A psychometric study of the revised Chinese version of the family resilience assessment scale among children disadvantaged due to family migration.

OBJECTIVE: The family system is important for children's development. Previous research has demonstrated that some families are able to maintain good adaptability or resilience in the face of stressors. This study aimed to develop the revised Chinese version of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale and examine the psychometric properties of the scale among children disadvantaged in adversity due to family migration. METHODS: A total of 1487 children (47.6 % girls) from disadvantaged families participated in this study, whom completed the revised Chinese version of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale, the Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children. RESULTS: (1) Good language equivalency was found (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = 0.96); (2) Item analysis indicated that the critical ratio values of all 45 items were above 0.30 (p < 0.001), except for 7 items that were dropped from further analysis; (3) The exploratory factor analysis indicated that the best model was four-factor model; (4) The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the four-factor model had good model fit; (5) Family resilience was significantly correlated with personal resilience and depression; (6) The internal consistency reliability of the scale was 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that the revised Chinese version of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale was a reliable and valid instrument to assess family resilience of Chinese children who are disadvantaged.

Anxiety, depression and PTSD among children and their parent during 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China.

Home quarantine may lead to families developing a variety of psychological distress. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological status of children and their parent during 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Data were collected from children (n = 1360) and their parent (n = 1360) in China using online survey during February 2020. Demographic information, media exposure, and psychological status including anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed using self-report measures. The results indicated that, for children, 1.84% experienced moderate anxiety, 2.22% experienced depression and 3.16% met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD; for parent, 1.18%, 0.01% and 3.60% experienced moderate anxiety, severe depression, and moderate depression, respectively, and 3.53% met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Moreover, excessive media exposure (ß = -0.08 ~ 0.13, ps < 0.05) was a risk factor for anxiety and PTSD for children, a positive factor against anxiety and depression for parent. Being a mother (ß = 0.07 ~ 0.21, ps < 0.01), being younger (ß = -0.09 ~ -0.07, ps < 0.05), lower levels of educational attainment (ß = -0.17 ~ -0.08, ps < 0.01) and family monthly income (ß = -0.17 ~ -0.11, ps < 0.05) were risk factors for anxiety, depression and PTSD for parent. Findings suggested that children and their parent in non-severe area didn't suffer major psychological distress during the outbreak. Factors associated with lower levels of mental health problems were identified to inform the use of psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the pandemic.

Ultralight Electrolyte for High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Pouch Cells.

The high weight fraction of the electrolyte in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) full cell is the primary reason its specific energy is much below expectations. Thus far, it is still a challenge to reduce the electrolyte volume of Li-S batteries owing to their high cathode porosity and electrolyte depletion from the Li metal anode. Herein, we propose an ultralight electrolyte (0.83 g mL-1 ) by introducing a weakly-coordinating and Li-compatible monoether, which greatly reduces the weight fraction of electrolyte within the whole cell and also enables Li-S pouch cell functionality under lean-electrolyte conditions. Compared to Li-S batteries using conventional counterparts (≈1.2 g mL-1 ), the Li-S pouch cells equipped with our ultralight electrolyte could achieve an ultralow electrolyte weight/capacity ratio (E/C) of 2.2 g Ah-1 and realize a 19.2 % improvement in specific energy (from 329.9 to 393.4 Wh kg-1 ) under E/S=3.0 µL mg-1 . Moreover, more than 20 % improvement in specific energy could be achieved using our ultralight electrolyte at various E/S ratios.

A Pyrazine-Based Polymer for Fast-Charge Batteries.

The lack of high-power and stable cathodes prohibits the development of rechargeable metal (Na, Mg, Al) batteries. Herein, poly(hexaazatrinaphthalene) (PHATN), an environmentally benign, abundant and sustainable polymer, is employed as a universal cathode material for these batteries. In Na-ion batteries (NIBs), PHATN delivers a reversible capacity of 220 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 , corresponding to the energy density of 440 Wh kg-1 , and still retains 100 mAh g-1 at 10 Ag-1 after 50 000 cycles, which is among the best performances in NIBs. Such an exceptional performance is also observed in more challenging Mg and Al batteries. PHATN retains reversible capacities of 110 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles in Mg batteries and 92 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles in Al batteries. DFT calculations, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman, and FTIR show that the electron-deficient pyrazine sites in PHATN are the redox centers to reversibly react with metal ions.

