Corrosion inhibition performance of newly synthesized 5-alkoxymethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives for carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution: experimental, DFT and Monte Carlo simulation studies.

Three new organic compounds primarily based on 8-hydroxyquinoline have been successfully synthesized and characterized via different spectroscopic methods (FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR). The synthesized compounds, namely 5-propoxymethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (PMHQ), 5-methoxymethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (MMHQ) and 5-hydroxymethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (HMHQ), were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss measurements at 298 K. Electrochemical measurements confirmed that the newly synthesized 5-alkoxymethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives are mixed type corrosion inhibitors and confirmed maximum protection efficiencies of 94, 89 and 81% for PMHQ, MMHQ, and HMHQ, respectively, at the optimum concentration of 10-3 M. The EIS spectra confirmed a slightly depressed semi-circle profile with a single time constant in Bode diagrams for the three organic compounds over the whole concentration and temperature ranges studied. The adsorption of PMHQ, MMHQ, and HMHQ on the carbon steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In addition, the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for carbon steel corrosion and inhibitor adsorption, respectively, were determined and discussed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses supported the formation of a protective film on carbon steel in the presence of PMHQ, MMHQ, and HMHQ. Density functional theory calculations (DFT) showed that the effectiveness of the inhibitive actions of the studied compounds correlates well with their electron donating ability, whilst Monte Carlo simulations revealed that the extent and favourability of adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the carbon steel surface establish their corrosion inhibition performances.

Accumulation of 24S-hydroxycholesterol in neuronal SK-N-BE cells treated with hexacosanoic acid (C26:0): argument in favor of 24S-hydroxycholesterol as a potential biomarker of neurolipotoxicity.

Cholesterol oxide derivatives (oxysterols) are viewed as potential biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. 24S-hydroxycholesterol, an oxysterol produced only in brain neurons, is often found for unknown reasons in increased levels in the plasma in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. On human neuronal SK-N-BE cells treated with hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) identified at increased levels in the tissues and plasma of patients with peroxisomal leukodystrophies and Alzheimer's disease, we observed increased level of 24S-hydroxycholesterol associated with C26:0 induced lipotoxicity. This finding reinforces the hypothesis suggesting that 24S-hydroxycholesterol could constitute a biomarker of neurotoxicity.

Effect of Kaolin clay and Ficus carica mediated silver nanoparticles on chitosan food packaging film for fresh apple slice preservation.

In this work, a novel antioxidant, antibacterial, and biodegradable food packaging film was elaborated, by incorporating natural kaolin clay (KC) and Ficus carica mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into Chitosan (Cht). A comparison of the physico-chemical and functional characteristics of the Cht/KC/AgNPs film was performed with those of Cht, Cht/KC, and Cht/AgNPs. SEM analysis showed a rough surface in the composite films containing KC particles because of their large diameter (50-120 µm) compared to AgNPs (20-80 nm). The FTIR analysis suggested that the interactions between Cht and AgNPs were stronger than those between Cht and KC. The tensile strength of Cht film increased from 16 MPa to ∼24 MPa in Cht/KC/AgNPs film. The introduction of KC and/or AgNPs considerably improved the light and moisture barrier capacity of the Cht film. The UV light transmittance decreased by 50 % for Cht film when incorporated by KC and AgNPs. Moreover, Cht/AgNPs was better in terms of antioxidant, antibacterial, and mechanical compared to Cht/KC, which was superior in biodegradability and water vapor barrier capacity. In particular, the Cht/KC/AgNPs film presented good barrier, antioxidants, antibacterial, mechanical, and biodegradable properties, owing to the synergistic effect between KC and AgNPs. For the packaging properties, all the films were tested for their ability to keep the freshness of apple slices as wrapping material. The films exhibited good results, and the Cht/KC/AgNPs showed promising performance regarding the moisture loss, browning index, total phenolic compound, and antioxidant activity of the apple slices. Moreover, the Cht/KC/AgNPs film exhibited a migration of silver meeting the standards set by EFSA and ECHA, which makes this film safe for food packaging.

