a slight but not significant protective effect of smoking on the risk of AMS, with high heterogeneity. Conclusions: Smoking had no significant effect on AMS risk in this meta-analysis. Current studies showed high heterogeneity and included little information on quantitative exposure to smoking (i.e., dose and frequency); thus, the results require careful explanation.

Higher disease burden and lower utilization in Mongolian with breast cancer: a 9-year retrospective cohort study of 18.19 million adults in China.

BACKGROUND: Whether health inequalities of disease burden and medical utilization exist by ethnicity in Asian breast cancer (BC) patients remains unclear. The authors aim to measure ethnic disparities in disease burden and utilization among Mongolian and Han female BC patients in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on data extracted from Inner Mongolia Regional Health Information Platform, a retrospective cohort study was established during 2012-2021. Disease burden including incidence, 5-year prevalence, mortality, survival rate, and medical cost were analyzed and compared between Han and Mongolian patients. RESULTS: A total of 34 878 female patients [mean (SD) age, 52.34 (10.93) years] were included among 18.19 million Chinese, and 4315 (12.03%) participants were Mongolian. Age-standardized rates of incidence are 32.68 (95% CI: 20.39-44.98) per 100 000. Higher age-specific incidence and 5-year prevalence were observed in Mongolian than in Han. The cost of BC annually per capita was significantly lower for Mongolian than Han [$1948.43 (590.11-4 776.42) vs. $2227.35 (686.65-5929.59), P <0.001]. Mongolian females showed higher all-cause mortality [30.92 (95% CI: 28.15-33.89) vs. 27.78 (95% CI: 26.77-28.83) per 1000, P =0.036] and BC-specific mortality [18.78 (95% CI: 16.64-21.13) vs. 15.22 (95% CI: 14.47-16.00) per 1000, P =0.002] than Han females. After adjusting covariates, Mongolian were associated with increased all-cause mortality [HR, 1.21, (95% CI: 1.09-1.34); P <0.001] and BC-specific mortality [HR, 1.31, (95% CI: 1.14-1.49); P <0.001]. CONCLUSION: The findings of this cohort study highlight a higher level of disease burden with unmet medical demand in Mongolian patients, suggesting that more practical efforts should be made for the minority. Further research is needed to explore the concrete mechanisms of the disparities as well as eliminate health disproportion.

Integrated database-based Screening Cohort for Asian Nomadic descendants in China (Scan-China): Insights on prospective ethnicity-focused cancer screening.

Established in 2017, the Screening Cohort for Asian Nomadic descendants in China (Scan-China) has benefited over 180,000 members of a multi-ethnic population, particularly individuals of Mongolian descent compared with the general population (Han ethnicity), in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. This cohort study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cancer screening and serve as a real-world data platform for cancer studies. The 6 most prevalent cancers in China are considered-namely, breast, lung, colorectal, gastric, liver and esophageal cancer. After baseline cancer risk assessments and screening tests, both active and passive follow-up (based on the healthcare insurance database, cancer registry, the front page of hospital medical records, and death certificates) will be conducted to trace participants' onset and progression of cancers and other prevalent chronic diseases. Scan-China has preliminarily found a disproportionately lower screening participation rate and higher incidence/mortality rates of esophageal and breast cancer among the Mongolian population than among their Han counterparts. Further research will explore the cancer burden, natural history, treatment patterns, and risk factors of the target cancers.

Self-Reported Primary Cooking Fuels Use and Risk of Chronic Digestive Diseases: A Prospective Cohort Study of 0.5 Million Chinese Adults.

BACKGROUND: Household air pollution (HAP) from inefficient combustion of solid fuels is a major health concern worldwide. However, prospective evidence on the health impacts of solid cooking fuels and risks of chronic digestive diseases remains scarce. OBJECTIVES: We explored the effects of self-reported primary cooking fuels on the incidence of chronic digestive diseases. METHODS: The China Kadoorie Biobank recruited 512,726 participants 30-79 years of age from 10 regions across China. Information on primary cooking fuels at the current and previous two residences was collected via self-reporting at baseline. Incidence of chronic digestive diseases was identified through electronic linkage and active follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of self-reported long-term cooking fuel patterns and weighted duration of self-reported solid cooking fuel use with chronic digestive diseases incidence. Linear trend was tested by assigning the medians of weighted duration in each group and then taking those as continuous variables in the models. Subgroup analyses were undertaken across the baseline characteristics of participants. RESULTS: During 9.1±1.6 y of follow-up, 16,810 new cases of chronic digestive diseases were documented, among which 6,460 were diagnosed as cancers. Compared with long-term cleaner fuel use, self-reported long-term use of solid cooking fuels (i.e., coal, wood) was associated with elevated risks of chronic digestive diseases (HR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.13), including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (HR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.87), hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis (HR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.73), cholecystitis (HR=1.19; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.32), and peptic ulcers (HR=1.15; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.33). The longer the weighted duration of self-reported solid cooking fuel use, the higher the risks of chronic digestive diseases, hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis, peptic ulcers, and esophageal cancer (pTrend<0.05). The aforementioned associations were modified by sex and body mass index (BMI). Positive associations of always solid cooking fuel use with chronic digestive disease, hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis, NAFLD, and cholecystitis were observed among women but not men. The longer the weighted duration of self-reported solid cooking fuel use, the higher the risk of NAFLD among those with a BMI ≥28 kg/m2. DISCUSSION: Long-term self-reported solid cooking fuels use was associated with higher risks of chronic digestive diseases. The positive association of HAP from solid cooking fuels with chronic digestive diseases indicates for an imminent promotion of cleaner fuels as public health interventions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10486.