Effects of sacubitril-valsartan on heart failure patients with mid-range ejection fractions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim: The effect of sacubitril-valsartan (ARNI) in heart failure (HF) patients with mid-range ejection fractions (HFmrEF) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ARNI in HFmrEF patients. Methods: From inception to 15 February 2022, articles were searched via PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Whip, and Wanfang databases. Left ventricular functions, indicators related to HF, quality of life score, 6-Minute Walk Test, total effective rate, mortality, readmission rate, and adverse events were the outcomes. Relative risk (RR), weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the outcomes. The heterogeneity test was conducted for each indicator and measured by I2 statistics. Subgroup analysis was performed regarding the type of study and duration of treatment. Results: Sixteen studies involving 1,937 patients were included in this study. Our results showed ARNI was likely to improve left ventricular function by increasing the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (WMD: 2.36, 95%CI: 1.09-3.62), stroke volume (WMD: 16.800, 95%CI: 11.385-22.215), and left ventricular short-axis shortening rate (WMD: 2.05, 95%CI: 0.25-3.86), decreasing left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (WMD: -2.48, 95%CI: -3.83 to -1.13), left atrial diameter (WMD: -2.23, 95%CI: -2.83 to -1.63), C-reactive protein level (WMD: -1.40, 95%CI: -2.62 to -0.18), and N-terminal-pro B-type natriuretic peptide level (WMD: -494.92, 95%CI: -641.34 to -348.50). ARNI has a higher total effective rate (RR: 1.15, 95%CI: 1.08-1.21), Kansas City cardiomyopathy questionnaire (WMD: 4.13, 95%CI: 3.46-4.81), and 6-Minute Walk Test (WMD: 51.35, 95%CI: 26.99-75.71) compared with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). In addition, ARNI decreased the readmission rate (RR: 0.54, 95%CI: 0.43-0.68) (all p < 0.05). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the adverse outcomes. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests ARNI may be an effective strategy with which to improve the left ventricular function, and quality of life, and reduce the readmission rate in HFmrEF patients. However, long-term clinical studies with large samples are still needed to further explore the efficacy and safety of ARNI compared with ACEI or ARB in the HFmrEF population.

An Electric-Field-Reinforced Hydrophobic Cationic Sieve Lowers the Concentration Threshold of Water-In-Salt Electrolytes.

High-concentration water-in-salt (WIS) electrolytes expand the stable electrochemical window of aqueous electrolytes, leading to the advent of high-voltage (above 2 V) aqueous Li-ion batteries (ALIBs). However, the high lithium salt concentration electrolytes of ALIBs result in their high cost and deteriorate kinetic performance. Therefore, it is challenging for ALIBs to explore aqueous electrolytes with appropriate concentration to balance the electrochemical window and kinetic performance as well as the cost. In contrast to maintaining high concentrations of aqueous electrolytes (>20 m), a small number of hydrophobic cations are introduced to a much lower electrolyte concentration (13.8 m), and it is found that, compared with WIS electrolytes, ALIBs with these concentration-lowered electrolytes possess a compatible stable electrochemical window (3.23 V) and achieve better kinetic performance. These findings originate from the added cations, which form an electric-field-reinforced hydrophobic cationic sieve (HCS) that blocks water away from the anode and suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction. Meanwhile, the lower electrolyte concentration provides significant benefits to ALIBs, including lower cost, better rate capability (lower viscosity of 18 cP and higher ionic conductivity of 22 mS cm-1 at 25 °C), and improved low-temperature performance (liquidus temperature of -10.18 °C).

A Polymorphic FeS2 Cathode Enabled by Copper Current Collector Induced Displacement Redox Mechanism.