Food packaging composite film based on chitosan, natural kaolinite clay, and Ficus. carica leaves extract for fresh-cut apple slices preservation.

The problem of environmental plastic contamination is one of the most serious issues facing our world today. The majority of the packaging materials used to preserve food are made of plastic which is considered an environmental issue. Natural kaolinite clay (KC) and Ficus leaf extract (FLE) were combined with chitosan in this work to create a novel antioxidant and biodegradable food packaging film. Chitosan/KC/FLE film was compared to chitosan film, Chitosan/KC, and Chitosan/FLE films in terms of structural, physical, and functional aspects. The addition of FLE and/or KC significantly improved the light and moisture barrier characteristics, mechanical properties, and antioxidant capabilities of chitosan film. Moreover, KC addition had a remarkable impact on the water vapor permeability and the biodegradability of the chitosan film. Because of the synergistic action of FLE and KC, the Chitosan/KC/FLE film delivered strong barrier and antioxidant capabilities. Furthermore, Chitosan/KC/FLE film was tested as packaging material on fresh-cut apple slices and demonstrated good food preservation regarding the weight loss, browning index, and total phenolic content of the fruit. According to our findings, Chitosan/KC/FLE film might be employed as a possible food packaging material in the food industry.

Experimental and Theoretical Tests on the Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Environment by the Use of Pyrazole Derivative.

In this study, 1,5-diallyl-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidin-4 (5H)-one (PPD) was evaluated as an anticorrosion agent for mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl. The analysis was performed by weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization measurement, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Tafel polarization showed that PPD is a mixed-type inhibitor and reaches 94% of the protective efficiency at 10-3 M. EIS results indicated that the resistance to charge transfer increases with increasing inhibitor concentration and the corrosion of MS is controlled by a charge transfer process. The inhibitor adsorption on the MS surface obeyed the Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to elaborate the corrosion inhibition mechanism. The micrographic analysis revealed the existence of a barrier layer on the electrode surface with the presence of PPD. Theoretical examinations performed by electronic/atomic computer simulations confirmed that the obtained results were found to be consistent with experimental findings.

Pesticide residue levels in green beans cultivated in Souss Masa valley (Morocco) after multiple applications of bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin.

Dissipation of bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin pyrethroid insecticides, under environmental conditions, was evaluated on green beans grown in experimental greenhouses (Souss Massa valley, Morocco). Pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography with micro electron-capture detector (GC-µECD) after dichloromethane extraction and cleanup on florisil phase cartridges. In the case of field experiments, a random block scheme was employed. Each block contained 25 plants in a single row and tests were carried out in triplicates applying pesticides at the recommended doses by the manufacturers. Fruit samples were periodically taken until the end of the preharvest interval (p.i.). The results obtained showed that the p.i of bifenthrin in green bean were 4 days in the winter and 3.5 days in the spring, whereas that for λ-cyhalothrin 8 days was found in the winter and 7.5 days in the spring. Consequently, it is possible to consider the European Union maximum residue limit (EU MRL) values compatible with the proper agricultural practices used for growing green bean in the plastic greenhouse of Souss Massa valley in South Morocco. Bifenthrin had a degradation of first-order kinetics, whereas that of levels for λ-cyhalothrin residue can not be interpreted by the use of a first order model.

Chitosan-kaolinite clay composite as durable coating material for slow release NPK fertilizer.

Durable chitosan-based coating material used as a barrier for slow-release fertilizers in the agricultural soil. This approach decreases the intense usage of fertilizer and works on their accessibility for the plants' necessities. In present paper, the proposed coating material was prepared on the basis of chitosan-kaolinite composite (CS-Gl-K). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (ATG), XRD, swelling degree and biodegradability studies were used to analyze the influence of the kaolinite clay incorporation in chitosan film properties. The characterization of the chitosan composites has been thoroughly studied. The NPK mineral fertilizer was coated according to the dip-immersing process of chitosan-kaolinite composites. Slow-release efficiency was evaluated by determining the rate of phosphorus release from the covered granules into water and soil. Moreover, phosphorus release from coated NPK/CS-Gl-K granules was generally delayed contrasted with NPK/uncoated. In addition, the biodegradation investigation of the composite material (CS-Gl-K) in soil was affirmed its durability. The proposed coating material has good slow-release properties, low cost and is environmentally friendly. The FTIR, ATG and XRD spectra revealed a good intercalation between the kaolinite-clay pores and chitosan chains.