Reliability and Validity of the LifeWindows Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Questionnaire Among HIV+ Patients in Shanghai.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article was to examine the validity and reliability of the LifeWindows Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Adherence Questionnaire (LW-IMB-AAQ) among HIV+ patients in Shanghai. METHODS: We surveyed 426 HIV+ patients in Shanghai's Putuo District to examine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The questionnaire includes self-reported demographic characteristics, the modified version of the Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS Antiretroviral Medication Self-Report (CPCRA) and LW-IMB-AAQ. CPCRA was used to calculate ART adherence. LW-IMB-AAQ, including the information section, the motivation section and the behavioral skills section, was used to analyze patients' ART adherence. We analyzed data by means, standard deviation, critical ratio, and item-total correlation. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability. Validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent validity and discriminant validity. RESULTS: Item analysis showed that except for motivation item 1, all items were acceptable. For reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the three sections and the total scale were all higher than 0.7, with interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) all higher than 0.6 (p<0.001). The Spearman-Brown coefficient for the total scale was 0.825. For validity, results showed that the information section could be divided into two subscales, motivation section and behavioral skills section could be divided into three and two subscales, respectively. The final model demonstrated good validity (p=0.471, χ 2/df=0.960, CFI=1.000, GFI=0.994 and RMSEA<0.001) without motivation item 4. CONCLUSION: Excluding motivation items 1 and 4, the LifeWindows Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills ART Adherence Questionnaire (LW-IMB-AAQ) demonstrated good validity and reliability among HIV+ patients in Shanghai.

The general public's ability to operate automated external defibrillator: A controlled simulation study.

BACKGROUND: Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) enable laypeople to provide early defibrillations to patients undergoing cardiac arrest, but scant information is available on the general public's ability to use AEDs. This study assessed the ability of laypeople to operate AEDs, the effect of a 15-minute training, and whether skills differed by age. METHODS: From May 1 to December 31, 2018, a prospective simulation study was conducted with 94 laypeople aged 18-65 years (32 aged 18-24 years, 34 aged 25-54 years, and 28 aged 55-65 years) with no prior AED training. The participants' AED skills were assessed individually pre-training, post-training, and at a three-month follow-up using a simulated cardiac arrest scenario. The critical actions and time intervals were evaluated during the AED operating process. RESULTS: Only 14 (14.9%) participants (eight aged 18-24 years, four aged 25-54 years, and two aged 55-65 years) successfully delivered defibrillations before training. AED operation errors were more likely to occur among the participants aged 55-65 years than among other age groups. After training, the proportion of successful defibrillations increased significantly (18-24 years old: 25.0% vs. 71.9%, P<0.01; 25-54 years old: 11.8% vs. 70.6%, P<0.01; 55-65 years old: 7.1% vs. 67.9%, P<0.01). After three months, 26.1% of the participants aged 55-65 years successfully delivered defibrillations, which was significantly lower than that of participants aged 18-24 years (54.8%) and 25-54 years (64.3%) (P=0.02). There were no differences in time measures among three age groups in each test. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of untrained laypeople cannot effectively operate AEDs. More frequent training and refresher courses are crucial to improve AED skills.

Effective mitigation strategy in early stage of COVID-19 pandemic in China.

In the past five months, success in control the national epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been witnessed in China. The implementation of public health measures accounts for the success which include different interventions in the early or later stages of the outbreak. It is clear that although not all measures were universally effective worldwide, their achievements have been significant. More solidarity is needed to deal with this global pandemic with more learning and understanding. Understanding which of the public health interventions implemented in China were effective may provide ideas for international epidemic control.

Phase- and epidemic region-adjusted estimation of the number of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in China.

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 was first reported in Wuhan in December 2019 and gradually spread to other areas in China. After implementation of prevention and control measures, the estimation of the epidemic trend is needed. A phase- and region-adjusted SEIR model was applied for modeling and predicting the number of cases in Wuhan, Hubei Province and regions outside Hubei Province in China. The estimated number of infections could reach its peak in late February 2020 in Wuhan and Hubei Province, which is 55 303-84 520 and 83 944-129 312, respectively, while the epidemic peaks in regions outside Hubei Province in China could appear on February 13, 2020 with the estimated 13 035-19 108 cases. According to the estimation, the outbreak would abate in March and April all over China. Current estimation provided evidence for planned work resumption under stringent prevention and control in China to further support the fight against the epidemic. Nevertheless, there is still possibility of the second outbreak brought by the work resumption and population migration, especially from Hubei Province and high intensity cities outside Hubei Province. Strict prevention and control measures still need to be considered in the regions with high intensity of epidemic and densely-populated cities.

Estimation of reproduction numbers of COVID-19 in typical countries and epidemic trends under different prevention and control scenarios.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a life-threatening pandemic. The epidemic trends in different countries vary considerably due to different policy-making and resources mobilization. We calculated basic reproduction number (R0) and the time-varying estimate of the effective reproductive number (Rt) of COVID-19 by using the maximum likelihood method and the sequential Bayesian method, respectively. European and North American countries possessed higher R0 and unsteady Rt fluctuations, whereas some heavily affected Asian countries showed relatively low R0 and declining Rt now. The numbers of patients in Africa and Latin America are still low, but the potential risk of huge outbreaks cannot be ignored. Three scenarios were then simulated, generating distinct outcomes by using SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infectious, and removed) model. First, evidence-based prompt responses yield lower transmission rate followed by decreasing Rt. Second, implementation of effective control policies at a relatively late stage, in spite of huge casualties at early phase, can still achieve containment and mitigation. Third, wisely taking advantage of the time-window for developing countries in Africa and Latin America to adopt adequate measures can save more people's life. Our mathematical modeling provides evidence for international communities to develop sound design of containment and mitigation policies for COVID-19.