In this contribution, we fabricated a composite consisting of two polymorphs of FeS2, pyrite (P-FeS2) and marcasite (M-FeS2), for high-performance Li-FeS2 battery. A series of electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic characterizations indicate that the introduction of metastable M-FeS2 into P-FeS2 enables the four-electron reduction between FeS2 and lithium to generate Fe and Li2S, providing a high specific capacity of 894 mAh/g with specific energy over 1300 Wh/kg. Moreover, it is verified that the electrochemical irreversibility of this composite toward lithium storage is mainly rooted in the shuttle effect, caused by the elemental sulfur which is inevitably produced during the oxidation process of Li2S and Fe. To tackle this issue, copper (Cu) current collector is adopted to chemically immobilize the soluble lithium polysulfides and fundamentally alter the reaction pathway. It is shown that compared with Fe, Li2S prefers to react with Cu current collector to generate Cu2S through the thermodynamically facile displacement reaction mechanism benefiting from the similar lattice framework between Cu2S and Li2S. Such displacement reaction without lattice reconstruction renders the composite superior rate capability (∼730 mAh/g@2 A/g) and long lifespan (89.7% capacity retention after 3200 cycles). Present work allows for the fabrication of high-performance electrodes based on metal chalcogenides.

Low-Density Fluorinated Silane Solvent Enhancing Deep Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Batteries' Lifetime.

The lithium metal anode (LMA) instability at deep cycle with high utilization is a crucial barrier for developing lithium (Li) metal batteries, resulting in excessive Li inventory and electrolyte demand. This issue becomes more severe in capacity-type lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. High-concentration or localized high-concentration electrolytes are noted as effective strategies to stabilize Li metal but usually lead to a high electrolyte density (>1.4 g mL-1 ). Here we propose a bifunctional fluorinated silane-based electrolyte with a low density of 1.0 g mL-1 that not only is much lighter than conventional electrolytes (≈1.2 g mL-1 ) but also form a robust solid electrolyte interface to minimize Li depletion. Therefore, the Li loss rate is reduced over 4.5-fold with the proposed electrolyte relative to its conventional counterpart. When paired with onefold excess LMA at the electrolyte weight/cell capacity (E/C) ratio of 4.5 g Ah-1 , the Li-S pouch cell using our electrolyte can survive for 103 cycles, much longer than with the conventional electrolyte (38 cycles). This demonstrates that our electrolyte not only reduces the E/C ratio but also enhances the cyclic stability of Li-S batteries under limited Li amounts.

Aqueous interphase formed by CO2 brings electrolytes back to salt-in-water regime.

Super-concentrated water-in-salt electrolytes make high-voltage aqueous batteries possible, but at the expense of high cost and several adverse effects, including high viscosity, low conductivity and slow kinetics. Here, we observe a concentration-dependent association between CO2 and TFSI anions in water that reaches maximum strength at 5 mol kg-1 LiTFSI. This TFSI-CO2 complex and its reduction chemistry allow us to decouple the interphasial responsibility of an aqueous electrolyte from its bulk properties, hence making high-voltage aqueous Li-ion batteries practical in dilute salt-in-water electrolytes. The CO2/salt-in-water electrolyte not only inherits the wide electrochemical stability window and non-flammability from water-in-salt electrolytes but also successfully circumvents the numerous disadvantages induced by excessive salt. This work represents a deviation from the water-in-salt pathway that not only benefits the development of practical aqueous batteries, but also highlights how the complex interactions between electrolyte components can be used to manipulate interphasial chemistry.

Amorphous anion-rich titanium polysulfides for aluminum-ion batteries.