Appraisal of synthetic cationic Gemini surfactants as highly efficient inhibitors for carbon steel in the acidization of oil and gas wells: an experimental and computational approach.

New cationic Gemini surfactant (CGS) molecules were synthesized and investigated as anticorrosive materials for carbon steel (CS) in 1 M HCl solution by chemical, electrochemical and theoretical studies such as DFT and MDS approaches. The anticorrosion efficacy increased with the increase in the CGS concentration. It reached 95.66% at 5 × 10-3 M of the CGS molecule using PDP measurements. PDP studies confirm that the CGS molecule acts as a mixed inhibitor. The EIS outcomes were explained by an equivalent circuit in which a constant phase element (CPE) rather than a double-layer capacitance (C dl) was exploited to donate a more precise fit of the experimental outcomes. The CGS molecule follows the Langmuir isotherm as it is chemically adsorbed onto the surface of CS. To explore the kinetic and adsorption mechanisms, the thermodynamic characteristics of the activation and adsorption processes were assessed under the impact of temperature. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) were achieved by the density functional theory (DFT) method. The study of interatomic interactions at the [CS (Fe(110))]/CGS level was discussed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.

Attenuation of 7-ketocholesterol- and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol-induced oxiapoptophagy by nutrients, synthetic molecules and oils: Potential for the prevention of age-related diseases.

Age-related diseases for which there are no effective treatments include cardiovascular diseases; neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease; eye disorders such as cataract and age-related macular degeneration; and, more recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). These diseases are associated with plasma and/or tissue increases in cholesterol derivatives mainly formed by auto-oxidation: 7-ketocholesterol, also known as 7-oxo-cholesterol, and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol. The formation of these oxysterols can be considered as a consequence of mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction, leading to increased in oxidative stress, which is accentuated with age. 7-ketocholesterol and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol cause a specific form of cytotoxic activity defined as oxiapoptophagy, including oxidative stress and induction of death by apoptosis associated with autophagic criteria. Oxiaptophagy is associated with organelle dysfunction and in particular with mitochondrial and peroxisomal alterations involved in the induction of cell death and in the rupture of redox balance. As the criteria characterizing 7-ketocholesterol- and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol-induced cytotoxicity are often simultaneously observed in major age-related diseases (cardiovascular diseases, age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease) the involvement of these oxysterols in the pathophysiology of the latter seems increasingly likely. It is therefore important to better understand the signalling pathways associated with the toxicity of 7-ketocholesterol and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol in order to identify pharmacological targets, nutrients and synthetic molecules attenuating or inhibiting the cytotoxic activities of these oxysterols. Numerous natural cytoprotective compounds have been identified: vitamins, fatty acids, polyphenols, terpenes, vegetal pigments, antioxidants, mixtures of compounds (oils, plant extracts) and bacterial enzymes. However, few synthetic molecules are able to prevent 7-ketocholesterol- and/or 7ß-hydroxycholesterol-induced cytotoxicity: dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG126, memantine, simvastatine, Trolox, dimethylsufoxide, mangafodipir and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) inhibitors. The effectiveness of these compounds, several of which are already in use in humans, makes it possible to consider using them for the treatment of certain age-related diseases associated with increased plasma and/or tissue levels of 7-ketocholesterol and/or 7ß-hydroxycholesterol.

Theoretical investigation using DFT of quinoxaline derivatives for electronic and photovoltaic effects.

Photovoltaic properties of solar cells based on fifteen organic dyes have been studied in this work. B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) methods are realized to obtain geometries and optimize the electronic properties, optical and photovoltaic parameters for some quinoxaline derivatives. The results showed that time dependent DFT investigations using the CAM-B3LYP method with the polarized split-valence 6-311G (d,p) basis sets and the polarizable continuum model PCM model were sensibly able to predict the excitation energies, the spectroscopy of the compounds. HOMO and LUMO energy levels of these molecules can make a positive impact on the process of electron injection and dye regeneration. Gaps energy ΔE g , short-circuit current density J sc, light-harvesting efficiency LHE, injection driving force ΔGinject, total reorganization energy λtotal and open-circuit photovoltage V oc enable qualitative predictions about the reactivity of these dyes.

Anticorrosion effect of a green sustainable inhibitor on mild steel in hydrochloric acid.

Green inhibitors are an important way to decrease the corrosion rate of different industrial metals. The present work shows the corrosion behavior of the mild steel medium (MS) in hydrochloric acid 1 M by the aqueous extract of Artemisia Herba Alba (AHA), which is an green sustainable inhibitor to reduce its corrosive action by exploiting a variety of techniques and methods namely: Weight loss, electrochemical techniques [electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP], SEM-EDX, XPS and theoretical calculations for the majority molecule. Hydrodistillation is the extraction method that has been used to prepare the aqueous extracts. Otherwise, phytochemical screening characterization of different parts of the plant was applied to show the proportions of chemical compounds that exist in the plants. The highest inhibition efficiency obtained is 92% for 0.4 g/L of AHA aqueous extract in 1 M HCl at 303 K. PDP study confirmed that the AHA extract is of mixed-kind inhibitor. A CPE, Q determined by fit and graphical methods plotted by synthetic data, was utilized. To characterize the mild steel surface, scanning electron microscopy was also used; SEM/EDX allowed the investigation of the AHA effect on the surface of mild steel specimens. To comprehend the adsorption mechanism of AHA extract for MS in the 1 M HCl, XPS technique was accomplished. Theoretical approaches based on chemical quantum calculations and molecular dynamics simulation clearly explains the mode of adsorption of the majority molecule on the iron surface.

Coupling of chemical, electrochemical and theoretical approach to study the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by new quinoxaline compounds in 1 M HCl.

The corrosion inhibition displays of two quinoxaline derivatives, on the corrosion of M-steel (M-steel) in 1 M HCl was studied by gravimetric, electrochemical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), functional density theory (DFT) and molecular dynamic simulation (MD). The inhibitory efficacy increases with decreasing temperature and increases with inhibitor concentration and reached to 96 % (NSQN) and 92 % (CSQN) at 303 K and the optimum concentration (1×10-3 M). Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopic analyses confirmed the presence of chemical interactions between the inhibitors and MS surface. The adsorption of NSQN & CSQN on the metallic surface obeys the Langmuir isotherm. A potentiodynamic polarization study confirmed that the inhibitors are of mixed-kind inhibitors. Theoretical computation (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) are utilized to understand the mechanism of inhibition.

8-Hydroxyquinoline based chitosan derived carbohydrate polymer as biodegradable and sustainable acid corrosion inhibitor for mild steel: Experimental and computational analyses.

The present study reports the synthesis, characterization and corrosion inhibition effects of chitosan (CH) and its 5-chloromethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline derivative (CH-HQ) for mild steel in acidic medium. The synthesized CH-HQ was characterized using 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. Corrosion inhibition efficiencies of CH and CH-HQ were measured using electrochemical and chemical techniques. The surface protection ability of the inhibitor molecules was also ascertained by surface analysis, while computational study was used to further justify the adsorption tendencies of the molecules on mild steel surface. CH-HQwasobserved to exhibit better protection efficiency than CH, as the highest inhibition efficiencies were recorded to be 78% and 93% for CH and CH-HQ, respectively. Potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that CH and CH-HQ are mixed-type corrosion inhibitors over the studied temperature range (298 K ± 1 to 328 K ± 1). SEM-EDS studies were performed to demonstrate the adsorption of CH and CH-HQ on the mild steel surface. Adsorption behavior of the CH and CH-HQ was also supported by UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometric analyses. Monte Carlo simulations (MC) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to corroborate the experimental results.