The strong electrostatic interaction between Al3+ and close-packed crystalline structures, and the single-electron transfer ability of traditional cationic redox cathodes, pose challenged for the development of high-performance rechargeable aluminum batteries. Here, to break the confinement of fixed lattice spacing on the diffusion and storage of Al-ion, we developed a previously unexplored family of amorphous anion-rich titanium polysulfides (a-TiS x , x = 2, 3, and 4) (AATPs) with a high concentration of defects and a large number of anionic redox centers. The AATP cathodes, especially a-TiS4, achieved a high reversible capacity of 206 mAh/g with a long duration of 1000 cycles. Further, the spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that sulfur anions in the AATP cathodes act as the main redox centers to reach local electroneutrality. Simultaneously, titanium cations serve as the supporting frameworks, undergoing the evolution of coordination numbers in the local structure.

High-Voltage Aqueous Na-Ion Battery Enabled by Inert-Cation-Assisted Water-in-Salt Electrolyte.

Water-in-salt (WiS) electrolytes provide a new pathway to widen the electrochemical window of aqueous electrolytes. However, their formulation strongly depends on the solubility of the chosen salts, imposing a stringent restriction on the number of possible WiS systems. This issue becomes more severe for aqueous Na-ion batteries (ANIBs) owing to the relatively lower solubility of sodium salts compared to its alkaline cousins (Li, K, and Cs). A new class of the inert-cation-assisted WiS (IC-WiS) electrolytes containing the tetraethylammonium (TEA+ ) inert cation is reported. The Na IC-WiS electrolyte at a superhigh concentration of 31 mol kg-1 exhibits a wide electrochemical window of 3.3 V, suppresses transition metal dissolution from the cathode, and ensures singular intercalation of Na into both cathode and anode electrodes during cycling, which is often problematic in mixed alkali cation systems such as K-Na and Li-Na. Owing to these unique advantages of the IC-WiS electrolyte, the NaTiOPO4 anode and Prussian blue analog Na1.88 Mn[Fe(CN)6 ]0.97 ·1.35H2 O cathode can be coupled to construct a full ANIB, delivering an average voltage of 1.74 V and a high energy density of 71 Wh kg-1 with a capacity retention of 90% after 200 cycles at 0.25C and of 76% over 800 cycles at 1C.

Iodine Vapor Transport-Triggered Preferential Growth of Chevrel Mo6S8 Nanosheets for Advanced Multivalent Batteries.

Owing to its unique structure, Chevrel phase (CP) is a promising candidate for applications in rechargeable multivalent (Mg and Al) batteries. However, its wide applications are severely limited by time-consuming and complex synthesis processes, accompanied by uncontrollable growth and large particle sizes, which will magnify the charge trapping effect and lower the electrochemical performance. Here, an iodine vapor transport reaction (IVT) is proposed to obtain large-scale and highly pure Mo6S8 nanosheets, in which iodine helps to regulate the growth kinetics and induce the preferential growth of Mo6S8, as a typical three-dimensional material, to form nanosheets. When applied in rechargeable multivalent (Mg and Al) batteries, Mo6S8 nanosheets show very fast kinetics owing to the short diffusion distance, thereby exhibiting lower polarization, higher capacities, and better low-temperature performance (up to -40 °C) compared to that of microparticles obtained via the conventional method. It is anticipated that Mo6S8 nanosheets would boost the application of Chevrel phase, especially in areas of energy storage and catalysis, and the IVT reaction would be generalized to a wide range of inorganic compound nanosheets.

Water-in-Salt Electrolyte Promotes High-Capacity FeFe(CN)6 Cathode for Aqueous Al-Ion Battery.

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are considered to be ideal multivalent cation host materials due to their unique open-framework structure. In aqueous solution, however, the PBAs' cathodes have a low reversible capacity limited by the single electrochemical group Fe(CN)63- and high crystal water content. They also suffer from fast cycle fading, resulting from significant oxygen/hydrogen evolution and cathode dissolution. In this work, a high-capacity PBA-type FeFe(CN)6 cathode with double transition metal redox sites is successfully demonstrated in 5 m Al(CF3SO3)3 Water-in-Salt electrolyte (Al-WISE). Due to Al-WISE having a wide electrochemical window (2.65 V) and low dissolution of the cathode, our PBA cathode exhibits a high discharge capacity of 116 mAh/g and the superior cycle stability >100 cycles with capacity fading of 0.39% per cycle.