[IgG and IgA levels determination in semen liquid: interest for the biological investigation of infertility]. / Dosage des immunoglobulines IgG et IgA dans le liquide séminal : intérêt dans l'exploration biologique de l'infertilité

We studied the relationship between spermogram parameters and biochemical elements in seminal plasma. In this way we searched an association between immunoglobulin levels in seminal plasma and spermogram parameters. The spermogram is usually performed in our laboratory for investigation of infertility. Using immunonephelometry, we measured immunoglobulin (Ig) G and A levels in the seminal plasma of 17 patients. Averages levels of IgG and IgA were 83.3 and 33.6 mg/L, respectively. IgG and IgA levels appeared to be significantly different (p = 0.001), and were significantly associated. A correlation between IgG values and coiled tails percentage was noted in patients having IgA below 20 mg/L (p < 0,001). In conclusion, the measurement of IgG and IgA levels in seminal plasma might constitute a valuable diagnosis tool for the evaluation of infertility.

Induction of a non-apoptotic mode of cell death associated with autophagic characteristics with steroidal maleic anhydrides and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol on glioma cells.

Steroidal maleic anhydrides were prepared in one step: lithocholic, chenodeoxicholic, deoxicholic, ursocholic, and hyodeoxicholic acid derivatives. Their capability to induce cell death was studied on C6 rat glioma cells, and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol was used as positive cytotoxic control. The highest cytotoxicity was observed with lithocholic and chenodeoxicholic acid derivatives (23-(4-methylfuran-2,5-dione)-3α-hydroxy-24-nor-5ß-cholane (compound 1a), and 23-(4-methylfuran-2,5-dione)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-24-nor-5ß-cholane (compound 1b), respectively), which induce a non-apoptotic mode of cell death associated with mitochondrial membrane potential loss and reactive oxygen species overproduction. No cells with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei, no PARP degradation and no cleaved-caspase-3, which are apoptotic criteria, were observed. Similar effects were found with 7ß-hydroxycholesterol. The cell clonogenic survival assay showed that compound 1b was more cytotoxic than compound 1a and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol. Compound 1b and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol also induce cell cycle modifications. In addition, compounds 1a and 1b, and 7ß-hydroxycholesterol favour the formation of large acidic vacuoles revealed by staining with acridine orange and monodansylcadaverine evocating autophagic vacuoles; they also induce an increased ratio of [LC3-II / LC3-I], and modify the expression of mTOR, Beclin-1, Atg12, and Atg5-Atg12 which is are autophagic criteria. The ratio [LC3-II / LC3-I] is also strongly modified by bafilomycin acting on the autophagic flux. Rapamycin, an autophagic inducer, and 3-methyladenine, an autophagic inhibitor, reduce and increase 7ß-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death, respectively, supporting that 7ß-hydroxycholesterol induces survival autophagy. Alpha-tocopherol also strongly attenuates 7ß-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death. However, rapamycin, 3-methyladenine, and α-tocopherol have no effect on compounds 1a and 1b-induced cell death. It is concluded that these compounds trigger a non apoptotic mode of cell death, involving the mitochondria and associated with several characteristics of autophagy.

[Traumatic lumbosacral fracture dislocation: a case report and review of the literature]. / Fracture luxation lombosacrée: à propos d'un cas et revue de la littérature.

Lumbosacral dislocation is uncommon. We report a case of traumatic lumbosacral dislocation which occurred in a 33-year-old pedestrian traffic accident victim. The posterior impact produced lumbar injury with diffuse pain exacerbated at the lumbosacral junction. Ecchymotic diffusion involving the entire lumbar region fluctuated due to the presence of a subcutaneous hematoma. The neurological examination revealed incomplete L5 paraplegia. Standard x-rays revealed L5-S1 spondylolisthesis and fracture of the L5 spinous process as well as fractures of the L3, L4, and L5 transverse processes. Computed tomography disclosed biarticular L5-S1 fracture dislocation and a voluminous herniation of the L5-S1 disc. Emergency surgery was performed and revealed subaponeurotic detachment from T4 to S1 and bald iliac pyramids. After L5 laminectomy and extraction of the voluminous herniation of the L5-S1 disc, a short L5-S1 posteriolateral fusion was achieved using pedicular screws and two rods on either side as well as a posterolateral iliac autograft. The clinical course was satisfactory with nearly complete neurological recovery (persistent levator ani paresis). This clinical case and a review of the literature illustrate the pathogenic, clinical, radiological and therapeutic aspects of lumbosacral fracture dislocation.

Protective effects of bezafibrate against elaidic acid-induced accumulation of lipid droplets in monocytic cells.

Some factors related to diet, such as trans fatty acids (TFA), are known to be involved in the progression of atherosclerosis in humans. Thus, the aim of our study was (i) to evaluate the effects of three dietary free fatty acids (FFA) (elaidic (EA), oleic (OA) and palmitic acid (PA)) on U937 human monocytes, and (ii) to study the eventual benefits of bezafibrate (BZF), a pan-agonist for PPAR isoforms (α, γ and δ) in U937 cells treated with FFA. Morphologic and functional changes were investigated by microscopic and flow cytometric methods. Cellular lipid content, lipid droplets and FA composition were identified and studied. All analyses were also realized in association with or without BZF. Contrary to OA and PA, EA slightly induced both propidium iodide-positive cells and mitochondrial depolarization. In addition, in contrast to OA and PA, EA induced only a slight increase in superoxide anion production. However, EA and OA promoted cytoplasmic lipid droplets accumulation. Only EA and OA significantly increased CD36 expression. It is noteworthy that BZF had a more or less pronounced protective effect against EA-, OA- and PA-induced side effects: BZF attenuated the impaired cell viability and inflammatory response, decreased superoxide anion production and prevented the accumulation of neutral and polar lipids. The effects were less pronounced with OA and PA than with EA. Altogether, our data revealed a benefit of BZF on the side effects induced especially with EA. It may thus be of interest in preventing the early stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

Dual effect of docosahexaenoic acid (attenuation or amplification) on C22:0-, C24:0-, and C26:0-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress on human neuronal SK-N-BE cells.

Increased levels of C22:0, C24:0 and C26:0 were found in cortical lesions of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). So, it was of interest to precise the cytotoxic effects of these fatty acids, and to determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), described to prevent AD, can attenuate their eventual side effects. Human neuronal SK-N-BE cells were cultured in the absence or presence of C22:0, C24:0 or C26:0 (0.1-20 µM) without or with DHA (50-150 µM). C22:0, C24:0 and C26:0 induce an inhibition of cell growth, a loss of Δψm, an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a decrease of reduced glutathione, and a lipid peroxidation. DHA attenuates C22:0, C24:0 and C26:0 induced-mitochondrial dysfunctions and/or cell growth inhibition measured with MTT whatever the concentrations considered, whereas it can either decrease or amplify (especially at 150 µM) ROS overproduction. C22:0, C24:0 and C26:0 have neurotoxic activities, and depending on its concentration, DHA attenuates or not fatty acid-induced side effects.

Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein levels in pregnant goats inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii or Listeria monocytogenes: a retrospective study.

The pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentration profiles of goats that had been experimentally inoculated with either Toxoplasma gondii or Listeria monocytogenes are described. All goats were examined regularly by ultrasonography. In T. gondii-infected females (n = 5), a slow decrease of PAG was observed throughout a period of 55 to 74 d after inoculation. Afterwards, the goats either aborted (n = 4) or kidded 1 dead and 1 weak fetus (n = 1). In L. monocytogenes-infected females (n = 8), a marked decrease of PAG was observed from the day of inoculation. Abortion occurred within 9 to 11 d post inoculation (n = 7). Only 1 goat kidded a healthy fetus.